General Index Please refer to the Note on Transliteration, Conventions and Abbreviations on pp. xix–xx. Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Aaron 288 Ādharshab, Muḥammad ʿAlī 271 Aaronides (Jewish high priesthood) 288 Afīqʾ 336 ʿAbd al­Muṭallib 259–60 Aga Khan IV 209n. 2 ʿAbd Allāh b. Sālām 191 ahl al-bayt (family of the Prophet) 115, al­Abharī, Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṭāhir 277, 452 102, 108 Akbarian tradition, 15, 299–300, 303, ʿābid (devotee) 12, 428 306–7, 314, 317, 328, 338 abjad (letter groupings), Sulamī’s Akhbārī approach 19–20, 466 interpretation of 92–4 akhfā (most hidden) 381 Abraham 164, 170, 186, 196, 197–9, Akhfāsh, Ṣadr al­Dīn 345 303–6, 310–12, 313, 326, 330, 362 al-ākhira see Hereafter Abū ʿAwāna, Musnad 244 alchemy 88, 326 Abū Bakr 200, 204–5, 206, 215n. 99, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 283 exegeses attributed to 6, 18, 91, 94 Abū Hurayra 55–6, 404, 441n. 122 Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al­Yaman on 204–5 Abū Jād see abjad as a martyr 287 Abū Juhayfa 398 Qūnawī on 301 Abū Madyan Shuʿayb b. al­Ḥusayn and the Qur’an 17, 192, 287–8, 398–9 al­Anṣārī 89 Simnānī on 368 Abū Muḥammad Ruwaym b. Aḥmad 252 as sole legitimate heir of the Prophet Abū Saʿīd b. Abī’l­Khayr 277 205–7 Abū’l­Jārūd Ziyād b. al­Mundhir, Tafsīr succession 7, 18 ʿan al-Bāqir 18 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 448 ʿĀd people 200–201 treatment of 201 adab (fitting conduct) 11, 65, 257, 279, ʿAlī Wafā 407, 408, 409 328, 383–5 allegoresis 17, 19 Adam allegory as the archetype of the imam 274–5 allegorical interpretations Baqlī on 140–41, 151n. 58 of paradise 423 Ḥallāj on 101–2 of pilgrimage 202–3 Ibn ʿAṭāʾ on 126 of prayer 202 and interpretation of Arabic letters 95, Haeri and 158 101–2, 116 Ḥallāj and 96–102 Kāshānī on 326, 330, 331, 334 Ibn ʿAjība and 417 Muḥāsibī on 95 Ibn Sīnā and 219, 226 as a prophet 186, 196 Ismailis and 182, 188, 201–3 al­Qāḍī al­Nuʿmān on 191 Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al­Yaman and 184, 185 Qurashī on 126 Kāshānī and 306 Rūmī on 1 Qūnawī and 303 and Satan 234, 274–5 Sulamī and 92, 96–102, 103, 113 517 General Index Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 460 typological–allegorical interpretation and typology 194–6 of 185 use of term 194–5 uses of 88, 184, 204 alliteration 101, 103, 113, 115 see also ʿilm al-ḥurūf allusion see ishāra ʿArafāt 284 ʿAlvān, Shaykh see Nakhjuwānī, Aramaic 53 Niʿmatullāh arcana see asrār amāna (trust) 469 Arghūn, Ilkhān 345 ʿāmm, pl. ʿawāmm (commonalty, ʿārif, pl. ʿārifūn (possessor of mystical generality) 6, 7, 194, 274–5, 419 knowledge) 12, 95, 96, 108, 110, amr (Command) 230, 278, 279–82, 284, 111, 137, 248, 253, 385, 389, 397, 286, 290, 380 404 amulets 88 Aristotelian discourse 223, 284, 304 Āmulī, Ḥasanzādah 448–9 Arsalān/Arslān 134, 149n. 44 Āmulī, Jawādī 447 aṣḥāb al-aʿrāf (‘people of the heights’) Āmulī, Sayyid Ḥaydar, Tafsīr al-Muḥīṭ 20 432–3 analogy 10, 24, 