INDEX

AA/HA see Amino acid/hexosamine transition metals 359-360 Abington, Laurentian stratigraphy 235 Neuquen basin 253 Acanthoceras amphibolum zone 374 Armorica, Cambrian 234 Acetate pathway 104-105 Silurian 241 Acritarchs (plankton) 59, 60 Atlantic see Central Atlantic : North Atlantic : South A ctinocamox plenus Atlantic Cenomanian 372-374 Atlas Gulf 391 organic rich beds, Europe 403 Atmospheric circulation, ancient patterns 199-200 Aeolian transport 308 see also Carbon dioxide : Oxygen Agadir Basin, Morocco 391 Austria, K6ssen Formation 252 Agua Nueva Formation 254 Agulhas Gap 272 Alaska, Seabee Formation 387 Bacteria Albian Limestone, Hess Rise 100-115 aerobic/anaerobic 50, 54 55 Algae biological degradation rates 178-180 freshwater, steroids 113 E. Mediterranean sapropel, acid data 110, 161 lipids, markers 82-83, 105, 108- 109 as markers 108 phytoplankton blooms 164 methanogenic 51,94 steroid side chains, distribution 108, 109 photosynthetic anaerobic 108 Alginite 33 role in production 25 Alkadienone, coccolithophorid marker 83, 85-86, 90 sulphate reducing 51-52, 70-72 Alum Shale Formation 240-242 Bacteriohopanetetrol 83-84, 90 Aluminium see Transition metals Bahama Bank, ooids 208-211 Aminoacid/hexosamine ratio 124-127 Bahloul Formation, Tunisia 389--391 Black Sea core 132 Balbriggan, Silurian 239 <37 micrometers 129 Baltica Aminolaevulinic pathway 104 stratigraphy, Arenig 232 Ammonites 253, 256 Cambrian 233 //-Amyrin, land plant marker 83, 90, 94 Ordovician 235 Angiosperms, evolution 258 Silurian 239 see also Land plants Barium, Mediterranean, E., sediments 159 Angola Basin Basins see Ocean basins Albian 279 BauerDeep anoxia 282 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 Aptian 276-279 depth distribution, carbon 355 Cretaceous 280-281 transition metals 357-360 environments of deposition 296 298 Benguela Current, Namibia 294 fence diagram 274 BenueTrough, Nigeria 391-392,412 maps 272, 289 Bermuda Rise, mid-Cretaceous 331 Mesozoic stratigraphy 273, 288 Big Bend, Texas 387 sedimentary characteristics, mid Cretaceous 291--- Biolipids see Biological marker compounds: Lipids : 293 and specific names Pliocene-Recent 295 Biological marker compounds 79-96 tectonic events 278 assessment studies 81-82 Annaba Formation, Tunisia 389-391 Malvinas Plateau 91--95 Antarctica, ice sheet 431-432 Middle America Trench 84 91 Arabian Gulf, ooids 208 sediment inputs, indicators 82 84 Arabian Sea, oxygen minimum 143 sterols 80 84, 88-89 Aramachay Formation, Andes 252 summary and conclusions 95 96 Ardennes Bioturbation Cambrian 234,236 Chondrites 257 Silurian 239 and kerogen types 27 Ards, S., Silurian 238 and sedimentation rate 51 Argentine Basin Bituminous facies, Posidonia shales 73-76 Cretaceous 272,275 282, 289 Black Band, South Humberside 375 377 fence diagram 274 dating 404 map 272 Black Sea Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 anoxic basin 141-142 depth distribution, carbon 355 Holocene data 348 350 435 436 Index

Black Sea (cont.) Calcite concretions 255 organic tracking (FLEX) 130 California, Gulf of palaeobathymetric data 353 Holoccne and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347--349 sapropels 147 depth distribution, carbon 355 Black shales sedimentation rates 35l Black Sea 141 142, 348 350 transition metals 358 -360 Cretaceous, mid-, accumulation rates 345-362 hydrothermalpetroleum 217 -227 Cretaceous South Atlantic 271-284 oxygen minimum 144 cyclicity of tbrmation 312 Canadian Arctic 387 -388 definition, synonyms 19, 52 Canary Basin dinocysts, rarity 60 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347- 349 depth distribution, carbon 355 depth distribution, carbon 355 transition metals 357--360 marine TOC 352 Canje Formation, Guyana 389 transition metals 357-360 'Cannonball' concretions 255 Malvinas Plateau 91 95 Cantabrian Mts, Cambrian 234 Mediterranean, Eastern 146-147 Capd'Antifer, carbon-13 383 Mesozoic 251-260 Cape Basin