BIBLIOGRAPHY

4

Books and articles in books

Adams, M C C 1990. The great adventure: male desire and the coming of World War 1. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Alexander, P 1982. Roy Campbell: a critical biography. Cape Town: David Philip. Alexander, P 1994. Alan Raton: a biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Anderson, B 1983. Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso. Atkins, K 1993. The moon is dead! Give us our money! London: James Currey. Austin, G 8c Sugihara, K (eds) 1993. Local supplies of credit in the Third World: 1750-1945. London/New York: Macmillan/St Martin’s Press. Baker, W 8c Mangan, J (eds) 1987. Sport in Africa: essays in social history. New York: Africana. Ballard, C 1985. John Dunn: the white chief of Zululand. Johannesburg: Ad Donker. Ballard, C 8c Lenta, G 1985. The complex nature of agriculture in colonial Natal: 1860-1909. In Guest, B 8c Sellers, J (eds) 1985. Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian colony. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Barnes, J 1986. Staring at the sun. London: Jonathan Cape. Barrett, M 8c Phillips, A (eds) 1992. Destabilizing theory. London: Polity. Bartky, S L 1988. Foucault, femininity, and the modernization of patriarchal power. In Diamond, I & Quin by, L (eds) 1988. Feminism and Foucault: reflections on resistance. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Behr, AL & Macmillan, R G 1971. Education in . Pretoria: J L van Schaik. Beinart, W, Delius, P 8c Trapido, S (eds) 1986. Putting a plough to the ground. Johannesburg: Ravan.

287 Beinart, W 1982. The political economy of Pondoland: 1860 to 1930, Johannesburg: Ravan. Beinart, W 1986. Settler accumulation in East Griqualand from the demise of the Griqua to the Natives Land Act. In Beinart, W, Delius, P & Trapido, S (eds) 1986. Putting a plough to the ground. Johannesburg: Ravan. Beinart, W 1994. Twentieth-century South Africa. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. Berghahn, V R 1981 Militarism : the history of an international debate, 1861-1979 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Berman, B & Lonsdale, J 1990/1992 (2 volumes). Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa. London: James Currey/Ohio University Press. Bishop, T J H & Wilkinson, R 1967. Winchester and the public school elite: a statistical analysis. London: Faber 8c Faber. Bly, R 1992 [1990]. Iron John: a book about men. New York: Vintage. Bolt, C 1971. Victorian attitudes to race. London: Routledge & Kegan. Bottomley, J 1992. The Orange Free State and the Rebellion of 1914: the influence of industrialisation, poverty and poor whiteism. In Morrell. Bottomore, T 1989. The capitalist class. In Bottomore, T & Brym, R J (eds) 1989. The cap­ italist class: an international study. New York/London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Bottomore, 4 8c Brym, R J (eds) 1989. The capitalist class: an international study. New York/London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Bourdieu, P 1984. Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Bourdieu, P 1991. Language and symbolic power. London: Polity. Bozzoli, B (ed) 1979. Labour, townships and protest. Johannesburg: Ravan. Bozzoli, B 1981. The political nature of a ruling class capital and ideology in South Africa. London: Routledge 8c Kegan Paul. Bozzoli, B (ed) 1987. Class, community and conflict: South African perspectives. Johannesburg: Ravan. Bozzoli, B 1991. The women of Phokeng. Johannesburg: Ravan. Bozzoli, B (ed) 1983. Town and countryside in the Transvaal. Johannesburg: Ravan. Bradford, H 1986. Lynch law and labourers: The ICU in Umvoti, 1927-1928. In Beinart W, Delius P 8c Trapido S (eds) Putting a plough to the ground: accumulation and disposses­ sion in rural South Africa 1850—1930. Johannesburg: Ravan. Bradford, H 1987. A taste of freedom: the ICU in rural South Africa, 1924-1930. Johannesburg: Ravan. Brett, E A 1973. Colonialism and underdevelopment in East Africa. London: Heinemann. Brittain, J A 1978. Inheritance and the inequality of material wealth. Washington DC: Brookings Institution. Brod, H (ed) 1987. The making of masculinities: the new men's studies. Boston: Allen 8c Unwin. Brod, H 1987. Introduction, themes and theses. In Brod, I I (ed) 1987. The making of mas­ culinities: the new men's studies. Boston: Allen 8c Unwin. Brod, H 8c Kaufman, M (eds) 1994. Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. Brookes, E 8c Webb, C de B 1965. A history of Natal. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Bundy, C 1979. The rise and fall of the South African peasantry. London: Heinemann. Bundy, C 1986. Vagabond Hollanders and runaway Englishmen: white poverty in the Cape before poor whiteism. In Beinart, W, Delius, P 8c Trapido, S (eds) 1986. Putting a plough to the ground. Ravan: Johannesburg. Butler, J 1990. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. London 8c New York: Routledge. Butler, J 1993. Bodies that matter: on the discursive limits of ‘sex’. London 8c New York: Routledge. Byng-Hall, J 1990. (Interviewed by Paul Thompson.) The power of family myths. In Samuel, R 8c Thompson, P (eds) 1990. The myths we live by. London 8c New York: Routledge. Carby, H 1982. White women listen! Black feminism and the boundaries of sisterhood. In Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham (eds) 1982. The Empire strikes back: race and racism in 70s Britain. London: Hutchinson. Carrigan, T, Connell, B 8c Lee, J 1987. Towards a new sociology of masculinity. In Brod, H (ed) 1987. The making of masculinities: the new men’s studies. Boston: Allen 8c Unwin. Carton, B 2000. Blood from your children: the colonial origins of generational conflict in South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Caute, D 1983. Under the skin: the death of white Rhodesia. London: Allen Lane. Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham (eds) 1982. The Empire strikes back: race and racism in 70s Britain. London: Hutchinson. Challiss, B 1992. Education and Southern Rhodesia’s poor whites, 1890-1930. In Morrell, R 1992. White but poor: essays on the history of poor-whites in Southern Africa . 1880-1940. Pretoria: Unisa. Clignet, R 1992. Death, deeds and descendants: inheritance in modem America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Coates, D 1989. Britain. In Bottomore, T 8c Brym, R J (eds) 1989. The capitalist class: an international study. New York/London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Cockburn, C 1983. Brothers: male dominance and technological change. Pluto: London. Coghlan, M 8c Paterson, H 1988. The Natal Carbineers and Pietermaritzburg. In Laband, J 8c Haswell, R (eds) 1988. Pietermaritzburg: 1838-1988: a new portrait of an African city. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press/Shuter 8c Shooter. Cohen, A P (ed) 1982. Belonging: identity and social organization in British rural cultures. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

