General Index
Please refer to the Note on Transliteration, Conventions and Abbreviations on pp. xix–xx. Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
Aaron 288 Ādharshab, Muḥammad ʿAlī 271 Aaronides (Jewish high priesthood) 288 Afīqʾ 336 ʿAbd al-Muṭallib 259–60 Aga Khan IV 209n. 2 ʿAbd Allāh b. Sālām 191 ahl al-bayt (family of the Prophet) 115, al-Abharī, Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṭāhir 277, 452 102, 108 Akbarian tradition, 15, 299–300, 303, ʿābid (devotee) 12, 428 306–7, 314, 317, 328, 338 abjad (letter groupings), Sulamī’s Akhbārī approach 19–20, 466 interpretation of 92–4 akhfā (most hidden) 381 Abraham 164, 170, 186, 196, 197–9, Akhfāsh, Ṣadr al-Dīn 345 303–6, 310–12, 313, 326, 330, 362 al-ākhira see Hereafter Abū ʿAwāna, Musnad 244 alchemy 88, 326 Abū Bakr 200, 204–5, 206, 215n. 99, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 283 exegeses attributed to 6, 18, 91, 94 Abū Hurayra 55–6, 404, 441n. 122 Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman on 204–5 Abū Jād see abjad as a martyr 287 Abū Juhayfa 398 Qūnawī on 301 Abū Madyan Shuʿayb b. al-Ḥusayn and the Qur’an 17, 192, 287–8, 398–9 al-Anṣārī 89 Simnānī on 368 Abū Muḥammad Ruwaym b. Aḥmad 252 as sole legitimate heir of the Prophet Abū Saʿīd b. Abī’l-Khayr 277 205–7 Abū’l-Jārūd Ziyād b. al-Mundhir, Tafsīr succession 7, 18 ʿan al-Bāqir 18 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 448 ʿĀd people 200–201 treatment of 201 adab (fitting conduct) 11, 65, 257, 279, ʿAlī Wafā 407, 408, 409 328, 383–5 allegoresis 17, 19 Adam allegory as the archetype of the imam 274–5 allegorical interpretations Baqlī on 140–41, 151n. 58 of paradise 423 Ḥallāj on 101–2 of pilgrimage 202–3 Ibn ʿAṭāʾ on 126 of prayer 202 and interpretation of Arabic letters 95, Haeri and 158 101–2, 116 Ḥallāj and 96–102 Kāshānī on 326, 330, 331, 334 Ibn ʿAjība and 417 Muḥāsibī on 95 Ibn Sīnā and 219, 226 as a prophet 186, 196 Ismailis and 182, 188, 201–3 al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān on 191 Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman and 184, 185 Qurashī on 126 Kāshānī and 306 Rūmī on 1 Qūnawī and 303 and Satan 234, 274–5 Sulamī and 92, 96–102, 103, 113
517 General Index
Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 460 typological–allegorical interpretation and typology 194–6 of 185 use of term 194–5 uses of 88, 184, 204 alliteration 101, 103, 113, 115 see also ʿilm al-ḥurūf allusion see ishāra ʿArafāt 284 ʿAlvān, Shaykh see Nakhjuwānī, Aramaic 53 Niʿmatullāh arcana see asrār amāna (trust) 469 Arghūn, Ilkhān 345 ʿāmm, pl. ʿawāmm (commonalty, ʿārif, pl. ʿārifūn (possessor of mystical generality) 6, 7, 194, 274–5, 419 knowledge) 12, 95, 96, 108, 110, amr (Command) 230, 278, 279–82, 284, 111, 137, 248, 253, 385, 389, 397, 286, 290, 380 404 amulets 88 Aristotelian discourse 223, 284, 304 Āmulī, Ḥasanzādah 448–9 Arsalān/Arslān 134, 149n. 44 Āmulī, Jawādī 447 aṣḥāb al-aʿrāf (‘people of the heights’) Āmulī, Sayyid Ḥaydar, Tafsīr al-Muḥīṭ 20 432–3 analogy 10, 24, 54, 55, 131–2, 143, 144, 225 ascension (miʿrāj) 241–70, 312–13 anāniyya (I-ness) 349–50, 359, 361, ascetic (zāhid) 95, 137, 428 362–71 asceticism/renunciation 12, 65, 107, 109, angels 95, 161, 283, 286, 290, 334, 365, 151n. 61, 276, 279 380, 419 Ashʿarīs 13, 268n. 33, 271, 272, 273, 275, see also Gabriel 276, 386, 396, 397–400, 403, 409, Anjara tribe 415 461 ʿAnnāba (Bone, North Africa) 88 ʿāshiq (mystical lover) 12, 133, 136, 150n. annihilation see fanāʾ 56 Anṣārī, Abū Ismāʿīl ʿAbd Allāh 14, 16, Ashkiwarī, Quṭb al-Dīn (Sharīf-i Lāhījī), 132, 133, 136 Tafsīr 20 al-Anṣārī, Abū’l-Qāsim Salmān b. Naṣir aspiration (irāda) 347–8, 354 276–7, 278 asrār, sg. sirr (arcana, secrets, mysteries) anthropomorphism (tashbīh) 10, 183, 8, 107, 115, 135, 141, 252, 274, 275, 273, 382, 386, 387, 427 278, 291, 292, 380, 381, 400 antinomianism 12, 190 al-Astarābādhī, Faḍlallāh 119n. 26 ʿaql (intellect) 61, 64, 222, 223–5, 273, astrology 88, 218 323–4n. 106, 378, 381, 404–8, 447 al-ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn 16, 97–8, 365 see also First Intellect Avicennan philosophy 19, 47n. 75, 273, al-Aqsarāʾī, Karīm al-Dīn 321n. 52 274, 293, 300, 304, 306–7, 445, Arabic language 448 structure 157–8, 168 see also Ibn Sīnā Sufi hermeneutics in 14 al-ʿAzīz, use of term 145n. 4 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 454–6, 459–60, 468–9, 469 Bādkubihī, Ḥusayn 445 Arabic letters Baghdad legend of origin 93 Būyids in 124n. 78 the Mahdī and 337–8 mystics of 12, 60, 62, 69, 110 Mullā Ṣadrā and 381 al-Baghdādī, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar b. Aḥmad number of 95 102 Qūnawī and 301 al-Baghdādī, Abū’l-ʿAbbās Muḥammad Shahrastānī and 280, 291–2 b. al-Ḥasan 102
518 General Index
Baghdādī, Majd al-Dīn 345 beauty (ḥusn) Bahāʾī, Shaykh 390n. 1 divine 136–8, 140, 141, 142, 151n. 58, Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Mahdī, Risāla-yi Sayr wa 172, 340n. 9 sulūk 446 Joseph and 125–6, 133, 152n. 78 al-Baḥrānī, Sayyid Hāshim, al-Burhān Being, Nābulusī on 396, 396–7, 400–402, 20 403, 404–8 balance of religion (mīzān al-diyāna) 281 Benjamin (brother of prophet Joseph) baqāʾ (permanence/subsistence) 33, 68, 131, 134, 141, 144 115, 138, 142, 251, 269n. 41, 327 Bible, the jannat al-baqāʾ (paradise of subsistence) Biblical exegesis 83n. 82 422 Biblical stories in the Qur’an 196–9 al-Bāqir, Muḥammad 40n. 18 on Joseph 127 Baqlī, Rūzbihān b. Abī Naṣr 143, 319n. Parable of the Sower 65, 78n. 21 24, 422–3 Werenfels on 207 ʿAbhar al-ʿāshiqīn 136–7, 150n. 57 Genesis 1 295n. 23 ʿArāʾis al-bayān fi ḥaqīqat al-Qurʾān Genesis 15:9–18 197 14, 16, 125, 126, 137–42, 417, 432, Genesis 19:24–28 191 437n. 21, 437n. 22, 438n. 44, 438n. Psalms 380 58, 439n. 84, 440n. 96, 440n. 112 Gospel 380 Kitāb al-Ighāna 150–51n. 57 Matthew 5:39 339n. 8 Basra 114 Matthew 13:3–23 81n. 59 al-Baṣrī, Abū Yaʿqūb al-ʿAqṭāʾ 98 Mark 4:3–20 81n. 59 al-Bisṭāmī, Abū Yazīd 122n. 66 Luke 6:29 339n. 8 bāṭin (inner meaning) 1, 2, 8, 155 Luke 8:3–15 81n. 59 ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and 6, 91 John 1:1–13 280 and Arabic letters 96, 100 John 3:3 340n. 10 as an aspect of the Qur’an 2, 6, 84n. 93, see also Torah 155, 310 Bohras 185, 209n. 2 Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq and 8 Bone (ʿAnnāba) 88 Ibn ʿAjība and 425, 432 Buddhism 157 imams and 17, 19 al-Bukhārī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Kāshānī and 330, 340n. 12 Muḥammad, Faḍīḥat al-mulḥidīn Mullā Ṣadrā and 358, 388 396 Noah’s people and 197 Bundār b. al-Ḥusayn 245, 250, 260 Qūnawī and 308, 309–10, 311, 312 al-Būnī, Abū’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, relation to ẓāhir 5–6, 25, 92, 96, 155, 180, Shams al-maʿārif wa laṭāʾif 186, 187, 188–91, 197, 202, 205, al-ʿawārif 88–9 279, 312, 328, 358, 425, 436n. 10 Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn 446 Rūmī and 40n. 20 Burūsawī, Ismāʿīl Ḥaqqī, Tafsīr rūḥ Shahrastānī and 279 al-bayān 16 Simnānī and 357 Būyids 124n. 78 for Sufis 84–5n. 93 Byzantines 171 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 449, 460 use of word in the Qur’an 5–6, 40n. 16 Camel, Battle of the 204 Bāṭiniyya see Ismailis chains of transmission (isnāds) 91, 115, al-Bayḍāwi, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar 127, 146n. 16, 244 411n. 23 Charkhī, Yaʿqūb, Tafṣīr-i kalām-i al-Bayhaqī, Ẓāhir al-Dīn 220 rabbānī 16