Middle America Trench 84-91 Albian 279 Middle East 263 -268 Aptian 276-279, 290 291 N.Atlantic 301 314 Cretaceous 280 281 Palaeozoic, early, Europe 231 245 deposition 295-298 Alum shale deposition 240 242 dysoxia 282 Scandinavian 243 environments of deposition 296 298 Carodoc Llandovery 242-244 and Falkland barrier 275 controls, Black shales 244- 245 fence diagram 274 stratigraphy 231 240 maps 272, 289 summary 245 Mesozoic stratigraphy 273, 288 and petroleum source rocks 19 Nannoconus sp 281 and predicted palaeoupwelling 201-202 Pleistocene-Recent 289 South Atlantic 271--284, 287 298 sea level changes 282 Blake-Bahama formation 302, 312 sedimentary characteristics, Cretaceous 290-291 geochemistry, pyrolysis 327 tectonic events 278 phase, EventEl 317,334 336 Turonian 272, 279- 280 stratigraphy 322-325 Caradoc Llandoverydeposition 240-242 summary 340 Carbon Blue-green algae 58, 108 cycle 21-22,121-133 Bohemia discussion 131 133 Cambrian 234 global 121-122 Ordovician 237 overview 122 123 Silurian 241 reservoirs and fluxes 122 Bonarelli Horizon, Gubbio 384 -385 totalcarbon 121 duration 403 404 tracking techniques 123-130 Whiticnella Zone 384 fluxes 139 Bornhotm Basin modern marine, masses and fluxes 406 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347 351 see also Organic material depth distribution, carbon 355 Carbon dioxide transition metals 358-360 atmosphere and ocean 423-425 Bositra sp, Posidonia shales 256- 257 carbon-13 content 430 Botryococcane, algal marker 79, 115 and oxygen content 429-430 Boto,ococcus braunii 33 rates of increase/removal 122 Bradford Crude Oil 224-225 Carbon- 13 BrazilBasin 272, 275-282, 289 Bfirgenstock 385 Bridge Creek Eimestone 381,387- 388 Cap d'Antifer 383 and Bahloul Formation 391 Cenomanian, Wfinstorf 380 381 carbon content, dating 404 Cenozoic record 423-432 British Columbia, fjords, anoxic basins 141 142 diagenesis 254 256 Buchia bivalves, Jurassic 253 Goban Spur 377 Bfirgenstock, Switzerland, and R6tplaner Beds 385 and Oceanic Anoxic Event 372-373,394-396 Pueblo, Colorado 388 Cabo De Pefias 237 Shakespeare Cliffs, England 382 383 Calanus finmarchicus 125 and Whitienella 376.-377,403 Calcispheres, significance 415 Wfinstorf 380 381 Calcite compensation depth, postulated rise 415 Carbonate ooids see Ooids Index 437

Carbonates Cutinite, source 103 deep-sea 426-431 Cyclic/acycliccompounds, structure 80 as source rocks 207 Cyrnatio~phaera 60 Cariaco Trench Cyanobacteria cyanophyta 58, 108 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 marine TOC 353 Danish Central Graben 378-379 sedimentation rate 351 and Bahloul Formation 391 transition metals 358-360 De-A-lupane, land plant marker 83, 90 Carnarvon Basin, W. Australia 254 'Dead-carbon" (inertinite) 34 Carotenoids, asmarkers 108 Deep sea sediments, global budget 426-429 Cat Gap Formation 326-327 Deep Sea Drilling Project, sites see DSDP sites Carolina tridertata 156-157 Degree of pyritization Cenomanian-Turonian see Oceanic Anoxic Event definition 7.1 Cenozoic, carbon isotope record 423 432 in Jurassic shales 72-73 Central Atlantic Dehydroabietin, land plant marker 108 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous marine sediments Depositional environments 319 352 Diatomites, hydrothermal petroleum, California depth distribution, carbon 355 217-227 transition metals 358 360 Diatoxanthin, diatom marker 83, 90 Central Normandy, Ordovician 237 Dichloromethane, ooid samples 210-213 Chaetoceros, diatom bloom 125 Dinoflagellates 59-61 Charlestown, Silurian 238 Guinea Basin 163-164 Chemical structures Dinosterol, biological marker 83, 85, 90, 94, 161-163 lipids, derivatives 101---103, 105, 109, 112, 114 Diterpenoids 104--105 major carbon skeleton groupings 113 structure 80 triterpenoids, chain-boat 106 Dob's Lin, Silurian 235, 238 Chiastozygus Zone, mid-Cretaceous 352-354 Dolomitization, Peruvian margin 192 194 Chlorins 108 Domo Formation, Mozambique 392 Chondrites DOP see