54, 55, 131–2, 143, 144, 225 ascension (miʿrāj) 241–70, 312–13 anāniyya (I­ness) 349–50, 359, 361, ascetic (zāhid) 95, 137, 428 362–71 asceticism/renunciation 12, 65, 107, 109, angels 95, 161, 283, 286, 290, 334, 365, 151n. 61, 276, 279 380, 419 Ashʿarīs 13, 268n. 33, 271, 272, 273, 275, see also Gabriel 276, 386, 396, 397–400, 403, 409, Anjara tribe 415 461 ʿAnnāba (Bone, North Africa) 88 ʿāshiq (mystical lover) 12, 133, 136, 150n. annihilation see fanāʾ 56 Anṣārī, Abū Ismāʿīl ʿAbd Allāh 14, 16, Ashkiwarī, Quṭb al­Dīn (Sharīf­i Lāhījī), 132, 133, 136 Tafsīr 20 al­Anṣārī, Abū’l­Qāsim Salmān b. Naṣir aspiration (irāda) 347–8, 354 276–7, 278 asrār, sg. sirr (arcana, secrets, mysteries) anthropomorphism (tashbīh) 10, 183, 8, 107, 115, 135, 141, 252, 274, 275, 273, 382, 386, 387, 427 278, 291, 292, 380, 381, 400 antinomianism 12, 190 al­Astarābādhī, Faḍlallāh 119n. 26 ʿaql (intellect) 61, 64, 222, 223–5, 273, astrology 88, 218 323–4n. 106, 378, 381, 404–8, 447 al­ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al­Dīn 16, 97–8, 365 see also First Intellect Avicennan philosophy 19, 47n. 75, 273, al­Aqsarāʾī, Karīm al­Dīn 321n. 52 274, 293, 300, 304, 306–7, 445, Arabic language 448 structure 157–8, 168 see also Ibn Sīnā Sufi hermeneutics in 14 al­ʿAzīz, use of term 145n. 4 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 454–6, 459–60, 468–9, 469 Bādkubihī, Ḥusayn 445 Arabic letters Baghdad legend of origin 93 Būyids in 124n. 78 the Mahdī and 337–8 mystics of 12, 60, 62, 69, 110 Mullā Ṣadrā and 381 al­Baghdādī, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar b. Aḥmad number of 95 102 Qūnawī and 301 al­Baghdādī, Abū’l­ʿAbbās Muḥammad Shahrastānī and 280, 291–2 b. al­Ḥasan 102 518 General Index Baghdādī, Majd al­Dīn 345 beauty (ḥusn) Bahāʾī, Shaykh 390n. 1 divine 136–8, 140, 141, 142, 151n. 58, Baḥr al­ʿUlūm, Mahdī, Risāla-yi Sayr wa 172, 340n. 9 sulūk 446 Joseph and 125–6, 133, 152n. 78 al­Baḥrānī, Sayyid Hāshim, al-Burhān Being, Nābulusī on 396, 396–7, 400–402, 20 403, 404–8 balance of religion (mīzān al-diyāna) 281 Benjamin (brother of prophet Joseph) baqāʾ (permanence/subsistence) 33, 68, 131, 134, 141, 144 115, 138, 142, 251, 269n. 41, 327 Bible, the jannat al-baqāʾ (paradise of subsistence) Biblical exegesis 83n. 82 422 Biblical stories in the Qur’an 196–9 al­Bāqir, Muḥammad 40n. 18 on Joseph 127 Baqlī, Rūzbihān b. Abī Naṣr 143, 319n. Parable of the Sower 65, 78n. 21 24, 422–3 Werenfels on 207 ʿAbhar al-ʿāshiqīn 136–7, 150n. 57 Genesis 1 295n. 23 ʿArāʾis al-bayān fi ḥaqīqat al-Qurʾān Genesis 15:9–18 197 14, 16, 125, 126, 137–42, 417, 432, Genesis 19:24–28 191 437n. 21, 437n. 22, 438n. 44, 438n. Psalms 380 58, 439n. 84, 440n. 96, 440n. 112 Gospel 380 Kitāb al-Ighāna 150–51n. 57 Matthew 5:39 339n. 8 Basra 114 Matthew 13:3–23 81n. 59 al­Baṣrī, Abū Yaʿqūb al­ʿAqṭāʾ 98 Mark 4:3–20 81n. 59 al­Bisṭāmī, Abū Yazīd 122n. 66 Luke 6:29 339n. 8 bāṭin (inner meaning) 1, 2, 8, 155 Luke 8:3–15 81n. 59 ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and 