519 General Index
Children of Israel 164, 327–8, 340n. 12 daʿwa (mission) 19, 106, 182, 183, 191, Chishtī order 16, 157 193, 197, 198, 199, 202, 214n. 74, Chisti, Saadi Shakur see Douglas-Klotz, 214n. 90 Neil Day of Judgement 113, 115, 290, 290–91, Christianity 420, 421–2 Christian literary sources 65 Day of Resurrection 107, 296n. 41, 322n. Haeri and 164 90, 336, 419–21, 429 Hixon and 157 al-Daylamī, Abū’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Kāshānī and 327, 330, 335 Muḥammad, Kitāb ʿAṭf al-alif typology in 195 114, 123n. 67, 150n. 53 chronograms 88 al-Daylamī, Shīrawayh 412n. 45 cognitive paralysis 67, 73 al-Dhahabī, Muḥammād b. Aḥmād 272 Command, the see amr dhikr (remembrance, invocation) 106, communism 446 195, 367, 445 Companions of the Prophet 55, 76, dhikrā (reminder) 60, 66 79n. 22, 156, 174, 200, 385, al-Dīnawarī, Abū’l-Ḥasan 305 441n. 122 dissociation (tabarruʾ) 384–5 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 451, 452, 455, 465 divination 88, 343n. 46 see also individual Companions divine presences, five 15, 30, 308–9, 416 compassion 106, 112, 169, 171, 173, 289 Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Ismāʿīl b. Hibat Allāh b. concealment and disclosure, cycle Ibrāhīm, Mizāj al-tasnīm 208n. 1 of 333 Douglas-Klotz, Neil (Saadi Shakur Corbin, Henry 137, 193–4 Chisti) 157, 160–61 conception of taʾwīl 3–4 Druze 194, 280 En Islam iranien 345, 362 duality 189, 197, 199, 208, 312 cosmology/cosmos 9, 15, 98, 186, 223, 230, 281, 291, 310–11, 312, 379, ecstasy (wajd) 74, 384, 385, 398, 417 450, 468, 469 eisegesis 11, 38, 443, 459 creation 233, 278, 279–80, 282, 284, 286, elements, four 98, 227, 229–30 290, 326–7, 380 English language, twentieth-century Sufi cryptic writing 184, 203–5 commentaries 155–76 cycles eschatology 10, 35, 36, 37, 94, 172, 182, Ismaili doctrine of (dawr, pl. adwār) 188, 325–43, 383, 415–41 184, 185, 186, 296n. 41 esoteric interpretation prophetic, according to Kāshānī, 31, derivation of term 1 330–33, 333 use of term 1–12 see also bāṭin; taʾwīl Dajjāl, the 336 essence, divine 71, 82n. 71, 110, 141–2, Damascus 299 183–4, 311–12, 323n. 92, 327, 329, al-Daqqāq, Abū ʿAlī 97, 130, 131, 245, 382, 385, 396, 401, 403, 426 249, 258, 263 ethics 9, 60, 66, 445, 446, 449 Darqāwa order 415 Eve 101, 191 David (prophet) existence, analogical gradation of Baqlī on 140–41 (tashkīk al-wujūd) 375, 378 and Goliath 199 exoteric interpretation Qurashī on 126 derivation of term 1 Qushayrī on 131, 253, 261 see also tafṣīr; ẓāhir Simnānī on 362 experiential language, Hixon and 166–73
520 General Index
Fadak 204–5 al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid 38n. 2, 83n. 83, Faḍl Allāh, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn, 375, 391n. 5, 398, 405, 424 Min waḥy al-Qurʾān 20 Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn 155, 166, 392n. 29 fahm (understanding) 6, 55, 57, 61, 62, 67, Mishkāt al-anwār 148–9n. 43, 221, 83n. 82, 95, 96, 115, 155, 399 399–400 see also understanding al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl 272 fanāʾ (annihilation, effacement) 31, 33, Tahāfut al-falāsifa 273 68, 106, 138, 142, 151n. 68, 327, Ghazālī, Aḥmad, Sawāniḥ 132, 136 328, 335, 336, 342n. 35, 417, 420, Gīsūdirāz, Abū’l-Fatḥ Bandanawāz 16 421, 422 gnosis/gnostics 2, 3–4 al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr 223 Ibn ʿAjība and 423, 424, 427, 428, 433–4 Kitāb al-Ḥurūf 114 Kāshānī and 336 al-Farāhīdī, al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad 95 Nābulusī and 397, 398, 399, 400 al-Farajī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb 147n. 31 Shahrastānī and 271 al-Farghānī, Saʿīd al-Dīn, Muntahā see also ʿārif; ʿirfān; maʿrifa al-madārik 318n. 8 Gnostic Gospels, Thomas 9 81n. 59, al-Farrāʾ, Abū Zakariyyaʾ 260, 268n. 25 81n. 60 fatḥ, pl. futūḥ (spiritual intuition) 300, God 308, 321n. 58 Arabic letters and 95, 96, 103–16 Fāṭima bt Muḥammad 204–5 beatific vision of God in Paradise 426–7 Fatimids 188, 207–8, 280 becoming manifest 3 see also Ismaili-Fatimid exegesis as beyond being 274 Fayḍī, Abū’l-Fayḍ b. Mubārak, Sawāṭiʿ Covenant with Abraham 197–9 al-ilhām 20 descriptions of 6 fikr (cogitative thought, reflection) 30, direct understanding of 11, 60 222, 223, 307, 323n. 106, 386 as the Eternal 104 fiqh (jurisprudence) 21, 53–5, 78n. 16, as al-Ḥaqq (the Real/the Truth) 9, 62, 78n. 20, 242, 416, 445–6, 448 64, 155, 325, 332 firāsa (intuition, clairvoyance, spiritual hearing the word direct from 66–8 perception) 53, 77n. 8, 107, 140, Hixon on 168–70, 172 146n. 20 humans and 15 fire 37, 98, 136, 143, 163–4, 223, 283, 385, Ibn ʿAjība on 424, 426–7, 429–30 404 imams as friends of 17 see also Hell; nār Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq on 17 First Intellect, the 223, 227, 303, 311–12 meaning of ‘Allāh’ 280 folklore, of Islam 88 Mullā Ṣadrā on 381–3 Furāt b. Furāt al-Kūfī 18, 182 Nābulusī on 402, 403, 406 futuwwa (‘way of spiritual chivalry’) 12 nature of 3 as the Necessary Being 273 Gabriel, angel 11, 62, 81n. 47, 135, 142 oneness of 9, 95, 104, 112, 113, 115, Qushayrī on 247, 251, 254–5, 256, 260, 116, 142, 189 261, 262, 263, 264–5 praising 105 geomancy 88, 118n. 8 proof of existence 230 Ghamāra 415 Sufis as chosen intimates of 62 Gharawī Iṣfahāni, Muḥammad Ḥusayn in Sūrat Yūsuf 127, 128, 134, 135–6, 444, 445, 446 139–40 ghayba (absence, loss of consciousness) symbolised by Alif 93, 99, 101, 103–4, 67, 81n. 46 113
521 General Index
Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 447, 450, 451, 456–8, 468 al-Ḥallāj, Ḥusayn b. Manṣūr 23, 43n. 38, transcendence of 273 64, 80n. 32, 94, 96–102, 102, 108, trust in 128 113, 122n. 58, 123n. 67, 128, 150n. unity of see tawḥīd 53, 150n. 56, 267n. 19 Goldziher, Ignaz 185, 200, 207, 325 Kitāb al-Ṭawāsīn 97 Goliath 199 al-Hamadānī, ʿAyn al-Quḍāt, Zubdat Greek philosophy 463 al-ḥaqaʾiq 405, 409 see also individual philosophers and Ḥanafī school 16, 78n. 16, 274, 293 movements Ḥanbalī school 54, 55, 386 grief (huzn), of Jacob 125–6, 131, 134, Hanegraaff, Wouter 2 140–41 ḥaqīqa, pl. ḥaqāʾiq. Persian ḥaqīqat Gunābādī, Sulṭān ʿAlī Shāh 20, 39n. 6 (essence, truth, reality) 7, 115, 134, 140, 311, 314, 323n. 92, 328, ḥadd, pl. ḥudūd (boundary, limit) 6, 70, 329, 337, 380, 388, 400, 411n. 91, 187, 191, 213n. 57, 281, 308, 24, 433 309–10, 312 Muhammadan 89, 401 Hadith 6–7, 10, 17, 18, 20, 54, 62, 79n. 22, in Paradise 425 189, 233, 336, 343n. 46, 393n. 44, revealed on the Day of Resurrection 415 419, 420, 433 Baqlī and 136, 151n. 58 ḥarām (prohibited) 7, 105, 422 Haeri and 165 al-Harawī, ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī 14 in the Ḥanbalī school 54 ḥarf, pl. aḥruf (letter, mode of recitation) Ibn ʿAjība and 427 10, 91–2, 95, 99, 321n. 60 Ibn Qayyim and 55–6 al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī 18 Kāshānī and 337 al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī 12–13, 70, 79n. 22 Maybudī and 133 al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī 301 Mullā Ṣadrā and 377, 385 al-Ḥasan b. al-Ṣabbāḥ 