Degree of pyritization bioturbation 257 Dover, Shakespeare Cliffs 382-383 Cenomanian 378, 379 DSDP sites last trace fossil 414 North Atlantic maps 302-318 Classopolis, Mesozoic central Atlantic 59 Albian 337 Cliopyramidata 156-157 Cenomanian 318,337 Coal 33 Hatteras phase 336 Coalpit Bay 235,238 Senonian 338 Coastal upwelling see Oceans, upwelling : 42 100, 110-113 Palaeo-upwelling 62 100, 113-114 Collignoniceras woollgari 374 66 100 Colombia, La Luna formation 389 101 305-306, 327,331 Colorado, Pueblo, carbon-13 388 105 302, 305 -306, 322-327, 332-334, 403 Continental margin 120 305 Middle East 264 135,136 305-306, 327 330, 333 organic deposition 5 137 305-306,327 330,333,352-355 sedimentation model 167-180 138 305-306,327 330,333,402 biological considerations 178-180 144 305,327,330-331 continental detrital 175-177 249 273-28O development 169 172 258 393 marine pelagic 172-175 305 392 see also Peru coastal margin 310 392-393 Contortaschichten 252 327A 273-280,288-290,352-355 depositional environment 258 330 273-280,287 290 Coorongite 33 356 273--280 Cordoba, Ordovician 237 357 273-280,358-360 Coriolis Force, and stagnation 260 361 273-280,290,352-355 Coulter-Noblehouse Greywackes 235 362 288,293 Crassophaera 60 363 294 Cretaceous 364 273-280,352-355 middle, and Holocene, organic accumulation 345 365 273-280,287,293,295 362 367 307-310,322,326,330,334-335,338,352- preservationoforganic sediments, model 271-272 355,403 transition metals, accumulation 345--362 368 307,310,327-329,338 North Atlantic 301-314, 317-341 369 307-310,323,327-329,333,338 South Atlantic 271 284 370 307 310,322,326 330,333,338 438 Index

DSDP sites(cont.) Exinite 29-34, 103 386 304--308,326-333,352-355,362,403 Eze-Aku and Awgu Formations 254 387 304, 307-308,32~-327,330-333, 403 391 304,307-308,323,325-327,330-334 Faecal pellets, transport in ocean 131, 133 397 311,334 Falciferum Zone 254 398 305,307-309,323,325-330,338,352-355,403 Falkland Plateau 272-281,287-290 400 317,327,329,338 stratigraphy, Cretaceous 290 402 310,327-329,338,431-54 Mesozoic 282, 288 416 329 see also Malvinas Plateau 417,418 303-304,312,326 327,330,333-334 Faunas, marine, Cenomanian-Turonian 413-415 463,465 352-355 Fernenes, bacterial markers 84, 90, 94 477 219 Ferruginol, conifer marker 83, 90, 94 494,495,496,499 85-91 Fichtellite 108 511 91-95,273-280,287-290,352-355 Finnmark, Cambrian 233 523 288 Fjords, anoxic basins, British Columbia 141--142 525,528 425 Norway 141 530 273-280,287,291-293,295-296,405 Fladenground experiment (FLEX) 124 532 293 France, North France shelf 384 534 253,303-304,307-308,312 Friedelanone, land plant marker 83, 90 541,548 384 Fuels, fossil, exhaustion of reserves 122 549-551 309, 338,403 Fulvic acid, mineralogy 160--162 585 393 Fusinite, source 103 603 319 Dunans Clay and Shale, Jurassic, pyrite formation Galapagos spreading centre, depletion of trace metals 69-77 356 Dunveganoceraspondi zones 374 Galway, Silurian 238 Gammacerane 79, 108 Eiffellithus zone, mid-Cretaceous 352-354 Gas see Methane Eire, S. Ordovician 236 Gaseous hydrocarbons in oolitic limestones 207-208 'Ekman transport' 280 Geomagnetic polarity record 426 Ellesmere Is., Lower Kanguk shales 387 Georgina Basin, Australia phosphate zone 203 Emiliania huxleyi, alkenones 84, 85 Germany, W/instorf-Salzgitter anticline 379-384 England Goban Spur, Black shales 377 Black Band, South Humberside 375-377 Gondwanaland Hambleton Oolite 212 stratigraphy, Cambrian 234 KimmeridgeClay, Dorset 257-258 early Palaeozoic 231-232 Lake District 236, 239 Ordovician 237 Lincolnshire limestone 211-214 Silurian 241 Marl Slate, Permian 249 Green River Formation 33 Osmington Oolite 212 Greenhorn Sea 386-397 Oxford, Great Oolite 212 Greenland, East, ammonites and Buchia 253 Shakespeare Cliffs, Dover 382-383 Guare Member, Jaitique Formation 389 Shales-with-Beef Formation, Dorset 252 Guaymas Basin, California Shropshire, Cambrian 234 hydrothermal petroleum 217-227 