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Asmal Fatima 2015.Pdf (1.232Mb) Demystifying the Muslimah: changing subjectivities, civic engagement and public participation of Muslim women in contemporary South Africa Fatima Asmal A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Sciences (Masters) in the Programme of Historical Studies, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2015 1 I, Fatima Asmal (941300984), hereby declare that this is my own work and that all sources that I have used have been acknowledged and referenced. No part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other degree. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author and are in no way representative of those of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The dissertation has not been presented to any other University for examination, either in the Republic of South Africa, or overseas. Signature: Date: 2 ABSTRACT Demystifying the Muslimah: changing subjectivities, civic engagement and public participation of Muslim women in contemporary South Africa This study interrogates the validity of generalisations about Muslim women. While Islam is undoubtedly important in the lives of most practising Muslim women, rather than regarding their actions and behaviours as governed by Islamic law, the study seeks to historicise their experiences through a life history approach of five women engaged in the civic life of their communities (however widely this may be defined) and in public participation in various ways. Using oral history as a methodology, it investigates what drew these women to civic participation; the nature of their participation in terms of the organisations they are members of and the activities they are involved in; the stimulus for civic engagement and public participation and their achievements in this regard as well as the impact of participation on their identities and subjectivities. Most existing work on Muslim women deals with issues such as sexuality and reproductive choices, the AIDS pandemic or conversion to Islam. This study adopts a life history approach to understand multiple aspects of the women’s lives, including and especially their civic and public engagement. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS After God, Who, in His Infinite Mercy, has given me the strength to undertake this study, I would like to express my gratitude, firstly, to my supervisor Goolam Vahed. He encouraged me to embark on this study, and gave me the necessary motivation and encouragement to persevere throughout. I have benefitted tremendously from his expertise and advice during this journey, and his dedication to his students has inspired me no end. I must also mention my dad and mum, Mahomed Azam and Zubeida Asmal, who have not only believed in me, and encouraged me, but have provided immense support in helping me to fulfil my responsibilities as a single mother. Whilst undertaking the research for this study, my interviewees mentioned the ‘rocks’ in their lives – people who make it possible for them to give their time to the community. In my life, these ‘rocks’ are undoubtedly my mother and father. Thank you mummy and daddy – I may not say it as often as I should, but I love you and appreciate all that you do for Amr and I. Thank you to my son, Amr, who shared his time with me with a laptop for the greater part of a year, not becoming as irritated as a boy of ten should. Last but not least, Quraysha, Faeeza, Shakira, Shameema and Aunty ‘Mariam’; thank you for making time for me, for answering my pages upon pages of questions and for reminiscing with me, at times smiling, at times crying. You were truly amazing – I only hope I have done justice to each of your inspiring stories. 4 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my son, Amr. My journey with you has been by far the most meaningful chapter of my life. Like me, you have interacted many times with some of the women I interviewed. I hope that just as I was inspired by writing about them, so too will you be inspired by reading about them. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Glossary of Arabic/Urdu terms used 7 2. Chapter One: Setting the scene 13 3. Chapter Two: “Finding me”: Quraysha Ismail Sooliman 29 4. Chapter Three: Faeeza Suleman and the Circle of Care 51 5. Chapter Four: “Against all odds”: Shakira Mohamed Cassim 70 6. Chapter Five: Shameema Mayat – The “Ring Leader” 100 7. Chapter Six: Mariam Ismail: Serving humanity in sickness and in health 123 8. Chapter Seven: Conclusion 143 9. Chapter Eight: Bibliography 150 10. Appendix A: Interview guide 162 6 GLOSSARY OF ARABIC AND URDU TERMS Abaya - a long, loose-fitting garment, worn by Muslim women; has long sleeves and is often black Ahadith (pl. singular: hadith) - sayings of the prophet Muhammad Adhan - the call to prayer sounded out by an