278 Nābulusī and 398–9, 404, 405 al-Hāshimī, Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā 102, 109 Qūnawī and 300, 302, 307, 308, 309–10, Ḥashwiyya (literalists) 83n. 83, 400 313 Ḥāsib, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad 272 Qushayrī and 242, 243, 244 healing, Qur’an as see al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr Shahrastānī and 279, 281, 283 al-Dīn Simnānī and 353, 356 heart, the 6, 19, 21, 22, 36, 53, 58, 60–61, Sulamī and 92, 103 64, 66, 65, 66–7, 70, 71, 72, 75, Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 447, 449, 450, 451, 80n. 42, 82n. 69, 82n. 71, 83n. 82, 452, 456, 463–4, 465, 466–7, 84n. 87, 108–12, 127, 133, 134, 468–9 135, 139, 158, 248, 249, 302, 305, ḥads (intuition) 223, 224, 225, 306 322n. 83, 325–6, 335, 339n. 8, Haeri, Shaykh Fadhlalla 3, 164–5 339n. 9, 340n. 10, 377, 381, 383, Keys to the Qur’an 156, 157–9, 161–5, 384, 388, 398, 402, 419, 420, 430, 173 441n. 127 ḥajj, the 215n. 102, 284 of the Prophet 228, 249, 256, 258, 264, Ḥājji Khalīfa (Katip Çelebi), Kashf 380 al-ẓunūn 54 subtlety of 362, 363 al-Ḥakīm, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. of the universe 342n. 35 ʿUmar 102 Hebrew alphabet 93 ḥakīm (sage) 12 Hell 94, 105, 171–2, 190, 228, 381, 416, ḥalāl (permitted) 7, 105 429–33
522 General Index
Hellenistic discourse 223 on death 417–19 here and now, the 11, 37, 105, 247 on Hell 429–32 Hereafter, the al-ākhira( ) 384, 388, 389, eternity of 431–2 421, 423, 429, 432 names of Hell and punishments heresy 8–9, 272, 396–7 430–31 hermeneutics 2, 4–5, 7–9, 14, 144–5 on the Hereafter 421 see also Ibn Sīnā; al-Kāshānī, ʿAbd on Paradise 422–8 al-Razzāq; al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr beatific vision of God in 426–7 al-Dīn; al-Nābulusī, ʿAbd al- blessings of 423–6 Ghanī; al-Qūnawī, Ṣadr al-Dīn; degrees of the people of 427–8 al-Shahrastānī, Muḥammad b. two dimensions of 422–3 ʿAbd al-Karīm; al-Simnānī, ʿAlāʾ on ‘the people of the heights’ 432–3 al-Dawla; taʾwīl al-Baḥr al-madīd 16, 415, 416–17, Hermes see Idrīs 418–23, 424–33, 438n. 58 hierarchy 15, 19, 191, 198–9, 199, 207–8, Īqāẓ al-himam 415 225, 229, 274, 278, 281, 292, 308, Miʿrāj al-tashawwuf ilā ḥaqāʾiq al- 309 taṣawwuf 415 ḥijāb see veil Tafsīr al-fātiḥa al-kabīr 416, 417 Ḥimyarī kingdom 184 Ibn al-Akhram, Ḥasan 280 Hinduism 157, 164 Ibn al-Fāriḍ, ʿUmar b. ʿAlī 416 al-Ḥīrī, Abū ʿUthmān Saʿīd b. Ismāʿīl Naẓm al-sulūk 300 102, 112–13 Tāʾiyya 406 Hixon, Lex, Heart of the Koran 156, 157, Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, 159–61, 166–73 Kitāb al-Fihrist 97 ‘holy warfare’ 171 Ibn ʿArabī, Muḥyī’l-Dīn 3, 8, 15, 16, 174, see also jihad 299, 307, 321n. 52, 353, 401, 404, ḥubb (love) 111, 127, 130, 131, 146n. 11, 411n. 27 418 Nābulusī and 395, 396–7, 407 see also love Awrād al-usbūʿ 402 Hūd 253, 259, 270n. 54 Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam 15, 90, 300, 302, 325, ḥuḍūr (presence) 62, 81n. 46 396 ḥujja (proof) 105, 114, 198, 199, 204–5, al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya 88, 89–90, 301, 212n. 50, 214n. 75, 227 313, 323n. 106, 392n. 14, 405, 406, al-Hujwīrī, ʿAlī b. ʿUthmān, Kashf 408, 409, 431, 435n. 6, 445 al-maḥjūb 42n. 36, 51, 83n. 74 Ibn ʿArabī school 15–16, 20, 303, 323n. human history, seven days of 331 92, 324n. 107, 378–9, 397–400, ḥurūf see ʿilm al-ḥurūf 409, 415–16 Ḥurūfiyya 90 see also al-Kāshānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq; Ḥuwayzī, ʿAbd ʿAlī, Nūr al-thaqalayn 20 al-Qūnawī, Ṣadr al-Dīn Ibn ʿAṭāʾ al-Adamī 22, 43n. 38, 69, 75–6, I-ness (anāniyya) 349–50, 359, 361, 83n. 80, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104, 107, 362–71 108, 111, 121n. 46, 123n. 67, 126, Iamblichus 281 128, 129, 144, 146n. 11, 245, 248, Ibn ʿAbbās, ʿAbd Allāh 55–6, 92, 93, 250, 258, 259, 264, 267n. 19, 305, 145n. 4, 385 320n. 40, 398, 400 Ibn ʿAjība, Aḥmad Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh of Alexandria, 398, 399, on the Day of Judgement 421–2 400 on the Day of Resurrection 419–21 Laṭāʾif al-minan 399
523 General Index
Ibn Athīr, Majd al-Dīn Jāmiʿ al-Uṣūl Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān 219, 226 321n. 52 Ḥikmat al-mashriqiyyīn 219 Ibn Bābawayh al-Qummī (al-Shaykh al-Isharāt wa’l-tanbīhāt 217–18, 221–5, al-Ṣadūq) 295n. 33 225–7 Ibn Barrajān, ʿAbd al-Salām 44n. 48, 90, Miʿrāj-nāma 218 392n. 14 al-Najāt 232 Ibn Bawwāb 121n. 42 al-Qasīda al-ʿayniyya 219 Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad 279 al-Risāla al-nayrūziyya 392n. 23 Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad Risālat al-Ṭayr 219, 226 Musnad 148–9n. 43 Salamān wa Absāl 219 school of 54 al-Shifāʾ 219, 445 Ibn Ḥawshab (Manṣūr al-Yaman) 183, see also Avicennan philosophy 200 Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad 36, Kitāb al-Rushd wa’l-hidāya 187–8 55, 56, 79n. 25, 408, 441n. 122 Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad 79n. 24 Nābulusī on 396–7, 397 Ibn Isḥāq 145n. 4 Ibn Turka al-Iṣfahānī 90 Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddima 54, 88 Tamhīd 445 Ibn Makhlūf al-Shābbī 413n. 66 Uthūlūjiyā 445 Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram, Ibn Waḥshiyya, Kitāb al-Filāḥa Lisān al-ʿarab 70 al-nabaṭiyya 52 Ibn Masarra, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh Idrīs 326, 330, 331, 405 114 iḥsān (level of worship) 62 Ibn Masʿūd, ʿAbd Allāh 6, 10, 56, 70, 287, ijmāʿ (general consensus) 54, 57, 308, 385, 393n. 33, 399, 441n. 122 79n. 27 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 79n. 22, 441n. ijtihād (reasoning) 54 122 ilḥād (heresy) 272 al-Wābil al-ṣayyib min al-kalim al-ṭayyib ʿilm (knowledge, science) 109, 348, 353 55–6 ahl al-ʿilm 80n. 31 Ibn Sabʿīn 409 ʿilm al-ilāhī (theosophy) 405 Ibn Shādhān al-Rāzī 94, 102 ʿilm al-kalām 242, 327 Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) 2 ʿilm al-mukāshafa (knowledge of authenticity of texts 217–21, 229, 231, unveiling) 11, 387 232, 234, 235, 235–6 rāsikhūna fī’l-ʿilm (Q. 3:7) 35, 41n. 27, divine simplicity and 273, 274 193, 377, 386–7, 388–9, 393n. 36, on God as the Necessary Being 273 403, 411n. 33 hermeneutical method 225–8 ʿilm al-rubūbiyya 382 influence 407 ʿilm al-tafsīr 55 Kāshānī and 174 ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh 54 Mullā Ṣadrā and 375 see also knowledge Qur’anic hermeneutics and 217–39 ʿilm al-ḥurūf (science of the letters) 13, style 232 16, 87–124, 185 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 446 early Sufi statements on 94–6 theophany and 402 al-Ḥallāj’s allegorical interpretation of theory of knowledge 223–4 96–102 on thought 224–5 interpretation of the abjad 92–4 Asbāb ḥudūth al-ḥurūf 123n. 76 Sulamī and the authoritative basis for Fi ithbāt al-nubuwwāt 217–18, 221, interpretation 91–2 221–5, 225–7 Sulamī’s catalogue of 102–16
524 General Index