289 Comaroff, J 8c Comaroff, J 1992. Ethnography and the historical imagination. Boulder: Westview. Connell, R W, Ashenden, D J, Kessler, S 8c Dowsett, D W 1982. Making the difference. Sydney: Allen 8c Unwin. Connell, R W 1983. Which way is up? Essays on class, sex and culture. Sydney: George Allen 8c Unwin. Connell, R W 1987. Gender and power: society, the person and sexual politics. Palo Alto, Calif: Stanford University Press. Connell, R W 1995. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity. Cooper, A A 1986. The freemasons of South Africa. Cape Town/Pretoria: Human 8c Rousseau. Corbett, M M, Hahlo, H R, Hofmeyr, V 8c Kahn, E 1980. The law of succession in South Africa. Cape Town: Juta. Corrigan, P 8c Sayer, D 1985. The great arch: English state formation as cultural revolution. Basil Blackwell: Oxford. Corrigan, P 1990. Social forms/human capacities: essays in authority and difference. London/New York: Routledge. Couzens, T 1982. An introduction to the history of football in South Africa. In Bozzoli, B (ed) 1982. Town and countryside in the Transvaal. Johannesburg: Crais, C C 1992. The making of the colonial order: white supremacy and black resistance in the Eastern Cape, 1770-1865. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Crush, J, Jeeves, A 8c Yudelman, D 1991. South Africa's labor empire: a history of black migrancy to the gold mines. Cape Town/Boulder: David Philip/Westview. Crush, J & Jeeves, A (eds) 1996. White farms, black workers: essays on agrarian transformation in Southern Africa. London: Heinemann. Cullinan, P 1994. Selected poems. Johannesburg: Snail Press. Daly, J A 1988. A new Britannia in the Antipodes: sport, class and community in colonial South Australia. In Mangan, J A (ed) 1988. Pleasure, profit and proselytism: British culture and sport at home and abroad: 1700-1914. London: Frank Cass. Davenport, T R H 1977. (1st edition). South Africa: a modem history. London: Macmillan. Davidoff, L 8c Hall, C 1987. Family fortunes: men and women of the English middle class, 1780-1850. London: Hutchinson. Davies, R 1979. Capital, state and white labour in South Africa: 1990-1960. Brighton: Harvester. Davis, K, Leijenaar, M 8c 01dersma,J (eds) 1991. The gender of power. London: Sage. Deaux, K 1987. Psychological constructions of masculinity and femininity. In Reinisch, J M, Rosenblum, L A & Sanders, S A (eds) 1987. Masculinity/feminity: basic perspectives. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. De Kock (ed) 1968. 5 volumes. Dictionary of South African biography. Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel.