Warwickshire, Cambrian 234 experimental methods 219-220 Westbury Formation 252 geological setting 217-219 Yorkshire, Jet Rock 253, 255 results and discussion 220-227 N, oolites 207-208 Gubbio, Bonareili Horizon 384-385,403-404 EquatorialSeaway, N/S Atlantic 280 Guinea Basin, organic-rich deposits 155 -158, 161- Espiritu-Santos Basin 272 164 depositional record 280 Gulf Coast model, Cenomanian 387 Essaouira Basin, Morocco 391 Gulf, petroleum source rocks 263-268 Estonia, Cambrian 233,236 Gulf Stream and upwellings 202 Silurian 239 Guyana, Canje Formation 389 Estuarinecirculation model 310 Gyttja, definition 56, 100 Ethmodiscus, Gulf of Guinea 161 Ettrick-Bridgend 235, 238 Hallam's epicontinental sea model 243 Events, E0, El, E2 Hanifa Formation, Lurestan Basin 253 clay mineral assemblages 332 Harlech Dome 234 dating 318,328,334, 339 Hamblet0n Oolite, analysis 211-212, 214 geochemistry 327 Hatteras Formation 302 summary 340-341 geochemistry, pyrolysis 327 see also Oceanic Anoxic Event phase, event E1 317, 336-339 Index 439

stratigraphy 322-325, 330 331 British Jurassic 214 summary 340 classification 30-33, 56-58 Hedbergella loettereli Zone 387 definition 28-29 Heligoland, Turonian 378 379 Gulf region 266 268 Hellenic Outer Ridge, organic rich deposits 154-161 kerosene shale 33 Hess Rise, NW Pacific 392-393 marine/non-marine potential 20 Albian limestone 100 115 Mesozoic deposits 254-255 Cenomanian 254 Ketones, land plant markers 108 lipid data 115 Khuzestan Basin 254 major carbon skeleton groups 113 Kiel Bay site 100 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 steroid data 114 depth distribution, carbon 355 Hidra Formation 378 transition metals 358-360 Higher plants see Land plants Kirkwood formation 273 Holocene Kirtlington, Great Oolite Limestone analysis 212, organic accumulation 345-362 213 transition metals, accumulation 345-362 Kimmeridge Formation, migration of mature oils Holy Cross Mts 236 39-44 Cambrian 233 Kimmeridgian Clay Silurian 239 dichloromethane 213 Honduras, Jaitique Formation 389 ecology 257-258 Hopanoids 84, 90, 94 North Sea oils 253 as markers 108 K6ssen Formation, Austria 252 taxonomic distribution 107 Kupferschiefer, petroleum geochemistry 249 Hopanones, bacterial markers 91, 94 KwangoSeries, Zaire 392 Humic acid 160-162 Hydrocarbons La Luna Formation, Venezuela 254, 388-389 generation 36 Lacustrine facies, Rostherne Mere 113 migration 38 Lacustrine sources, indicators volumes, TOC 36 botryococcane 79 Hydrocarbon sources see Black shales gammacerane 79 Hydrogen sulphide see Sulphate reduction Lake District Hydrogenous deposits 356 Ordovician 236 Hydrothermatactivity, Gulf of California 217-227 Silurian 239 Land plants Iapetus Ocean biological markers 82-83, 90, 94, 108 abyssal sediments 245 North Atlantic deposits, evolution 258 Arenig palaeogeographic 232 Laurentia Impagidinium, distribution 59 stratigraphy, Arenig Palaeogeographic 232 Indian Ocean Cambrian 233 Cretaceous 271 Ordovician 235 Naturaliste Plateau 393-394 Silurian 238 Inertinite 29-34 LDGO piston cores 273, 274 Inoceramus labiatus 373-375 Leiosphaeridia 60 Invertebrates, steroids, side chains 109 Leptodinium, distribution 59 Iran, Kazhdumi Formation 207 Lias shales, pyrite formation, Posidonia 66-77 Iron, Holocene and mid-Cretaceous accumulation Libya, Sarir Sandstone Reservoir 389 356-361 Lima Basin, Peru Isoprenoids, mevalonate synthesis 104 dolomitization 192-194 structure 80 tectonic controls 191-192 Italy, Umbrian Appennines 384-385,403-404 Limestone concretions 255 Lincolnshire limestone, analysis 211,212, 214 Jaitique Formation, Honduras 389 Lipids as facies indicators 99-116 J~imtland, Cambrian 233 biosynthetic pathways 104-106 Jurassic shales characteristic assemblages 115 classification 69-70 classification 105-106 pyrite formation 70-72 input indicators 108 results and discussion 72-77 major structural groups 107 matrix approach 107 Kazhdumi Formation, Iran 207 overview 116 Kerogens 28-34 parameters to maturation 116 and benthic environment 27 Ruzicka's rules 106-107 from biolipids 91 steroid side chains 109 and bioturbation 27 structural summation 109-116 440 Index