interpretations of the omitted letters Isḥāq, Majd al-Dīn 299, 321n. 52 113–16 ishāra, pl. ishārāt (allusion, subtle letter by letter explanation 103–13 pointer) 7, 8, 37, 112, 113, 115, 155, ilqāʾ al-samʿ (to give ear) 60, 62 167, 310, 313, 399 iltibās, Baqlī’s doctrine of 137–8, 140–42, Ibn ʿAjība and 416, 417, 418–19, 421, 145, 151n. 66, 151n. 68 426, 429 imamology 185, 186, 196–9, 197–9 Ishmael 30, 164, 311, 312, 320n. 37 imams ʿishq (love) 125–6, 133, 136–7, 138, Adam as the archetype of 274–5 140–41, 145, 146n. 11, 148n. 42, and angels 286 150n. 55 and interpretation of the Qur’an 17, 18, see also love 19, 20, 180, 192–3, 196, 197 ʿiṣma (immunity from sin) 152n. 77, 463, knowledge of 7, 201 466, 467, 469 Shiʿa and 18–19 Ismāʿil b. Hibat Allāh, Mizāj al-tasnīm silent 17, 197 204 status of see walāya Ismaili-Fatimid exegesis 2, 179–216 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 464–5, 467, 469 authority to interpret the Qur’an India 16, 20 191–3 al-insān al-kāmil (the perfect human) doctrine of cycles (dawr, pl. adwār) 184, 15, 99–100, 110, 309, 314, 185, 186, 296n. 41 382, 432 exegetical techniques 203–7 intellect see ʿaql; First Intellect changing of word and letter order intellectual interpretation 5, 8, 9 205–7 interiorisation 164, 166 use of secret language and cryptic interpretation writing 203–5 necessity for 188–91 Ismaili Qur’an exegesis 182–8 Qur’anic see tafsīr; taʾwīl Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 183–5 intoxication (sukr) 22, 67, 68, 151n. 68 Kitāb al-Rushd wa’l-hidāya 187–8 versus sobriety 83n. 73 al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 185–7 irāda (aspiration) 106, 347–8, 354 methods of exegesis 193–203 Iran 42n. 148, 446 allegory and typology 194–6 Iraq attitude of the Ismāʿīliyya towards communism in 446 their opponents 200–201 Shi‘a in 157, 200 cyclic prophetology and imamology ʿirfān (gnosis, mysticism) 11, 12, 375, 196–9 419, 443, 445, 446, 447, 448 metaphor 189, 197, 200–201 jannat al-ʿirfān (paradise of gnosis) 422 symbolic interpretation of religious see also knowledge, experiential; maʿrifa commandments 201–3 ʿĪsā b. Maryam see Jesus nature of early Ismaili exegesis 181–2 Isaac 164 necessity for interpretation, ẓāhir and Isfahan 16 bāṭin 188–91 Isfahan school see al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr al-Dīn Ismailis 209n. 2 al-Iṣfahānī, Abū Nuʿaym 77n. 14 focus on taʾwīl 19 Iṣfahānī, Abū’l-Ḥasan 444 hidden aspects of canonical texts for al-Iṣfajānī, Abū Naṣr Manṣūr b. ʿAbd 85n. 93 Allāh 91, 102 taʾwīl and 160 al-Isfarāʾinī, Nūr al-Dīn 345 referred to as ‘Bāṭiniyya’ 2, 83n. 83, al-Isfarāyīnī, Abū Nuʿaym 244 166, 400
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see also Ismaili-Fatimid exegesis; Jerrahi order 157, 167 al-Shahrastānī, Muḥammad al-Jerrahi, Shaykh Muzaffer Ozak 157, b. ʿAbd al-Karīm 159, 160, 167 isnāds (chains of transmission) 91, 115, al-Jerrahi, Shaykh Nur al-Anwar see 146n. 16, 244 Hixon, Lex istajībū (respond) 69–71 Jerusalem 90, 336, 337 istikhrāj (‘drawing out’ of meaning) 53, Jesus 54, 56 on the Arabic alphabet 93 see also istinbāṭ as Aslan 149n. 44 istimāʿ (listening) 52, 59–66, 74 disciples of 112 istinbāṭ (‘drawing out’ of meaning) 7, 21, Kāshānī on 31–2, 326–7, 328, 329, 330, 51–9, 61, 62, 63, 74–76 333–8, 339n. 8, 340n. 10, 341n. 19, Mullā Ṣadrā on 383–4 341n. 28, 342n. 34, 342n. 35 in non-Sufi literature 52–7 Nābulusī on 402, 441n. 29 use of term 7–8, 51, 52–3, 74–5 as a prophet 186, 196 and water 52–3, 56 in Q. 42 170 see also istikhrāj Simnānī on 362–3 istitār (concealment) 67, 235 Jewish exegesis 83n. 82, 84n. 92 Ivanow, Wladimir 187 Jews 60, 164, 191, 327, 330 see also Children of Israel Jabariyya (necessitarians) 283 jihad 25, 165 Jacob Jīlī, ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Insān al-kāmil 431, and grief 125–6, 127, 131, 132, 134–5, 432 140 Jilwa, Abū’l-Ḥasan 445 identity of 164 al-Jishumī, al-Ḥākim, al-Tahdhīb fī tafsīr and love 126, 127, 128–9, 130–32, al-Qurʾān 45n. 56 133–4, 144–5 Joseph (prophet) as a prophet 129 al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān on 191 in Sufi commentaries on Sūrat Yūsuf in Sufi exegesis 125–53, 184, 199, 260 125–53 Judgement Day of see Day of Judgement Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 46n. 66, 183 al-Juʿfī, Jābir b. Yazīd, Tafsīr 18 Twelver Shi‘ism and 200 al-Junayd, Abū’l-Qāsim 12, 69, 98, 102, Kitāb al-Farāʾiḍ wa ḥudūd al-dīn 184 107, 128, 268n. 23, 305 Kitāb al-Kashf 183–4, 195–6, 202–3, 204 al-Jurayrī, Abān b. Tahglib al-Rushd wa’l-hidāya 200–201 Gharāʾib al-Qurʾān 18 Taʾwīl ḥurūf al-muʿjam 185, 206 Kitāb al-Qirāʾāt 18 Taʾwīl Sūrat al-Nisāʾ 184–5 al-Jurayrī, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 7, 8–9, 13, 17, 18, 42n. 38, Muḥammad 102, 107, 121n. 45, 114, 115–16, 128, 129, 130, 188, 245, 260 245, 249, 251, 263, 269n. 44, 282 jurisprudence see fiqh Jāmī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 15, 317n. 2, 318n. al-Jurjānī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, Kitāb 8, 409 al-Taʿrīfāt 53 al-Jandī, Muʾayyid al-Dīn, Sharḥ fuṣūṣ al-Juwaynī, Abū’l-Maʿālī (Imām al-ḥikam 318n. 8 al-Ḥaramayn) 276 janna (garden, Paradise) 382, 415, 422–3, Jūzjānī, Abū ʿAlī 129 425–6, 434 jealousy 134, 140, 141, 146n. 20, 149n. Kaʿb al-Aḥbār 191 46, 164 Kaʿba, the 260, 303, 305–6, 310–12, 313
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Kabbalah 80n. 33, 84n. 91 kitāba (writing) 378–81 al-Kalābādhī, Abū Bakr, Kitāb knowledge, 13, 57, 59, 61, 72, 96, 162, 139, al-Taʿarruf 51, 82n. 69 187, 190, 191, 194, 197, 199, 255, kalām (speech) 99, 236, 242, 283, 316, 265, 318n. 20, 336, 428 327, 378–81, 416, 468 and action 72 see also ʿilm, ʿilm al-kalām of being 33 Kantian philosophy 365 circulation of 32, 33, 348, 350 Karbalāʾī, Aḥmad Ṭihrānī 444, 446 degrees of 199 Karrāmī school 386 divine/divinely bestowed/revealed 58, al-Kāshānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq 3, 173–4 70, 71, 75, 109, 110, 111, 252, 278, Iṣṭilāḥāt al-ṣūfiyya 321n. 58, 325 405, 420, 423 Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-karīm 306–7, 322n. experiential/mystical (maʿrifa/ʿirfān) 11, 83, 323n. 95 12, 37, 80n. 32, 99, 111, 139, 141, Taʾwīl al-Qurʾān 303, 304–5 145, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 258, Taʾwīlāt al-Qurʾān 306–7, 325–43 259, 260, 375, 419–20, 421, 422, Kāshānī, Fatḥ Allāh, Manhaj al-ṣādiqayn 433, 434, 437–8n. 44, 443, 445, fī ilzām al-mukhālifīn 20 446, 447, 448, 425 Kāshānī, Muḥsin Fayḍ, al-Ṣāfī 20 of God 165, 169, 170, 408, 437n. 27 kashf see unveiling God as source of all 127 Kāshifī, Ḥusayn Wāʿiẓ 156, 173 God’s 313, 314, 316, 323n. 92 Asrā-i Qāsimī 16 higher 57 Jawāhir al-tafsīr 16 Ibn ʿArabī’s theory of 89 Mawāhib-i ʿaliyya/Tafsīr-i Ḥusaynī Ibn Sīnā’s theory of 223–5, 228, 230, 15, 16 231 al-Khaḍir (the Green One) 277–8 of the imams 7, 201 khafī (hidden) 381 inner/esoteric/mystical 29, 41n. 22, 71, khalq see creation 155, 156, 192, 199, 405 al-Khamīs (North Africa) 415 Jacob’s 132, 134 al-Khargūshī, Abū Saʿd 13, 42n. 36 of jurisprudence 78n. 16 Tahdhīb al-asrār 51 Kāshānī on 336, 337, 339n. 8, al-Kharrāz, Abū Saʿīd 62, 94, 95, 102, 112 342n. 36 khāṣṣ (specific) 28, 289 of meanings/secrets of the Qur’an/ see also khuṣūṣ esoteric interpretation 167, 187, khāṣṣ, pl. khawāṣṣ (elite) 6, 7, 41n. 22, 97, 193, 300 155, 194, 419, 422 Mullā Ṣadrā on 380, 382, 383–4, 385, khāṣṣ al-khwāṣṣ/khāṣṣ al-khawāṣṣ (elite 386–90, 391n. 9 of the elite) 7, 155, 428 of mysterious letters 99 Khoja Ismailis 209n. 2 outer/exoteric al-Khuḍrī, Abū Saʿīd 93, 441n. 122 of Quran 6, 7, 192 al-Khuldī, Abū Muḥammad Jaʿfar b. scholars of 427 Muḥammad 102, 108 of privileged sciences 97 khums (religious taxes) 445 public vs private 155, 166, 173 Khurasan 14, 109, 132, 143, 148n. 42, 277 from the Qur’an 79n. 27, 99, 464 see also Nishapuris rational 250 khuṣūṣ (specificity) 278, 279, 284, 289, seas of 64 420 Simnānī on 350–66, 372n. 19 Khuzayma b. Thābit 287 Ṭabaṭabāʾī on 450, 455, 459, 460, 461, al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn 280 464, 466
