Art 110 Short Answer Questions Exam #2 – Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 The questions should be used to prepare for in class discussions and your essay. CHAPTER 3: Art of Ancient Egypt
24. What material was used to sculpt the statues of Khafre (in text) and Menkaure and Khamerernebty (in text) and why was the use of this material important?
25. What was the Egyptian "canon" and how was it used to create the human figure?
26. Khamerernebty's arm is wrapped around the waist of Menkaure, what does this signify and what important role does she play in the succession of pharaohs?
27. What is a scribe, what role did scribes play in the royal court?
28. Compare the image of Menkaure and Khamerernebty with the Seated Scribe. What reasons can be given as to why they look different? (Compare materials, expressions, body posture, and coloring, all the formal elements of the work).
29. What term describes the time periods that separate the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms and what usually brought about a change?
30. Why where the temples and tombs of the New Kingdom built in the "Valley of the Kings"?
31. Who was Queen Hatshepsut and why was she a distinct person in the history of Egyptian Pharaohs?
32. Why did Queen Hatshepsut have herself portrayed both as male and female?
33. Describe the design of Queen Hatshepsut’s tomb/temple.
34. Who was Ramses II and what are the distinct characteristics of his temple façade (front) and the pillars in the interior corridor.
35. Describe the term is used to describe the type of sculpture on columns in Egypt?
36. Describe the formal elements of the “Fowling Scene” and what purpose did it serve?
37. Why are the figures (people and animals) in the Fowling Scene portrayed differently? (subjective answer).
AMARNA PERIOD (IDENTIFY WORKS OF ART AS AMARNA ON EXAM)
38. Who was the leader of the Amarna period and what changes did he implement during his reign and what resulted from these changes?
39. Describe the changes that occurred in portraying human figures figure during the Amarna period?
40. Describe the reasons given as to the appearance of Akenaton’s body (fir. 3-32)
41. Compare the image of Akenahton with Menkaure and Khamerernebty and note the differences, also why this changes occurred.
42. Describe the role Queen Nefertiti played in the Amarna period?
43. Describe the formal elements and symbolism in the portrait of Queen Nefertiti.
POST-AMARNA PERIOD
44. Who discovered King Tutankhamen's tomb and why was this discovery such a significant find in Egypt?
45. Describe the materials and symbolism incorporated into the design of King Tut's coffin and death mask and why were these materials important?
46. Describe the objects contained inside King Tut’s tomb?
47. Briefly explain the Egyptian burial process.
48. What is a Book of the Dead and what was written inside?
49. Explain the events taking place in The Last Judgment of Hu Nefer.
50. Describe the figures portrayed on the Last Judgment scene and what role do they play?
51. Describe the events that lead to the fall of Ancient Egyptian culture?
CHAPTER 4: ART OF THE ANCIENT AEGEAN
52. Discuss the cultural content of the Girl Gathering Saffron image and why it would be important to portray this subject matter in a fresco painting.
53. Compare and contrast the Paleolithic nude woman with the Cycladic Nude woman. What is unique about the Cycladic nude woman.
54. Describe the formal elements of Cycladic art.
55. What ancient God is associated with the Cycladic Islands?
56. Describe the materials used to create Cycladic sculpture.
57. Where were most Cycladic sculptures found?
58. What meaning is associated with the red lines on the “Head” (figure 4-3) and what purpose would the object have served?
59. Where does Minoan culture get its name?
60. On which island did the Minoan Culture live?
61. Who is responsible for the excavation of the Palace of Knosses?
62. Describe the organization of the Palace of Knossos and why this type of design was significant.
63. What was the dominant subject matter of Minoan Art and why?
64. Briefly describe the Minoan way of life.
65. Describe the shape of Minoan columns used at the Palace of Knossos.
66. Describe the event portrayed on the Toreador Fresco and its spiritual significance.
67. What meaning is associated with the snakes held by the "Snake Goddess" and how is this meaning represented on her statue (2 symbols)?
68. Describe the process Minoans used to create pottery.
69. Describe the "style" (visual appearance) in which Minoan craftsman painted jars.
70. What types of images were found on Minoan pots and how
71. What Epic King is believed to have inhabited Mycenae?
72. Where did the Myceneans live?
73. Who was responsible for excavating the Mycenean site?
74. Describe the design of a Mycenaean citadel?
75. Describe the types of symbols found on the Lion Gate of Mycenae and what was their possible meaning?
76. Describe the elements of Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean societies can be found in Greek Society? (To be answered after completion of chapter 5)