230 Delius, P 1986. Abel Erasmus: power and profit in the Eastern Transvaal. In Beinart, W, Delius, P 8c Trapido, S (eds) 1986. Putting a plough to the ground. Johannesburg: Ravan. Delphy, C 8c Leonard, D 1992. Familiar exploitation: a neiv analysis of marriage in contempo­ rary western societies. Cambridge: Polity. Denoon, D 1983. Settler capitalism: the dynamics of dependent development in the southern hemi­ sphere. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Devlin, T & Williams, H 1992. Old school ties. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. Diamond, 1 &: Quin by, L (eds) 1988. Feminism and Foucault: reflections on resistance. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Ditz, T L 1986. Property and kinship: inheritance in early Connecticut, 1750-1820. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Dollvmore, ] 1991. Sexual dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault. Oxford: Clarendon. Dominy, G 1988. Fort Napier: the imperial base that shaped the city. In Laband, J & Haswell, R (eds) 1988. Pietermaritzburg: 1838-1988: a new portrait of an African city. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press/Shuter 8c Shooter. Duminy, A D Honnet, ML & King, R J H 1977. A guide to unofficial sources relating to the history of Natal. Durban, University of Natal: Department of History and Political Science. Duminy A & Guest, B (eds) 1989. Natal and Zululandfrom earliest times to 1910. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter/Natal University Press. Duminy A 8c Guest, B, 1989. The Anglo-Boer War and its economic growth, 1899-1910. In Duminy A 8c Guest, B (eds) 1989. Natal and Zululandfrom earliest times to 1910. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter 8c Shooter/Natal University Press. Eales, K 1989. Patriarchs, passes and privilege: Johannesburg’s African middle classes and the question of night passes for African women, 1920-1931. In Bonner, P, Hofmeyr, I, James, D & Lodge, T (eds) 1989. Holding their ground: class, locality and culture in 19th and 20th century South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan/Wits University Press. Edwards, T 1990. Beyond sex and gender: masculinity, homosexuality and social theory. In Hearn, J 8c Morgan, D 1990. Men, masculinities and social theory. London: Unwin Hyman. Emery, F 1983. The red soldier: The Zulu War 1879. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Farrell, W 1993. The myth of male power: why men are the disposable sex. London: Fourth Estate. Fletcher, S 1980. Feminists and bureaucrats: a study in the development of girls’ education in the nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Foucault, M 1979. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Peregrine. Fox-Genovese, E 1988. Within the plantation household: black and white women of the old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Frank, AG 1971. Capitalism and underdeveloj)ment in Latin America. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Fraser, R 1984. In search of a past: the manor house, Amnersfield, 1933-1945. London: Verso. Freund, B 1994. Insiders and outsiders: The Indian working class of Durban: 1910-1990. London/Pietermaritzburg/Portsmouth, NH: fames Currey/University of Natal Press/Heinemann. Fussell, P 1977. The Great War and modem memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gibson, J W 1994. Warrior dreams: paramilitary culture in post-Vietnam America. New York: Hill &: Wang. Giddens, A 1992. The transformation of intimacy: sexuality, love and eroticism in modem soci­ eties. Cambridge: Polity. Gilding, M 1991. The making and breaking of the Australian family. Sydney: Allen 8c Unwin. Goldin, I 1987. Making race: the politics and economics of coloured identity in South Africa. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Goody, j, Thirsk, J 8c Thompson, E P (eds) 1976. Family and inheritance: rural societies in Western Europe, 1200-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Greyvenstein, C 1977. Springbok saga: a pictorial history from 1891. Cape Town: Nelson. Guest, W R 1976. Langalibalele: the crisis in Natal: 1873-1875. Durban, Department of History and Political Science, University of Natal. Guest, B 1989. The new economy. In Duminy A 8c Guest, B (eds) 1989. Natal and Zululand from earliest times to 1910. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter 8c Shooter/Natal University Press. Guest, B 8c Sellers, J (eds) 1985. Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian colony. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Guest, B 8c Sellers, J M (eds) 1994. Receded tides of empire: aspects of the economic and social history of Natal and Zululand since 1910. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Guy,J 1982 [1979]. The destruction of the Zulu Kingdom. Johannesburg: Ravan. Guy, J 1983. The heretic a study of the life of John William Colenso: 1814-1883. Johannesburg/Pietermaritzburg: Ravan/University of Natal Press. Guy, J 1990. Gender oppression in southern Africa’s precapitalist societies. In Walker, C 1990. Women and gender in Southern Africa to 1945. Cape Town/London: David Philip/James Currey. Hall, C 1992. White male and middle-class: explorations in feminism and history. Cambridge: Polity. Hall, LA 1991. Hidden anxieties, male sexuality, 1900-1950. Cambridge: Polity. Hamilton, C (ed) 1995. The Mfecane aftermath: reconstructive debates in Southern African his­ tory. Johannesburg/Fietermarhzburg: Wits University Press/Natal University Press. Hamilton, C A 1998. Terrific majesty: the powers ofShaka Zulu and the limits of historical inven­ tion. Cape Town: David Philip.