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that which transcends [rational] 63, see also exoteric interpretation; tafsīr; 316, 406 ẓāhir those rooted in 35, 41n. 27, 193, 377, Logos 89, 280 386–7, 388–9, 393n. 36, 403–4, lordship 232, 233, 234–5, 313, 382 411n. 33 Lot 191, 199 true 348, 352 love 104, 168, 235, 250, 306, 377, 417, 430 of unveiling 11 divine/mystic 110, 112, 133, 135, 137, see also ʿilm; ʿilm al-ḥurūf 138, 139, 144, 167, 171, 425, Konya 299–300 340–41n. 14, 425 Kubrā, Najm al-Dīn God’s 112, 123n. 67, 169, 172, 260, 329, Tafsīr Najm al-Qurʾān 345, 356, 357 339n. 8 al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya 14, 15 of the world 430–31 Uṣūl al-ʿashara 356 see also ḥubb; ʿishq; maḥabba Kubrawī school 14, 15, 16 love mysticism 14, 16, 23, 123n. 67, see also al-Simnānī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla 125–53 Kūfa 200 kufr (disbelief) 162–3, 172 McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 5 al-Kulaynī, Abū Jaʿfar 18 mafrūgh (accomplished) 278, 279, 283–4, 286, 291 Labīd b. Rabīʿa 262, 268n. 25 magic 88–9, 218 Lāhījī, Sharīf-i (Quṭb al-Dīn Ashkiwarī), maḥabba (love) 138, 146n. 11, 147n. 28, Tafsīr 20 148n. 42, 150n. 55, 152n. 78, 260 laṭīfa, pl. laṭāʾif (subtlety) 7, 347–8, 351, see also ḥubb; love 354, 355, 361 al-Mahdawī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 89 subtlety of I-ness 362–9 Mahdawī, Yaḥyā 218, 220, 230, 232 law Mahdī, the 188, 196, 332, 334–5, divine, religious, sacred 8, 9, 76, 80n. 38, 336–8 165, 260, 271, 280, 284, 307, 315, al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Biḥār 327–8, 332, 333, 337, 405, 416, 425, al-anwār 447 433, 445, 446, 449, 465, 468 al-Makkī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh 97–8 derivation of 56, 78n. 16, 79n. 22 al-Makkī, Abū Ṭālib 79n. 22, 79n. 27 according to the sharīʿa 6, 10, 105, Qūt al-qulūb 80–81n. 42 205 al-Makkī, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn 276 intrinsic 53 malāma (blame) 111, 113, 147n. 27 positivistic 54 malāmatiyya (‘way of blame’) 12, 42n. 36 see also sharīʿa Malatya (Anatolia) 299 Lebanon 20 al-Malījī, Abū’l-Qāsim, al-Majālis letter order, changing 205–7 al-mustanṣiriyya 209n. 1 letters, science of see ʿilm al-ḥurūf mansūkh see nāsikh wa mansūkh Lewis, C.S. 149n. 44 Manṣūr bi’llāh (Fatimid caliph-imam) liber mundi 313–14 185 libertarianism 283, 291 Manṣūr al-Faqīh 103, 109 listening maʿrifa (gnosis, experiential knowledge) and understanding and witnessing 11, 12, 37, 99, 139, 141, 145, 248, 66–74 250, 252, 254, 258, 259, 260, see also istimāʿ 419–20, 421, 425, 433, 434, literal readings 8, 9, 14, 17, 159–60, 166, 437–8n. 44 170, 180, 191, 225–6, 280, 386, 423 see also ʿirfān; knowledge, experiential
528 General Index
Mary, mother of Jesus 333 miʿrāj (ascension) 312–13 Massignon, Louis 90, 97 Qushayrī’s exegetical encounter with master–disciple relationship 348–9, 350, 241–70 354, 356, 360 al-Miṣrī, Abū’l-Ḥasan see Manṣūr see also murīd al-Faqīh maṭlaʿ/muṭṭalaʿ (rise, incline, point of al-Miṣrī, Ahmād 267n. 8 transcendance) 6, 70, 92, 308, al-Miṣrī, Dhū’l-Nūn 102 309–10, 312–13, 371n. 7, 371, mīzān al-diyāna (balance of religion) 281 436n. 10 modern science 16–17, 170 reading of 40n. 18, 84n. 84 Mongols 299 Maybudī, Rashīd al-Dīn 143, 156, 173, monism 15 416 monotheism 99, 101, 303, 331–2 Kashf al-asrār wa ʿuddat al-abrār 14, moon, splitting the 330 125, 132–6, 158 Morocco 16, 415 Mecca 79n. 25, 90, 203, 378 Morris, James 328–9 see also Kaʿba Moses medicine, Qur’an as see al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr and Aaron 288 al-Dīn chosen by God 110 Medina 158, 171, 378 granted direct revelation 112 memorisation 13, 55, 93 Kāshānī on 325, 326–7, 327–8, 330, mercy, divine (raḥma), 40n. 16, 106–7, 331–2, 333, 335 112, 142, 162, 169, 172, 233, 278, and Pharaoh 199, 253, 259, 325 284–5, 289, 291, 328, 339n. 9, 379, as a prophet 186, 196 383, 431–2 Shahrastānī on 277–8 Muhammad as 111, 401 Simnānī on 362 Mesopotamia 53 motion, doctrine of substantial metaphor (al-ḥaraka al-jawhariyya) 375 in early Ismaili-Fatimid exegesis 189, Muhaiyaddeen, Bawa 157 197, 200–201 Muhammad, the Prophet in exegesis 8, 10, 14, 27, 42n. 31, 92, on the Arabic alphabet 92 212n. 46 ascension (miʿrāj) 241–70, 312–13 Ghazālī and 132 on aspects of worship 62 Haeri and 163 and the authority to interpret the Ibn Sīnā and 219, 222, 225, 226–7 Qur’an 192–3 and Islamic philosophy 238n. 19 direct understanding of 11 Kāshānī and 326, 334, 335 emigration from Mecca to Medina 378 Mullā Ṣadrā and 10, 387, 388 family (ahl al-bayt) 115, 277, 452 Qūnawī and 310, 316 God’s oath by his life 110 Qushayrī and 14 granted direct revelation 112 Sufis and 8, 92, 132, 163 heart of 109 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 460 Hixon on 167 see also allegory imams as heirs to 17 metaphysics 8, 10, 15, 89, 136, 280, 293, intuition of 225 301, 311–12, 328, 395, 400, 448, Kāshānī on 326–7, 328, 330–31, 336 449 on the light of God 111 Mīr Dāmād 390n. 1 on the mercy of God 107 Mīr Findiriskī 390n. 1 Mullā Ṣadrā on 379–80 miracles 192, 206, 330, 334 mustanbaṭāt and 57
529 General Index
perfection and 110 Muzaffer, Shaykh see al-Jerrahi, Shaykh on praising God 105 Muzaffer Ozak on predestination 283 mysteries, use of term 8 preeminence of 249–51 see also asrār as a prophet 186, 196 mysticism on the Qur’an 41n. 28 classes of mystics 96 as receiver of divine revelations 76 Hixon and 166–73 Simnānī on 363 Kāshānī and 327, 334, 335 succession 18 school of Ibn ʿArabī and 20 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 451, 452, 455, 456–7, Shahrastānī and 279 457–8, 463–4, 465–6, 467–8 see also ʿirfān; Sufism see also Companions of the Prophet Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 186, 196 al-Nābulusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī 44n. 50, al-Muḥāsibī, al-Ḥārith b. Asad 64–5, 395–413 94, 95 account of hermeneutic theory in Kitāb al-Riʿāya li-ḥuqūq Allāh the Ashʿarī–Akbarian tradition 60–61, 65 397–400 al-Muḥibb, Sumnūn 143 practical applications of doctrinal muḥkam, pl. muḥkamāt (clear) 286, hermeneutics 400–408 348, 402 being and the intellect 404–8 and mutashābihāt (ambiguous) 28, 36, clear and ambiguous verses in the 286, 397, 402–4 Qur’an 402–4 al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh (Fatimid the first Being and the second being caliph-imam) 183, 185 400–402 Mujāhid b. Jabr al-Makkī 61 al-Wujūd al-ḥaqq 395–413 mujtahid (jurist) 445, 447 nafs (self, soul) 37, 61, 100, 105, 106, 109, mukāshafa see unveiling 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 139, 147n. Mullā ʿAlī Nūrī 380 28, 150n. 56, 349, 381, 388, Mullā Ṣadrā see al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr al-Dīn 400–401, 417–18, 421, 422, 433, al-Muqammiṣ, Dāwūd b. Marwān 434 212n. 44 nafs al-kull/kulliya see soul, Universal Murāmir b. Murra 93 see also soul murīd, pl. murīdūn (aspirant, seeker of al-Nahrajūrī, Abū Yaʿqūb 130 God) 31, 59, 96, 328, 329 Nahrawān, battle of 204 mushāhada (witnessing) 22, 66, 106, 108, Nāʾinī, Mīrzā Ḥusayn 444 135, 292, 421–2, 424, 425, 426 Najaf 444 jannat al-mushāhada 438n. 44 Nakhjuwānī, Niʿmatullāh (Shaykh Mustaʿlī Ismailis 180 ʿAlvān), al-Fawātiḥ al-ilāhiyya 16 mustaʾnaf (inchoate) 278, 279, 283–4, Naqshbandīs 15–16, 16 286, 291 Naqwī, Sayyid ʿAlī Naqī, Tafsīr-i Faṣl mustanbaṭāt (meaningful insights) 57–9 al-khiṭāb 20 see also istinbāṭ nār (fire) 35, 382, 429, 430 Mūṭahharī, Murtaḍā, Uṣūl-i falsafa 447 see also fire; Hell mutashābih, pl. mutashābihāt nās (humanity) 284 (ambiguous) 386 nāsikh wa mansūkh (abrogating and see also muḥkam, and mutashābihāt abrogated) 279, 285 Muʿtazilīs 19, 39n. 9, 42n. 31, 45n. 56, Nāṣir-i Khusraw 280 386, 427, 461 nāṭiq (speaking) 17, 186