6, 91 John 1:1–13 280 and Arabic letters 96, 100 John 3:3 340n. 10 as an aspect of the Qur’an 2, 6, 84n. 93, see also Torah 155, 310 Bohras 185, 209n. 2 Jaʿfar al­Ṣādiq and 8 Bone (ʿAnnāba) 88 Ibn ʿAjība and 425, 432 Buddhism 157 imams and 17, 19 al­Bukhārī, ʿAlāʾ al­Dīn Muḥammad b. Kāshānī and 330, 340n. 12 Muḥammad, Faḍīḥat al-mulḥidīn Mullā Ṣadrā and 358, 388 396 Noah’s people and 197 Bundār b. al­Ḥusayn 245, 250, 260 Qūnawī and 308, 309–10, 311, 312 al­Būnī, Abū’l­ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, relation to ẓāhir 5–6, 25, 92, 96, 155, 180, Shams al-maʿārif wa laṭāʾif 186, 187, 188–91, 197, 202, 205, al-ʿawārif 88–9 279, 312, 328, 358, 425, 436n. 10 Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn 446 Rūmī and 40n. 20 Burūsawī, Ismāʿīl Ḥaqqī, Tafsīr rūḥ Shahrastānī and 279 al-bayān 16 Simnānī and 357 Būyids 124n. 78 for Sufis 84–5n. 93 Byzantines 171 Ṭabāṭabāʾī and 449, 460 use of word in the Qur’an 5–6, 40n. 16 Camel, Battle of the 204 Bāṭiniyya see Ismailis chains of transmission (isnāds) 91, 115, al­Bayḍāwi, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar 127, 146n. 16, 244 411n. 23 Charkhī, Yaʿqūb, Tafṣīr-i kalām-i al­Bayhaqī, Ẓāhir al­Dīn 220 rabbānī 16 519 General Index Children of Israel 164, 327–8, 340n. 12 daʿwa (mission) 19, 106, 182, 183, 191, Chishtī order 16, 157 193, 197, 198, 199, 202, 214n. 74, Chisti, Saadi Shakur see Douglas­Klotz, 214n. 90 Neil Day of Judgement 113, 115, 290, 290–91, Christianity 420, 421–2 Christian literary sources 65 Day of Resurrection 107, 296n. 41, 322n. Haeri and 164 90, 336, 419–21, 429 Hixon and 157 al­Daylamī, Abū’l­Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Kāshānī and 327, 330, 335 Muḥammad, Kitāb ʿAṭf al-alif typology in 195 114, 123n. 67, 150n. 53 chronograms 88 al­Daylamī, Shīrawayh 412n. 45 cognitive paralysis 67, 73 al­Dhahabī, Muḥammād b. Aḥmād 272 Command, the see amr dhikr (remembrance, invocation) 106, communism 446 195, 367, 445 Companions of the Prophet 55, 76, dhikrā (reminder) 60, 66 79n. 22, 156, 174, 200, 385, al­Dīnawarī, Abū’l­Ḥasan 305 441n. 122 dissociation (tabarruʾ) 384–5 Ṭabāṭabāʾī on 451, 452, 455, 465 divination 88, 343n. 46 see also individual Companions divine presences, five 15, 30, 308–9, 416 compassion 106, 112, 169, 171, 173, 289 Ḍiyāʾ al­Dīn Ismāʿīl b. Hibat Allāh b. concealment and disclosure, cycle Ibrāhīm, Mizāj al-tasnīm 208n. 1 of 333 Douglas­Klotz, Neil (Saadi Shakur Corbin, Henry 137, 193–4 Chisti) 157, 160–61 conception of taʾwīl 3–4 Druze 194, 280 En Islam iranien 345, 362 duality 189, 197, 199, 208, 312 cosmology/cosmos 9, 15, 98, 186, 223, 230, 281, 291, 310–11, 312, 379, ecstasy (wajd) 74, 384, 385, 398, 417 450, 468, 469 eisegesis 11, 38, 443, 459 creation 233, 278, 279–80, 282, 284, 286, elements, four 98, 227, 229–30 290, 326–7, 380 English language, twentieth­century Sufi cryptic writing 184, 203–5 commentaries 155–76 cycles eschatology 10, 35, 36, 37, 94, 172, 182, Ismaili doctrine of (dawr, pl.