292 Hammond, D &Jablow, A 1987. Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid: the myth of male friendship. In Brod, H (ed) 1987. The making of masculinities: the new men’s studies. Boston: Allen 8c Unwin. Harris, V 1992. Time to trek: landless whites and poverty in the northern Natal country­ side, 1902-1939. In Morrell 1992. White but poor: essays on the history of poor-whites in Southern Africa 1880-1940. Pretoria: Unisa. Hearn, J & Morgan, D (eds) 1990. Men, masculinities and social theory. London: Unwin Hyman. Hearn, } 1992. Men in the public eye: the construction and deconstruction of public men and pub­ lic patriarchies. London, Routledge. Heward, C 1988. Making a man of him: parents and their sons' education at an English public school 1929-50. London: Routledge. Heydenrych, H 1985. Railway development in Natal to 1895. In Guest, B & Sellers, J (eds) 1985. Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian colony. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Heydenrych, L 1985.Port Natal harbour, c 1850-1897. In Guest, B 8c Sellers, j (eds) 1985. Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian colony. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Honey, J 1987. The sinews of society: the public schools as a 'system’. In Muller, Ringer 8c Simon 1987 Horrell, M 1978. Laws affecting race relations in South Africa (To the end of 1976). Johannesburg: SAIRR. Howard, C L 1931. The administration of estates in South Africa. Johannesburg: Hortors. Huttenback, R A 1976. Racism and Empire: white settlers and colored immigrants in the British self-governing colonies 1830—1910. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press. Hyam, R 1990. Sexuality and empire: the British experience. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Jeffreys, S 1984. ‘Free from all uninvited touch of man’: women’s campaigns around sex­ uality, 1880-1914. In Coveney, L, Jackson, M, Jeffreys, S, Kaye, I 8c Mahoney, P (eds) 1984. The sexuality papers: male sexuality and the social control of women. London: Hutchinson. Kaarsholm, P 1989. Kipling and imperialism. In Samuel, R (ed) 1989. Patriotism: the making and unmaking of national identity. Volume III. National fictions. London: Routledge. Kaufman, M 1987. The construction of masculinity and the triad of men’s violence. In Kaufman, M (ed) 1987. Beyond patriarchy: essays by men on pleasure, power, and change Toronto/New York: Oxford University Press. Kaufman, M (ed) 1987. Beyond patriarchy: essays by men on pleasure, power, and change Toronto/New York: Oxford University Press. Keegan, T J 1986a. Rural transformations in industrializing South Africa: the Southern Highveld to 1914. Johannesburg: Ravan. Keegan, T 1986. White settlement and black subjugation on the South African Highveld: the Tlokoa heartland in the North Eastern Orange Free State, ca 1850-1914. In Beinart, W, Delius, P 8c Trapido, S (eds) 1986. Putting a plough to the ground. Johannesburg: Ravan. Keegan, T 1988. Facing the storm: portraits of black lives in rural South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip. Kennedy, D K 1987. Islands of white: settler society and culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939. Durham: Duke University Press. Kimmel, M S 1990. Baseball and the reconstitution of American masculinity, 1880-1920. In Messner, M 8c Sabo, D (eds) 1990. Sport, men and the gender order: critical feminist per­ spectives. Champaign, 111: Human Kinetic Books. Kirk-Greene, A 1987. Imperial administration and the athletic imperative: the case of the district officer in Africa. In Baker, W & Mangan, J (eds) 1987. Sport in Africa: essays in social history. New York: Africana. Knight, S 1984. The brotherhood: the secret world of the freemasons. London: Granada. Krikler, J 1993. Revolution from above, rebellion from below: the agrarian Transvaal at the turn of the century. Oxford: Clarendon. Kristeva,J 1986. Stabat Mater. In Moi, T (ed) 1986.The Kristeva reader. Oxford: Blackwell. Laband, j 8c Haswell, R (eds) 1988. Pietermaritzburg: 1838-1988: a new portrait of an African city. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press/Shuter 8c Shooter. Laband, J 8c Thompson, P S 1990. Kingdom and colony at war. Pietermaritzburg and Cape Town: University of Natal Press/N 8c S Press. Laband, J 1992. Kingdom in crisis: the 'Zulu response to the British invasion of 1879. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. Lambert, J 1985. The impoverishment of the Natal peasantry, 1893-1910. In Guest, B 8c Sellers, J (eds) 1985. Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian colony. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Lambert, J 1988. The Pietermaritzburg market and the transformation of the Natal Midlands in the colonial period. In Laband, J & Haswell, R (eds) 1988. Pietermaritzburg: 1838-1988: a new portrait of an African city. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press/Shuter 8c Shooter. Lambert, J 1995. Betrayed trust: Africans and the state in colonial Natal. Pietermaritzburg: Natal University Press, 1995 Legassick, M 1990. The frontier tradition in South African historiography. In Marks, S 8c Atmore A (eds) 1980. Economy and society in pre-industrial South Africa. London: Longman. Le Guin, C A 1990. A home-concealed ivoman: the diaries of Magnolia Wynn Le Guin,