530 General Index necessitarianism 283, 291 Paradise 94, 105, 106, 167, 171–2, 190, Neoplatonic discourse 223, 274, 281, 304, 228, 264, 381, 432–3 306–7, 316, 317, 322n. 74 Ibn ʿAjība on 422–8 Nicholson, Reynold 417 perfection, history of 338 The Mystics of Islam 75 Peripatetic philosophy 317 nifāq (hypocrisy) 158 permanence see baqāʾ al-Nīsābūrī, Niẓām al-Dīn al-Ḥasan, Persian language 14, 16, 19, 20, 132, Gharāʾib al-Qurʾān 44n. 46 133, 218 Nishapur 87, 276 Pharaoh 166, 199, 200, 201, 253, 259, Nishapuris 42n. 35, 42n. 36, 249 325, 416 Nizārī Ismailis 180, 272, 274 philosophical interpretation 2–3, 9, Noah 16–17, 20, 90, 174, 225–6, 273 ark 197 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 443, 445–7, 448, 449, Kāshānī on 326, 330 462–3, 468 as a prophet 186, 196 see also ʿirfān in Q. 7 253, 259 Phoenician alphabet 93 in Q. 42 170 pilgrimage 184, 202–3, 204–5, 284 Simnānī on 362 Plato 360, 369 al-Nuʿmān, al-Qāḍī 180, 185–7 Republic 223 on prophetology and imamology 196 Platonism 328, 352, 358, 369, 390 Asās al-taʾwīl 185–7, 188–91, 198–9 Plotinus 390 Daʿāʾim al-islām 185, 187 prayer, allegorical interpretation of 202 Ḥudūd al-maʿrifa 187, 199 predestination 130, 131, 283, 432 Taʾwīl al-daʿāʾim 185, 202 see also qaḍāʾ; qadar al-Nuʿmānī, Ibn Abī Zaynab ‘al-Kātib’ 18 Proclus 293 numerology 88, 90, 119n. 26, 330 prophecy 41n. 27, 372n. 18 nuqṭa, pl. nuqaṭ (point, dot) 98–100 Ibn Sīnā on 225, 227, 230–31 Nuqṭawiyya 98 Kāshānī on 31, 329, 330–31, 332 nūr (light) 104, 111–12, 427 and prophethood 372n. 18 al-nūr al-muḥammadī (Muhammadan Shahrastānī on 293, 296n. 41 Light) 411n. 24 Sulamī on 115 Nūrbakhshiyya 90 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 462, 467–8 al-Nūri, Abū’l-Ḥusayn 143 prophetology 23, 125, 144, 185, 186, Nursī, Saʿīd, Risālat al-nūr 17 196–9 Nuṣayrīs 194 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 281 Nwyia, Paul 345 psychology 59, 60, 65, 67, 225–6, 307 Exégèse coranique et langage mystique Ibn Sīna and 222, 225–6, 228 51, 74, 75 punishment ‘Un cas d’exégèse soufie: l’histoire de for attempting to reach a rank Joseph’ 125, 126 prematurely 199 Haeri on 163–4 occult, the 2, 16, 52 Hixon on 171–2 oral tradition 13, 128, 159, 368 Ibn ʿAjība on 428, 429–30, 434 of the opponents of the Shiʿa 201 Pahlavi monarchy 446 of the people of Lot 191 Pānīpatī, Qāḍī Thanāʾ 16 purification, spiritual/moral 59, 108, 141, pantheism 396–7 172, 251, 254 parables 10, 65, 78n. 21, 199 of the heart 387
531 General Index qaḍāʾ (divine destiny, predestination, Haeri on 163 decree, judgement) 130, 233, on Hell 430–31 411n. 23 interpretation by imams 17, 18, 19, 20, qadar (divine destiny, decree) 233 180, 192–3, 196, 197 Qadariyya (libertarians) 283 istimāʿ (listening) and 52, 59–66, 74 al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān see al-Nuʿmān, jurisprudence and 54 al-Qāḍī Kāshānī on 326 al-Qaffāl, Abū Bakr 386 and the Liber Mundi 313–14 al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh (Fatimid Light Verse (Q. 24:35) 218, 219, 220, caliph-imam) 183, 185 221, 221–5, 225–7, 228–9, 401 qalb (heart) 60–61, 64, 109, 139, 380, love in 133 381 Mullā Ṣadrā on see al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr see also heart al-Dīn qibla (focus of attention) 133, 135 ‘mysterious’/disconnected letters in 10, qiyās (analogy) 54, 55 22, 23, 87, 92, 99, 381 see also analogy on Paradise 423–6 Qum 445 Sufi commentary as a genre 13 al-Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm 18 tanzīl 17–18, 286, 452 al-Qūnawī, Ṣadr al-Dīn 299–324, and the Torah 287–9 392n. 15 figure of Jacob in Sufi commentaries on commentaries 300–302 Sūrat Yūsuf 125–53 on pitfalls of rationalist hermeneutics ʿUthmānīc recension of 18 314–16 see also tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi’l-Qurʾān Qūnawī’s hermeneutics in focus 307–13 al-Qurashī, Abū Saʿīd 126, 128–9, 129, 135 Qūnawī’s hermeneutics in historical al-Qushayrī, Abū’l-Qāsim 12, 97, 133, context 302–7 143, 144, 156, 242, 440n. 105, the Qur’an and the liber mundi 313–14 441n. 127 Iʿjāz al-bayān fi taʾwīl umm al-Qurʾān mystical commentary on Q. 53:1–18 see Tafsīr al-Fātiḥa 246–52 Kitāb al-Fukūk 302, 303–4, 308, 309, Kitāb al-Miʿrāj 242, 242–3, 243–6, 310–12, 313, 314 246–52 Kitāb al-Nafaḥāt 309 translation of the commentary on Q. Kitāb Miftāḥ al-ghayb 409 53:1–18 from 257–66 al-Risāla al-Mufsīḥa 321n. 53, 322n. 86, Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt 13–14, 41n. 28, 125, 323n. 106, 324n. 108, 324n. 110, 130–32, 155, 243–6, 246–52, 303, 324n. 111, 324n. 112 304, 304–5, 305–6, 417, 432, 437n. Sharḥ arbaʿīn ḥadīthan 302, 307–8 21, 437–8n. 44, 439n. 84, 440n. 92, Tafsīr al-Fātiḥa 300–301, 302, 307–8, 440n. 96 309–10, 312, 313, 314, 315 translation of the commentary on Q. Qur’an 219 53:1–18 from 252–7 and adab 11, 65, 279, 328, 383–5 al-Risāla 51, 242, 245, 269n. 44 ʿAlī and 17 quwwa (divine power) 110 aspects of 6, 6–7, 7, 10, 70, 115, 380–81, quwwa (force) 363, 364–5 381–2, 417 authority to interpret 191–3 Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya 143 basmala 90, 93, 98, 115, 169, 289, 301, raḥma see mercy, divine 359 rationalist theology 236, 306, 307, 314–16 on the Day of Resurrection 420–21 see also ʿilm, ʿilm al-kalām