Lipids as facies indicators (cont.) Microscopy 35 data analysis 99--104 Middle America Trench, Guatemala 84-91 Lipid ratios 92 94 Middle East petroleum source rocks 263 268 see also Biological marker compounds : Steroids maturation and migration 266-268 Liptinite 29-34 regional setting 264- 266 LithraphiditesZone, mid-Cretaceous 352 354 Midland Valley Inliers 238 Llandovery, reconstruction 235 Milankovitch cycles 259 Silurian 239 Misburg, Wfinstorf 379-383 Lough Acanan, Laurentia 238 Montague Naire 237 Luarca, Gondwanaland 237 Morocco and the Atlas 391 Lucinids 256 Movroch Bay 235 Lupane, triterpenoid !08 Mowry Shale Lurestan Basin, Middle East 253--254 kerogen, and plankton blooms 258 and Pierre Shales 254 Maceral components, methods of study 33 Mozambique, Domo Formation 392 Mackinawite, formation ofgreigite 70 MPSRS see Petroleum source rocks Magellanes Basin, S. Andes 253, 272, 275 Mudrocks, organic-rich Malvinas Plateau 91 -95 cor.relation, high TOC 51 see also Falkland Plateau facies 47-61 Mammites Zone 374 Mytiloides-Inoceramus Zone 277 Manganese and carbon-13 values 383 Namibia Gulf of Guinea 163 coastal margin 143 Holocene and mid-Cretaceousaccumulation 356 coastal upwelling 259 361 shelf, mineralogy 159, 161 Mediterranean, E, sediments 159, 164 Namibian Shelf 293 296 and Oceanic Anoxic Events 415 Nannococcus, Early Aptian 276, 281 Manihiki Plateau 254 Nannoconus, Cape Basin 281 Marginotruncana spp. 374 Nanoplankton, lipids 108 Mariana Basin, Pacific 393 Naphthenes, origin 20 Marl Slate, Upper Permian 249 Napo Formation 254 Mature oils, full spectrum, migration 39--44 Natural gas see Methane Mediterranean, East Naturaliste Plateau 393-394 black shales 146 147 Neocardioceras sp Zone 374 lipid data 110 Neuquen Basin, Argentina 253 major carbon skeleton groupings 111 Nigeria, Benue Trough 391 392 organic-rich deposits 154-161 Ninuluk Formation, Alaska 387 site42A 100,110-113 North America sites 100 Alaska 387 steroid data 112 Bridge Creek Limestones 381,387-391,404 Melbourne Rock Unit, Dover 383 British Columbia, fjords, anoxic basins 141-142 Menez- Blair syncline 237 Canadian Arctic 387 388 Mesozoic Mexico 388 anoxic deposits, facies models 259 US and Canada Western Interior Basin 386 -387 environments of deposition 258-260 North Atlantic palaeoecology 256-258 Blake-Bahama phase 334-336 petroleum source rocks 251-260 Canary-Africa 340 Cretaceous 253 254 Cretaceous black shales 301 314 Jurassic 252- 253 organic matter, distribution 302 308 Triassic 251-252 origin 308-310 petrology and isotope geochemistry 254-256 stratigraphy 301-302 Metals see Trace metals; Transition metals summary and discussion 310-314 Methane formation Cretaceouspalaeoenvironment 317 341 and carbon-13, Peru 194 cyclic deposition 318 -325 experimental evidence 208 212 stratigraphy and unconformities 326 -334 geological evidence 212 214 East and West sub basins 331 and sulphates 51-52 Equatorial Seaway 280 volumes generated, TOC 37 evolution, maps 313

Methylcholesta-5-dienol, algae marker 83, 85, 90 Hatteras phase 336-339 Metoicoceras sp 374 maps, DSDP sites 302 Mewdonate pathway 104-105 Cenomanian Turonian 337 Mexico Hatteras phase 336 Gulf of. oxygen minimum 143,144 Plantagenet phase (Senonian) 338 "laum,dipCts-L kuna 388 oxygen minimum zone 311 Index 44I