CHAPTER 5: ART OF ANCIENT GREECE
77. What does the term Hellenes mean?
78. Who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey why is this text important to Greek history?
79. How was Greek culture divided?
80. What took place at the Sanctuaries and how did they differ from other religious complexes?
81. Why were the Olympic games so important to the Greeks?
82. What term was used to describe people who were NOT Greek?
83. What are the five periods of Greek art?
84. Describe the characteristics of the first period of Greek art.
85. Describe the role Gods played in Greek culture and how were they represented?
86. How was the Funerary vase used?
87. Describe the messages displayed on various Greek pots.
88. Why were females shown with their hands on top of their heads?
89. Why is the “Man and Centaur” an example of the Geometric style?
90. Describe the characteristics of the second period of Greek art.
91. How is this second period represented on the Olpe (Pitcher) figure. 5-4?
92. Why was the sanctuary at Delphi a significant site?
93. What is an oracle?
94. Describe the three architectural orders of Greek buildings.
95. Describe the "rules" that determined the layout of a Greek temple? (Be able to apply these rules to the Temple of Hera)
96. Describe the difference between the friezes of a Doric temple versus the frieze of an Ionic temple.
97. What is the difference between the capitals of a Doric column versus the capital of an Ionic column versus the capital of a Corinthian column?
98. What was usually contained in the pediment of a Greek temple?
99. Describe Greek sculpture in its original form (design and materials).
100. Describe the characteristics of the third period of Greek art?
101. Why are Archaic statues smiling?
102. Describe the function of the Kouros and what it represented?
103. How does the Kroisos Kouros differ from the Metropolitan Kouros the period?
104. Describe the significance of the Peplos dress in relation to Greek cultural events.
105. How do the sculptures of women of Greece differ from sculptures of men and why was this distinction made?
106. Name three types of Greek pottery/vessels and how they were used.
107. Describe the difference in the process to create red figure versus black figure painting.
108. Why are there sometimes two creators of Greek pottery?
109. Describe the formal elements Exekias used to create a focal point on his Achilles pot and how does his technique enhance the content?
110. Describe the firing process the Greeks used to create Red and Black figure pottery.
111. What are Meanads and what was their purpose?
112. Compare and contrast Exekias’ Achilles image with Euphronios’ Sarpedon image, how do they differ?
113. What is meant by the famous Greek phrase “Man is the measure of all things”?
114. Describe the Severe Style (see Kritios Boy in powerpoint)
115. Describe the term Contrapposto mean and on what statue is it used to perfection?
116. Why are there no lasting paintings from ancient Greece?
117. Where are you most likely to see Greek paintings?
118. Describe the themes appear in tomb paintings and why.
119. Define the two definitions of the word Classical.
120. What are the characteristics of the fourth period of Greek art?
121. Describe the cire perdue/Lost Wax process?
122. Why was the discovery of the Riace warriors so important?
123. Describe the materials and design techniques the sculptors of the Riace warrior incorporated into its design to enhance naturalism?
124. Who was able to use a psykter and what does this say about Greek society?
125. Describe the formal elements Douris incorporated into the design of the psykter pot that is evidence of the classical style?
126. Describe the Golden Age of Greece.
127. Who was Pericles and what impact did he have on Greek society?
128. Why was the Acropolis an important location in Athens?
129. How did Athens get its name?
130. What occurred at the Acropolis every four years?
131. Who was Phidias?
132. Name three buildings on the Acropolis.
133. What did the Parthenon symbolize?
134. Why were the sculptures in the East and West pediment as well as the friezes and metopes important to the overall design and purpose of the Parthenon?
135. What was at the end of the cella in the Parthenon and why is this location important?
136. Who was allowed to enter the Parthenon?
137. Describe the types of columns used in the Erechtheion (at least 2)
138. Describe the meaning associated with the figural columns on the Erectheion.
139. What term is used to describe the technique of portraying Greek drapery?
140. Describe the Greek Canon as seen in the Spear Bearer sculpture by Polykleitos.
141. Where would the statue of the Spear Bearer have been placed?
142. What are the Elgin marbles and why are they so controversial?
143. Describe (in detail) an Agora.
144. Describe the content of scenes typically portrayed on grave stelae.
145. Describe the objects that marked the graves of Greek citizens prior to grave steles.
146. How did representations of men and women differ (see grave stelae and pottery)?
147. What is being commemorated on the Achilles painter Woman and Maid pot?
148. How does the Woman and Maid pot differ from previous styles of pottery (not just color)?
149. Name a few characteristics of Praxiteles’ style.
150. Why was the image of Aphrodite different from other Greek sculpture?
151. What is a tessara?
152. Who were some of the early Greek female artists and what types of works did they produce?
153. Describe the differing “types” images of Alexander the Great and why were they created this way. (see powerpoint)
154. Using terminology describe the design techniques in Alexander the Great Confronting Darius III.
155. Describe the fifth/final period of Greek Art?
156. Whose death brought about the Hellenistic period?
157. Describe the design of the Greek Theater.
158. Why was this design important for the performance? (Use terminology)
159. Who was Greek Theaters dedicated to?
160. Who were the Gauls and why were they commemorated at Pergamon.
161. What Ancient Near Eastern image is similar in design and content to the Dying Gallic Trumpeter?
162. Who is commemorated on the Altar from Pergamon?
163. What event does figure Athena Attacking Giants represent and why was it important to the history of Greece?
164. Why are heads, arms, and other parts of Greek statues missing?
165. Describe the event portrayed in Laocoon and his sons and how the formal elements enhance the story.
166. What event is celebrated in the Nike of Samothrace and how did the sculptor take this into account in its design?
167. Why is the Venus de Milo an example of the classical style rather than Hellenistic?
168. Review the section on Greece and make connections to the Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenean groups.