532 General Index raʾy (independent reasoning) 55, 56, 384, Schimmel, Annemarie 90 385–6, 397, 456 scientific terminology, Haeri and 161–6 al-Rāzī, Abū’l-Futūḥ, Rawḥ al-janān 19 secrets al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn 3, 218, 221, 228, secret language 203–5 276, 393n. 32, 427 status of imams and 17 Mafātīḥ al-ghayb 221, 450 in Twelver Shi‘ism 194 Rāzī, Najm al-Dīn (Dāya) use of term 8 Manārāt al-sāʾirīn 356, 357 see also asrār Tafsīr Najm al-Qurʾān 345, 356 Seljuqs 279, 299–300 al-Taʾwīlāt al-najmiyya 14, 15 Semitic languages, translating into religious identity, Haeri on 164–5 Western 160 Resurrection, Day of see Day of seven days of human history 331 Resurrection seventh heaven 312–13 al-Rifāʿī, Aḥmad, Kitāb al Burhān Shādhilī order 16, 157, 398, 409, 412n. 61 al-muʾayyid 84n. 84 shafāʿa (intercession) 468, 469 Rifāʿī order 157 Shāfiʿism 271, 275 riyāfa (ability to detect water) 53 shahīd (witness) 60, 61 al-Rūdhabārī, Abū ʿAlī 103, 104, 109 al-Shahrastānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd rūḥ (spirit), 100, 106, 111, 270n. 55, 381, al-Karīm 2, 19, 47n. 76, 208, 383, 388, 418, 437n. 27 208–9n. 1 nafs and 418 hermeneutical system 278–93 Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn 1, 16, 300, 365, 392n. 21 double function 293 Mathnawī 155 in operation 289–92 Rūzbihān see Baqlī, Rūzbihān b. Abī Naṣr intellectual search and the Ismaili dimension 271–8 Sabbath, the 327, 329–30 theory of the binary transmission of the Sabzawārī, Sharḥ-i manẓūma 445 Torah and the Qur’an 287–9 Safavids 443 Kitāb al-Milal wa’l-niḥal 285–6 ṣaḥw see sobriety Mafātīḥ al-asrār wa maṣābīḥ al-abrār Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ 287 208n. 1, 271–97 sainthood (wilāya/walāya) 31, 32, 326, Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa 273, 274, 293 329, 332, 334, 337, 338, 341n. 17, al-Sharafī, ʿAbd Allāh 45n. 56 368, 371n. 7, 372n. 18, 417, 444 al-Shaʿrānī, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb 409 Saljuqs see Seljuqs al-Yawāqīt wa’l-jawāhir 441n. 124 al-Samʿānī, ʿAbd al-Karīm, al-Taḥbīr Lawāqiḥ al-anwār 408, 412n. 58 fī’l-muʿjam al-kabīr 272 sharīʿa (law) 260, 285, 327, 329, 332, 337, al-Samarqandī, Abū’l-Naḍr al-ʿAyyāshī 18 425, 433 sāmit (silent) 17, 197 see also ḥalāl; ḥarām; law Sanāʾī (Persian poet) 16, 132, 365 sharr (evil) 233–4 al-Sarrāj, Abū Naṣr 12, 13, 102 Shaykh al-Islam (position) 299 Kitāb al-Lumaʿ 51, 57–9, 61–3, 97, 102, Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa see al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar 114 al-Shiblī, Abū Bakr Dulaf b. Jahdar 64, Satan (Iblīs) 1, 98, 122n. 59, 161–2, 234, 94, 95, 128, 143 250, 260, 274 Shiʿa al-Sayyārī, Abū’l-ʿAbbās al-Qāsim b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and 120n. 35 al-Qāsim 94, 95, 305 approaches to esoteric interpretation al-Sayyārī, Aḥmad, Kitāb al-Tanzīl 17–21 wa’l-taḥrīf 17–18 chains of transmission 115
533 General Index
Corbin on 193–4 al-Sijistānī, Abū Yaʿqūb early exegesis 11 Kitāb al-Iftikhār 202, 205–7 Haeri as 157 Sullam al-najāt 187 infallibility and 467 Simnān 345 later exegesis 11–12 al-Simnānī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla the Mahdī and 337–8 on commentary as a text within a text modern exegesis see Ṭabāṭabāʾī, 349–51 Muḥammad Ḥusayn differentiation in hermeneutics of 33, mysticism and 12 349–50, 357, 358–9, 368 opponents of 200–201 on idiosyncrasy 351–5 Qur’an exegesis 179 on the importance of terminology and the science of letters 90 346–9 Ṭabāṭabāʾī as 466 on the subtlety of I-ness 362–9 terms used in commentaries 7, 8 on transmission 355–7 see also Twelver Shi‘ism; Ismailis; Zaydī Kitāb al-Qudsiyya 362 exegesis Tafsīr Najm al-Qurʾān 14–15, 345–73 al-Shīrāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad simplicity, divine 273, 274 114 Sinai, Mount 288, 325 al-Shīrāzī, al-Muʾayyad fī’l-Dīn 294n. 9 al-Sirhindī, Aḥmad 409 Shīrāzī, Nāṣir Makārim 20 sobriety (ṣaḥw) 22, 67, 68, 72, 151n. 68 Shīrāzī, Quṭb al-Dīn 321n. 52 versus intoxication 83n. 73 and 83n. 74 al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr al-Dīn (Mullā Ṣadrā) 4, soul (nafs) 3, 11, 37, 95, 96, 100, 104, 106, 11, 324n. 113, 375–94 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 152n. 82, chronological arrangement of 170, 189, 256, 261, 265, 282, 449, commentaries 376 470 interpreting the Qur’an on the basis of Ibn ʿAjība on 415, 418, 436n. 17 one’s personal opinion 385–6 Ibn Sīnā on 221, 222, 223, 227, 230–31, methods of interpreting the ambiguous 233–4, 235 verses of the Qur’an 386–7 Kāshānī on 325, 335, 339n. 8, 340n. 10, the path of those deeply rooted in 340n. 12, 341–2n. 29 knowledge 387–9 Mullā Ṣadrā on 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, principles of proper attitude towards 388 the Qur’an 383–5 Qūnawī on 303, 304, 305, 311, 313, on the Qur’an as God’s speech and 320n. 36, 322n. 74 book 378–81 Simnānī on 349, 362, 363 on the Qur’an as healing and medicine Universal (al-nafs al-kull/kulliya) 30, 377–8 311, 320n. 37 reasons for sending down the Qur’an see also nafs 381–3 South Arabian script 184, 204 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 443, 445, 446, space, and time 163, 164, 284, 326, 335 448, 449 speech al-Asfār al-arbaʿa 376, 379, 380, 393n. divine versus human 457–8 45, 445 the Qur’an as God’s 378–81 Asrār al-āyāt 377, 381 see also kalām Mafātiḥ al-ghayb 376–7, 377, 381, al-Ṣubayḥī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn 381–3, 385–6, 386–7, 389 114 al-Mashāʿir 445 al-Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn 272 Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-karīm 20, 376 subtlety see laṭīfa
534 General Index
Sufism Sharḥ maʿānī al-ḥurūf 87 canonical triad 62 authoritative basis for interpretation commentaries on the figure of Jacob in of the letters 91–2 Sūrat Yūsuf 125–53 catalogue of the interpretation of the definition 12 letters 102–16 and iḥsān 62 early Sufi statements on the mystical and istimāʿ 59–66 interpretation of the letters 94–6 and istinbāṭ 57–9 al-Ḥallāj’s allegorical interpretation Kāshānī and 306 of the letters 96–102 Mullā Ṣadrā and 386 interpretation of the abjad 92–4 and mustanbaṭāt 57–9 Ziyādāt ḥaqāʾiq al-tafsīr 13, 91, 245 Qūnawī and 301, 317 Sunna, the 54, 56, 71, 76, 89, 105, 276, Qushayrī and 304 398, 419, 425 Shahrastānī and 271 Sunnis and Shi‘i tradition 2–3 as ʿāmm/ʿawāmm 7, 275 Sufi exegesis 11, 12–17 al-Anṣārī as 276 Sufis as successors to the prophets approval of istinbāṭ 55–6 79–80n. 30 attitude towards Ismailis 2 Sulamī and 12, 13 hadith tradition 244 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 443, 461 Ibn ʿAjība as 426 terms used in commentaries 7, 8, 51 infallibility and 467 and Twelver Shi‘ism 443 jurisprudence 54 twentieth-century commentaries in the Mahdī and 337–8 English 155–76 mysticism and 12 see also ʿilm al-ḥurūf; Ibn ʿAjība, parallel of ʿAlī and Aaron 288 Aḥmad; Ibn ʿArabī, Muḥyī’l-Dīn; Qur’an exegesis 179, 193 al-Kāshānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq; love sharīʿa and 329 mysticism; al-Qūnawī, Ṣadr al- Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 450, 452 Dīn; al-Qushayrī, Abū’l-Qāsim; al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn, al-Iṭqān fī ʿulūm al-Simnānī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla al-Qurʾān 397, 398 al-Suhrawardī, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar b. Syria 336 Muḥammad 57, 79n. 22, 218 ʿAwārif al-maʿārif 51, 63–4, 65–6, 67–74 al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar 13, 41–2n. 30, 53, al-Suhrawardī, Abū’l-Najīb 84n. 84 152n. 77, 194 al-Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn 375 Jāmiʿ al-bayān fi tafsīr āy al-Qurʾān Mūnis al-ʿushshāq 125 145n. 4, 295n. 33 sukr see intoxication tabarruʾ (dissociation) 384–5 al-Sulamī, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 12, 18, Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ʿAlī Qāḍī 445 144, 243–4, 249 Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn 443–73 as a Sufi author 12, 13 Bidāyat al-ḥikma 448 Dhikr miḥan al-mashāyikh al-ṣūfiyya al-Ḥaqāʾiq wa’l-iʿtibārāt 448 97 al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān 20, 443, 444, Ḥaqāʾiq al-tafsīr 13, 91, 115, 125, 126, 447, 448, 450–70 128, 129–30, 135, 143, 244, 245, Nihāyat al-ḥikma 448 303, 304, 304–5, 397 Qurʾān dar islām 444, 453, 459–60, 462 ʿIlm al-ḥurūf 13 Risālat al-walāya 444, 448–50 Laṭāʾif al-miʿrāj 244 Tafsīr al-bayān fī’l-muwāfaqa bayna’l- Miḥan al-mashāyikh al-ṣūfiyya 114 ḥadīth wa’l-Qurʾān 447–8