Plantagenet phase 339 Oil Show Analyzer 35 North Sea Basin Olschiefer, Germany 252 Cenomanian-Turonian 384 Ooids, carbonate 207-215 Kimmeridge Clay, oil source 39 44, 253 geological evidence 212-214 Marl Slate 249 methane formation 208-212 natural gas, volumes and TOC 36-37 recent materials 208 organic tracking (FLEX) 124-126 Oolitic limestones, gas content 207 palaeobathymetric setting 384 Oregon Margin Plenus Marl Formation 378 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 North Sea Oils, generation, migration and depth distribution, carbon 355 accumulation 40-44 transition metals 358-360 Norway Organic components of sediments Finnmark, Cambrian 233 chemistry, classification 101,105 fjords, anoxic basins 141 structures 101-103 Nuculids 256 opticalclassification 103 Organic material Ocean basins accumulation rates, Cenomanian-Turonian 407 anoxic 140-143 allochthonous supply 49 evaluation, summary 43 amorphous organic matter 56 -57 modelofoxygen deficiency 280-282 carbon cycle 21 22, 121 -133 organic facies mapping 26 fluxes 139 restricted basins, positive water balance 411 -413 genesis and palynofacies 47-61 sea level changes 282 283 global, sea floor sediments 168 silled basins, deposition 28 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous accumulation rates see also Angola: Argentine : Brazil : Cape: 345-362 Essaouira: Guaymas: Khuzestan : Lima: kerogens 28-34 Magellanes : Mariana, Pacific : Middle East, marine sediments 139-147 Neuquen : North Sea : Salaverry : Soledad : model of sedimentation 167-180 Trujillo: West Siberian : Wfinstorf oceanic fertility 147-148 Oceanic Anoxic Event oceans, production 23-24 Barremian-Albian 372 particulate 56-58 Cenomanian-Turonian 371-396 classification 57 Africa 389-392 primary production 25, 138-139 Europe 375-386 sediment accumulation rates 49-50 North America 386-388 in sediments 21- 34 Pacific Basin 392-393 processes 23 South Atlantic 271,283-284 totals, earth sediments 30 South and Central America 388- 389 transport 25 26 summary and discussion 394-396 see alsoBlack shales: Carbon : Petroleum source Coniacian Santonian 372 rocks alternative explanations 421-422 Organic rich rocks see Black shales duration 415-416 Organic 'tracers' 123--124 palaeoceanographic controls 401-416 ORGON samples, sedimentation models 170-180 carbon-13 record 405-408 ORM see Mudrocks, organic rich faunal changes 413-415 Osloregion, Silurian 237 sea level and circulation 408-413 Osmington Oolite, analysis 212, 213 timing, primary carbon burial 402-405 Oxford Clay, Lower 253 Oceans Oxford Clay, Upper and Lower deposition, oxygen environments 26-28 Callovian 69 fertility 147-148 ecology 257 open, oxygen minimum 143-144 Jurassic shales, pyrite formation 69 77 source bed deposition 28 Oxfordian Callovian, Malvinas Plateau 91-95 vscoastal, productivity 26 Oxygen upwelling 7, 26 in atmosphere, Middle Miocene 429-432 Benguelacurrent system 294 deficiency, definitions 272 mid-Cretaceous 311 model 280-282 Peruvian margin 182-186, 191-195 North Atlantic 311-314 predicted, mid-Cretaceous, map 404 South Atlantic 271-272 Southern Tethys 264 solubility and salinity 420-421 Oil shales, definition 19 Oxygenation see also Black shales bottom water 50-53 Oil provinces definitions 4, 272 list and source rocks 2 comparisons 54 map 3 and deposition 26-28, 258 442 Index

Oxygenation (cont.) summary and conclusions 194 195 levels 53 56 surface sediments 182 184 terminology 53-56 tectonic control 191- 192 organic rich deposits 143, 162 upwelling 259 Pachysphaera, Tasmanian coals 33 Petroleum source rocks Pacific Basin, Cenomanian--Turonian 392 393 analysis 34-36 Pacific Ocean and black shales 19 Central, Holocene sites, data 347 349 definition 19 depth distribution, carbon 355 drainage 39-41 primary production 350 evaluation 17-19, 43 transition metals 358 360 kerogens 28 34 Cretaceous 271 list, oilprovinces 2 East, anoxic layer and Coriolis force 260 marine/non-marine 19-21 East Pacific Rise, Holocene and mid-Cretaceous Mesozoic 251-260 347 349 Middle East 263 268 depth distribution, carbon 355 organic matter in sediments, generation and transition metals 357-360 accumulation 21-28 organic carbon, surface sediments 140 migration 37-44 West India Margin, Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sedimentation 28-34 sites, data 347 -349 Permian 249 depth distribution, carbon 355 potential