CHAPTER 6: ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN ART
ETRUSCAN ART
169. Describe the style of an Etruscan temple. (columns, materials, design)
170. Describe the design of Etruscan Tombs.
171. How are Etruscan tombs similar but also different when compared to Egyptian tombs?
172. Describe the formal elements and content of the Reclining Couple and what do the formal elements and content say about Etruscan culture?
173. What story is commemorated with the Capitoline Wolf (She-Wolf) and why was it important to the Romans?
ROMAN ART
174. Describe early Roman portraiture and how did it differ from the Greeks (see 6-12, 6-13, and 6-14)
175. Why was realism important in Roman art?
176. Realistic style portraits of the elderly are typical in what period in Roman history?
177. Who was Aulus Metellus and how is occupation portrayed in his sculpture?
178. Describe the symbolism that identifies Aulus Metellus’ title.
179. Describe the Greek and Etruscan elements in the design of a Roman temple and what makes it distinctly Roman?
180. How is ancient Roman religion similar to but also different from ancient Greek religion?
181. Who were the vestal Virgins and what occurred in temples where they practiced their cult? (see powerpoint)
182. Describe the elements that distinguish the Republic from the Empire in Roman history (in terms of government).
183. Describe the important architectural developments the Romans mastered which allowed them to create more dynamic architectural structures.
184. Who was the 1st emperor of Rome?
185. What titles did he give himself?
186. Why is the sculpture of Augustus a form of propaganda?
187. Define the icons on Augustus statue.
188. Describe the symbolic meaning associated with Augustus’ Allegory of Peace on Ara Parcis.
189. Which icons on the Female Personification image from Augustus Peace (Ara Parcis) represent the ideologies of Augustus’ Rome? (see powerpoint)
190. Why was the discovery of the city of Pompeii important?
191. Briefly describe the design of the two types domestic spaces for Roman citizens?
192. Briefly characterize the four styles of Roman painting (see powerpoint)
193. What type of content was typically portrayed in the 1st through the 4th style of Roman wall painting?
194. What 19th century term is used to describe the overall design of the 4th style wall painting?
195. What purpose did these wall paintings serve?
196. Describe the events taking place in the Initiation Rites of the Cult or Bacchus image?
197. Describe the naturalistic elements in the Bacchus image.
198. Which emperor was responsible for building the Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum)?
199. Why is the Flavian Amphitheater sometimes called the Colosseum?
200. Describe the events that took place in the Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) and how did it help the Government control the Plebians?
201. Describe the design elements of the Colosseum. (use architectural terms).
202. Where would the statue of the Flavian woman have been placed and why?
203. How does the statue of the Flavian woman represent her status?
204. Describe the buildings and layout of Trajan’s Forum?
205. Describe the content of Emperor Trajan’s column?
206. Describe a Roman marketplace.
207. Who was responsible for the rebuilding of the Pantheon?
208. What is the meaning of the word Pantheon? (compare to the Greek Parthenon)
209. Which planetary gods are commemorated in the Pantheon?
210. Describe the interior design of the Pantheon.
211. Describe some of the unique features of Hadrian’s Villa?
212. What is emblematta and why was it an effective means of creating a mosaic?
213. Analyze the formal elements of the Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts from Hadrian Villas.
214. Where is Hadrian’s wall located and what did it symbolize?
215. How does the statue of Marcus Aurelius embody “Roman Ideals” but defy them?
216. Describe the different types of baths, who had access to Roman baths and when?
217. Describe the types of buildings found in Rome during the peak of the Empire?
218. What icons on the Sarcophagus with Indian Triumph of Dionysus represents the vastness of the Roman Empire and their “acceptance” of other cultures?
219. Describe the type of content typically portrayed on Roman sarcophagi?
220. What is Trajan Decius most known for?
221. Describe the symbolic meaning associated with the Four Tetrarchs.
222. Who was Constantine and why was he an important figure to the rise of Christianity?
223. What is the Edict of Milan?
224. Where would the sculpture of Constantine have been placed and why is this location significant?
225. Why were Triumphal Arches scattered throughout the empire?
226. Described the symbolism seen on Constantine’s Triumphal Arch.
227. Why did the style of Roman art "decline" towards the end of the Empire?
228. Who is responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire?
CHAPTER 2: PERSIA
229. What was the purpose of the Persian Royal Audience Hall (Apadana Hall)?
230. Describe the types of iconography on the entryway of the Royal Audience Hall and what purpose did it serve?
231. Describe the types of columns were found in Royal Audience Hall at Persepolis.