535 General Index al-Ṭabrisī, al-Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan, Majmaʿ taqdīr (divine pre-ordaining) 128 al-bayān 19, 450 see also qaḍāʾ; qadar Tabriz 444, 447 tarattub (hierarchy) 207–8, 278 Tabuk 171 see also hierarchy tadabbur (meditation) 383 tarjīḥ (preference, weighing) 283, 284, taḍādd (duality) 208, 278, 281, 282, 292 285 tadbīr (human contrivance) 127, 128, taṣawwuf see Sufism 129, 139, 407, 430 tashbīh see anthropomorphism tafsīr (exegesis) taslīm (divine will) 128, 291 allegory and 201–2 taṭbīq (adaptation), distinction between distinction between ishāra and 167 tafsīr and 452–3, 458–9, 462, distinction between taʾwīl and 71, 463, 470 174n. 3 taṭbīq (correspondence) 10, 31, 38, 325 Haeri and 159 tawakkul (trust in God) 128 Hixon and 160 tawḥīd (unity of God) 8–9, 69, 71, 104, Ibn ʿAjība and 416–17, 424, 430 141–2, 250, 362, 383, 427, 429 Ibn ʿAṭāʾ and 75–6 taʾwīl 3, 8, 12, 17, 161 Ismaili exegesis and 182 Ayoub and 159 Kāshānī and 326–7 contrasted with tanzīl 17–18 layers of 371–2n. 7 as controversial 55 literature 2 Corbin and 3–4 Maybudī and 132 definitions 194 and the miʿrāj 242, 244 distinction between tafsīr and al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān and 187 71, 174n. 3 Qūnawī and 315 early example of 188 Qushayrī and 244–5 Haeri and 159, 173 Rāzī and 14 Hixon and 160, 173 sciences of 8, 9 Ibn Masʿūd and 393n. 33 Sulamī and 13 Ismailis and 19, 180, 188, 194, of Sūrat al-Fātiḥa 6 213n. 59 Ṭabarī and 13 al-Makkī and 79n. 27 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 445, 451 Mullā Ṣadrā and 34, 375, 390 Tafsīr al-multaqāt 16 Nābulusī and 405 tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi’l-Qurʾān 443, 444, Qūnawī and 316 445, 453–6, 459–60, 460–61, Shahrastānī and 29, 271, 286 463–7, 470 Shi‘i approaches to 17–21 Tafsīr-i namūna 20 Simnānī on 352 al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn 396, 407 Suhrawardī, Abū’l-Najīb and 84n. 88 taḥqīq (spiritual/self realisation) 8, 9, Sufi exegesis and 21, 51 286, 349, 353, 355, 408, 416 as a synonym for tafsīr 41n. 23, 78n. 19, of universal spirit 31, 326 174n. 3 people of 286 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 38, 443, 448–50, 452, talismans 88 461, 462–3, 469 Talmud 199 see also allegory; metaphor; tafsīr; talwīn (oscillation) 67 typology tamkīn (stability) 67, 68, 72, 425 al-Thaʿlabī, Abū Isḥāq 3, 145n. 4, 249, tanzīl (outward revelation) 17–18, 267n. 16, 270n. 55 286, 452 Thamūd people 200–201
536 General Index theophany 135–6, 136–7, 138, 140, 142, ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb 77n. 13, 201, 204–5, 310, 312, 353, 402, 404 206, 215n. 99, 283, 441n. 122 theosophy 405 Umayyads 201, 203 al-Thumālī, Abū Ḥamza, Tafsīr 18 ʿumūm (generality) 278, 279, 284, 289 Ṭihrānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn see also ʿāmm Ḥusaynī understanding 5, 6, 21, 22, 33, 96, 155, Lubb al-lubāb 446 187, 190, 192, 248, 249, 258, 273, Mihr-i tābān 445–6, 446 280, 315, 328, 443 al-Tilimsānī, ʿAfīf al-Dīn 409 of Being 407 time see space, and time of clear and ambiguous verses 403 Timurids 15–16, 39n. 5 of the esoteric 444 al-Tirmidhī, al-Ḥakīm, Sīrat al-awliyāʾ fiqh as 78n. 20 341n. 17 from God 399 al-Tirmidhī, Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā of God 168 al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ 148–9n. 43 Ibn ʿAbbās and 55–6 al-Sunan 393n. 32 imam and 193 Torah, the 19, 287–9, 326, 380 inner meanings of Qur’an 7, 36, see also Bible 80n. 32, 83n. 83, 351, 378, 383, transcendence 273, 365, 386, 402 399, 449 al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar (Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa) and listening 21, 61, 62, 59–74 Maṣāriʿ al-Muṣāriʿ 274 of meanings of Qur’an 35, 56, 83n. 82, al-Tibyān 19 159, 160, 228, 328, 444 al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn 218, 272–3, 300 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 458–67 Rawḍāt al-taslīm 272 Mullā Ṣadrā on 383–6 Sayr wa sulūk 272, 273 people of 58, 155 al-Tustarī, Sahl b. ʿAbd Allāh 98, 105, of the spirit 84n. 84 114, 249, 250, 417 Sufis and 57–9 Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm 6, 7, 13, 83n. Suhrawardī, Abū Ḥafṣ on 63–74 82, 84n. 87, 341n. 17 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 446, 447, 449, 451, 452, Twelver Shi‘ism 454, 455 approaches to esoteric interpretation tablet of 115 11–12, 17–21 see also listening hidden aspects of canonical texts for unveiling/inner disclosure (kashf/ 85n. 93 mukāshafa) 9, 10, 12, 17, 19, 30, and the hidden imam 180, 274–5 136, 139, 307, 323n. 106, 337, and interpretation of the Qur’an 193 340n. 12, 402, 446 Ismaili scholars inclined towards 200 knowledge of 11, 387 Kāshānī and 3 see also veiling methods of exegesis 194 Urdu 20 particularised exegesis 182 ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān 201, 204–5, 206, 215n. secret language 203–4 99, 287, 288 Sufism and 443 ʿUthmānīc recension of the Qur’an 18 typology in 195 typology 185, 194–6, 197–9 veil (ḥijāb) 105, 421, 429, 431 veiling 37, 136, 137, 145, 305, 332, 384, Ubayy b. Kaʿb 287 402, 429, 434 Uḥud, Battle of 158 see also unveiling ʿulamāʾ (religious scholars) 58, 180, 286 vernacular language 156, 161, 173
537 General Index waḥdat al-shuhūd (unicity of ẓāhir/ẓahr (outer meaning) contemplation) 409 ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and 91 waḥdat al-wujūd (‘oneness of being’) 15, and Arabic letters 96, 100 345, 395–413, 415–16 as an aspect of the Qur’an 6 wajd see ecstasy crime as 205 waking dreams 167 Ibn ʿAjība and 417, 425, 427, 432 walāya 12, 17, 29, 203, 468, 469 Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq and 8 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 448–50, 468, 469 and Noah’s people 197 see also sainthood Qūnawī and 308, 309–10, 312 al-Warrāq, Abū Bakr 107, 112 relation to bāṭin 5–6, 25, 92, 96, 155, 180, al-Wāsiṭī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Mūsā 186, 187, 188–91, 197, 202, 205, 66–7, 94, 95, 251, 426 279, 312, 328, 358, 425, 436n. 10 water, and istinbāṭ 52–3, 56 Sayyārī and 18 Werenfels, Peter 207 Shahrastānī and 278 wilāya see sainthood Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 460 wine (khamra) 416 use of term 1 witnessing 66–7 Ẓāhirī school 79n. 24 word order, changing 205–7 zuhd see asceticism ‘worship of the hearts’ 60 al-Zajjāj, Abū Isḥāq 260, 268n. 25 ‘worship of the limbs’ 60 al-Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar 386 wujūd (being) 89, 233, 273–4, 308, 381 Zayd b. ʿAlī, Tafsir gharīb al-Qurʾān see also waḥdat al-wujūd 45n. 56 Zayd b. Thābit 287 Yaḥyā b. Muʿādh 64 Zaydī exegesis 45n. 56 al-Yamanī, ʿUmāra 294n. 9 Zulaykhā 125, 127, 128, 130, 133, Yemen 183, 184, 204 138–9, 141
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