sources 19 transition metals 358- 360 and predicted upwellings 201 202 PAH see Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons volumes, TOC 36 Palaeoecology 256-258 Phosphoria Formation 202-203 depositionalenvironments 258-260 Phosphorites Palaeo-upwelling paucity 415 methods 199-201 stability field 55 predictions 199-203 Phytol, algalmarker 84-85 results 201-203 Pithonella ovalis 413 Palaeozoic, early black shales 231- 245 Plankton 59-60 Palynofacies Plantagenet Formation 301 definition 47 geochemistry, pyrolysis 327 kerogen trends 56-58 phase, event E2 317, 339 oxygenation levels 53-56 stratigraphy 326 palaeoenvironmentalindices 56 -61 summary 340 sediments (TOC) 47-53 Plenus Marl Formation 378, 379 Panama Basin Plesiacanthocerassp 374, 376 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347 -349 Pliensbachian 253 depth distribution, carbon 349 Poland primary production 350 NE, Cambrian 233 transition metals 358-360 Silurian 239 water column preservation factor 351 Pieniny Klippen Belt, R.cushmanizone 386 organic tracking (FLEX) 127-129, 131 Pollen and spores, facies indicators 99, 103 Paraffins, origin 20 Polynucleararomatic hydrocarbons 108 Parhabdolithus Zone, mid-Cretaceous 352-354 hydrothermal alteration 226 Pentadecanoic acid, bacterial marker 83 84, 90, 94 Pomeroy, Silurian 238 Penta-methyl-eicosane archaeobacterialmarker 83, Porosity, time of preservation, Middle East 268 90 Porphyrins 108 Pepper Shale, Texas 387 Posidonia shales, Jurassic, pyrite formation 70 Permian, Upper, Marl Slate/Kupferschiefer 249 Posidonienschiefer, Germany 253,256 Peru coastal margin Praeglobotruncanahelvetica, first appearance 373 .374 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 Bi~rgenstock, Helvetic zone 385 depth distribution, carbon 355 Prasinophyceae 60 primary production 350 PrediscosphaeraZones, mid-Cretaceous 352- 354 transition metals 358-360 Primary production mudstonedeposition 181--195 correlations, with TOC or marine sediments 48-49 calcium carbonate 189-191 mid-Cretaceous 362 coastal upwelling 182-186 oceanic fertility 138-139, 147--148 dolomitization 192-194 organic fluxes 139 El Nifio conditions 186-189 Palaeozoic 244 past patterns 186 phytoplankton 167-168 poleward undercurrent 184-186 and stratification 12 sources and fluxes 186- 189 total annual 25-26 Index 443

Pristane/phytane ratio 79 Seirocrinus, and driftwood 257 hydrothermal petroleum 220 Settling rates, marine particles 133 'Pseudovertebrae' concretions 255 Seve-Koli deposits 243 Pteroid bivalves 256 Shales, black, bituminous, carbonaceous, oil see Black Pteropods, E. Mediterranean 156-157 shales Pterospermella sp 60 Shales-with-Beef Formation, Dorset 252 'Pthanites', Morocco 391 Shatsky Rise, Pacific 392 Pyrenees Shercock, Ordovician 235 Ordovician 237 Shikimate pathway 104-105 Silurian 241 Shropshire, Cambrian 234 Pyrite formation 255 Siberia see West Siberian basin controls 70-72 Sierra Morena, Cambrian 234 34S values 71--72 Silica, opaline, Guinea sediments 163 Simonellite, conifer marker 91,94 Redox potentialdiscontinuity 54 Sitosterol, land plants 108 Rennes, Ordovician 237 Sk~ne, Ordovician 236 Retene, diterpenoid 108 Slieve Bernagh, Ordovician 235 Rheic Ocean, opening 235, 245 Slieve Bloom, Silurian 239 Rio Grande Fracture Zone 275-278 Soledad Basin Rock-Eval analysis 35 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous, data 347-349 Rostherne Mere, sediment analysis 113 depth distribution, carbon 355 Rotalipora cushmani, lastoccurrence 373-376 transition metals 358-360 Russian Platform, Crimea 386 Source rock see Petroleum source rock Ruzicka's rules 106-107 South Atlantic all DSDPsites, map 289 Saanich Inlet Cretaceous palaeoenvironment 271-284 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sites, data 347-349 and global Oceanic Anoxic Event 283-284 depth distribution, carbon 355 models of oxygen deficiency 280-282 marine TOC 352 physiographic evolution 272-280 transition