individual, before the performance of each of the five compulsory Muslim daily prayers Allah - the name Muslims use to refer to God Allah Ta’ala - Allah, the Most High Alhamdulillah - a statement reflecting gratitude to Allah, translated as “all praises are due to Allah” Alim - a male who is knowledgeable about Islam, having studied it at tertiary level Alimah – a female who is knowledgeable about Islam, having studied it at tertiary level Amirah – a female leader of an organisation/group Apa – a female teacher of Islamic studies Aql - intellect Awni – a long, rectangular head covering Barelwi – a group of Muslims Bid’ah – an innovation, something introduced to Islam by someone other than the Prophet Muhammad Bismillahir rahmaanir Raheem – a statement usually uttered by Muslims when commencing an action, translated as “in the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful” Burda – mantle; contenxtually refers to the Qasidah Burda, an ode of praise for the prophet Muhammad Burqah – a head covering which South African Muslim often wear for the performance of prayers Darul Uloom – literally a house of knowledge; institutions first initiated in India and Pakistan, where men and women study Islam at tertiary level Da’wah – inviting others to Islam Deen – the religion of Islam Deeni – Islamically inclined 7 Dhai – a midwife Dhul-hijjah – a month in the Islamic calendar (which works according to a lunar cycle) Du’a – the act of supplicating to Allah Eid – a Muslim festival, two of which are celebrated annually, one marking the end of Ramadan (Eidul Fitr), and one during the Islamic month in which hajj is performed (Eidul Adha) Eidgah – the name given to the Eid prayer when it is performed in a wide, open space like a field Fajr – the Muslim early-morning prayer which has to be performed before sunrise Fardh – compulsory/obligatory Fiqh – the field of Islamic jurisprudence Hadith (pl ahadith) – a saying of the prophet Muhammad Hafidh (pl huffaadh) – a male who has memorised the Qur’an in its entirety Hafidha (pl hafidhaat) – a female who has memorised the Qur’an in its entirety. Hajj – the pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia, the performance of which is compulsory upon every financially and physically able adult Muslim, once in his/her lifetime Halal - permissible Halaqah – literally a circle; refers to the gathering of Muslims to study various aspects of Islam, informally Haram - forbidden Haya - modesty Hifdh – the act of memorising the Qur’an Hijab – the covering of all parts of the body, by a Muslim woman, except for her face, hands and feet, in loose fitting, non-transparent clothing Hijabi – a woman who wears the hijab Iftar – the time of breaking fast, at sunset Ijaar – a pants/trouser usually used to refer to that worn by a woman Imam – a leader, contextually it refers to the leader of the congregational prayers Iman - faith 8 In sha Allah – a statement Muslims use when indicating the intention to do something, it is translated as “if Allah wills’ Jamaat - congregation Jumu’ah – the day of Friday; considered to be a day of greater spiritual significance by Muslims than the other days of the week Kafir – used by the Qur’an to refer to people who do not believe in the existence of God Kurta – a long garment worn by men, either knee or ankle length Madhhab – a school of jurisprudential thought founded by one or the other of various classical Islamic scholars Madrasah – a place where individuals (adults or children) can study Islam, different madrasahs cater for different needs Maghrib – literally sunset, but usually refers to the prayer which Muslims are required to form at sunset Makruh – detested/disliked by God Maulana – a term Muslims of Indian/Pakistani descent use to refer to someone who has studied Islam at tertiary level, at a Darul Uloom Mawlood – an event held by the Barelwi/Sunni community to celebrate the birthday of the prophet Muhammad; Deobandis are opposed to its observance Meelaad – another word for mawlood Muharram – the first month of the Islamic calendar Musjid - mosque Muslimah – a female Muslim Naath – an Urdu song which sings the praises of the prophet Muhammad Namaz – the Urdu word for prayer Nikah – the Islamic marriage ceremony Niqab – the face veil worn by some Muslim women Niyyah - intention 9 Purdah – Urdu for the face veil worn by some Muslim women; also refers to a physical barrier erected between men and women Qur’an – the scripture followed by Muslims; they believe that Allah revealed it to the prophet Muhammad Qur’an Sharif – noble Qur’an Radiyallahu anha – may Allah be pleased with her; a statement which is uttered/written after mentioning the name of any of the female companions or relatives of the prophet Muhammad Ramadan – the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims fast
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