metals 357- 360 sea level transgressions 282-283 Salaverry Basin, Peru 182, 191-195 Equatorial Seaway 280 'Salinity crisis', Jurassic 266 Mesozoic black shales 287 -298 San Pedro; Santa Barbara; Santa Monica Basins sedimentary characteristics 289-295 Holocene and mid-Cretaceous 347-349 stratigraphy 273,287-289 depth distribution, carbon 355 spreading, late Neogene 426 transition metals 358 360 Turonian reconstruction 272 SaoPaulo-Walvis barrier 276-280 Spain, N and S, Silurian 241 Sapropel Subbetic, Ronda 385-387 confusion, terminology 52, 56 Sporomorphs 58-59 definition 56 Squalane see also Black shales derived triterpenes 106 Sargasso Sea, organic tracking (FLEX) 127, 128 methanogenic markers 94 Sarir Sandstone Reservoir 389 structures 104-106 Scandinavia, Alum Shale Formation 243 SR see Sedimentation rate Schistes Cartons, Paris Basin 253 Stafjord sands 43 Sciponoceras sp Zone 373-374 Steroids Scotland as biological markers 79-84 Ettrick-Bridgend 235 biosynthesis 105 NW, Cambrian 233 DSDP sites, examples, Malvinas Plateau 91-95 Ordovician 233,235 Middle America Trench 84-91 Scania 236 side-chains, classification 109 Sea floor spreading areas, Guaymas Basin 218 structures 101 Sea level changes Sterol ratios, environmentalindicators 88-89 Early Palaeozoic 244 Subprionocyclus sp 374 mid-Cretaceous 407,408-411 Sulphate reduction Sediment trapping 123-133 and anoxicenvironments 56 Sedimentation rates 12 bacteria 51-52, 70-72 alteration formalism 170-172 effect of Oceanic Anoxic Event 417 basic data 169-170 pathways, Peru margin 193-194 Cretaceous, North Atlantic 304-308 Recent sediments 255 detrital model 175-177 Sweden, S pelagic model 172-175 Cambrian 233 Peruvian margin 190 Silurian 239 Seegraschiefer, Chondrites 257 Swedish Allochthonous 236 444 Index

Swedish Caledonides 238 Ural Mts, Cambrian 233 Ordovician 236, 238 Talla-Tweedsmuir 238 Silurian 239 Tasmanian coal 33 'Urgonian'carbonates, Tethys 336 Tasmanites 60 UV fluorescent study, macerals 33 Temperature estimates, deep water 431 Terre Noire Shales, France 253 Vaccenicacid, Guinea sediments 163 Tethys Valango, Ordovician 237 Europe, ammonites 253 Variamussium, Posidonia shales 257 Southern 264 V/~sterg6tland, Ordovician 236 West, E2 event 340 Vitrinite 29-34 Tetracyclic alkanes/alkenes/aromatics 108 Volgian, Lower Tetraterpenoids East Greenland 253 classification 106 West Siberian basin 253 structure 80,105 Thanatocoenosis and dinoflagellates 59 Wales Ticino, S. Alps, Anisian-Ladinian 251 Harlech Dome 234 Tithonian shales, Tethyan, Europe 253 Llandovery, Silurian 239 Toarcian, Jet rock 253 North, Silurian 239 Pseudomytiloides 256 N and S, Ordovician 236 Toarcian, Posidonia shales 69 South, Ordovician 236 Torbanite 33 Westbury Formation 252 T6rnquist's Sea 231-232 Walvis Bay, Recent 100 closure 245 Walvis Ridge 293-295 Total organic carbon Pliocene-Recent 294 controls 47-53 Warwickshire, Cambrian 234 enrichment, mid-Cretaceous 302-308 Water depth and total organic carbon 48 laminated/homogeneous sediments 54 Watinoceras sp 374 Trace metals Weddell Basin 283 black shales, S. Atlantic 292-293 West Siberian basin 253 Gulf of Guinea 163 Western Interior Seaway 414 Transition metals, Holocene and mid-Cretaceous Wexford, Cambrian 234 accumulation rates 356-361 Whitienella archeocretacea Triterpenoids 104-105 Bonarelli horizon 385 biosynthesis 104 first appearance 373-376 classification 106 andkeeled foraminifers 414 Ruzicka's rules 106 107 Wicklow, Cambrian 234 structure 80,105 WfinstorfBasin, Cenomanian-Turonian 384 Trujillo Basin Wfinstorf-Salzgitter Anticline 379-384 dolomitization 192-194 tectonic controls 191-192 Yorkshire Jet Rock 253, 255 Tunisia, Bahloul Formation 389-390 Yorkshire, North, oolitic limestones 207-208 'Turonian shales', Danish Central Graben 378 Yugoslavia, Herzogovina 386

Umbrian Appenines, Gubbio sequence 384-385, 404 Zaire, Kwango Series 392 United States see North America Zechstein cycles 249