294 1901-1913. Athens/London: University of Georgia Press. Lessing, D 1950. The grass is singing. London: Michael Joseph. Lewis, J 1984. Industrialisation and trade union organisation in South Africa, 1924-55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewis, G 1987. Between the wire and the wall: a history of South African 'coloured' politics. Cape Town/Johannesburg: David Philip. Lewis, P M 1991. Mummy, matron and the maids: feminine presence and absence in male institutions: 1934-63. In Roper, M & Tosh, J (eds) 1991. Manful assertions: mas­ culinities in Britain since 1800. London: Routledge. Loudon, J B 1970. White farmers: black labour-tenants: a study of a farming community in the South African province of Natal. Leiden/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MacKenzie, J M 1987a.The imperial pioneer and hunter and the British masculine stereotype in late Victorian and Edwardian times. In Mangan, J A 8c Walvin, J (eds) 1987. Manliness and morality: middle-class masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940. Manchester: Manchester University Press. MacKenzie, J M 1987b. Hunting in Eastern and Central Africa in the late nineteenth cen­ tury, with special reference to Zimbabwe. In Baker, W 8c Mangan, J (eds) 1987. Sport in Africa: essays in social history. New York: Africana. MacKenzie, J M (ed) 1992. Popular imperialism and the military, 1850-1950. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Mangan, J A 1981. Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian public school: the emergence and consolidation of an educational ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mangan, J A 8c Walvin, J (eds) 1987. Manliness and morality: middle-class masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Mangan, J A (ed) 1988. Pleasure, profit and proselytism: British culture and sport at home and abroad: 1700-1914. London: Frank Cass. Mangan, J A (ed) 1990. Making imperial mentalities: socialisation and British imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Mann, M 1993. The sources of social power: the. rise of classes and nation-states, 1760-1914. Volume II Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. Marks, S 1970. Reluctant rebellion: the 1906-8 disturbances in Natal. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Marks, S 1981. Towards a people’s history of South Africa? Recent developments in the historiography of South Africa. In Samuel, R (ed) 1981. People's history and socialist theo­ ry. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Marks, S 1994. Divided sisterhood : race, class and gender in the South African nursing profession, Johannesburg : Witwatersrand University Press. Marks, S 8c Atmore A (eds) 1980. Economy and society in pre-industrial South Africa. London: Longman.

235 Marshall, B L 1994. Engendering modernity: feminism, social theory and social change. Cambridge: Polity. Matsetela, T 1982. The life story of Nkgono Mma-Pooe: aspects of sharecropping and proletarianisation in the northern Orange Free State, 1890-1930. In Marks, S 8c Rathbone, R (eds) 1982. Industrialisation and social change in South Africa: African class formation, culture and consciousness 1870-1930. London: Longman. Maughan-Brown, D 1990. Raising goose-pimples: Wilbur Smith and the politics of rage. In Trump, M (ed) 1990. Rendering things visible: essays on South African literary culture. Johannesburg: Ravan. McClintock, A 1990. Maidens, maps and mines: King Solomon's Mines and the reinvention of patriarchy in colonial South Africa. In Walker C 1990. Women and gender in Southern Africa to 1945. Cape Town/London: David Philip/James Currey. McClintock, A 1995. Imperial leather: race, gender and sexuality in the colonial context. New York: Routledge. McCracken, D P 8c McCracken, P A 1990. Natal the garden colony: Victorian Natal and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sandton: Frandsen. McKenzie, AG [n d]. Delayed action: being something of the life and times of the late Brigadier General, Sir Duncan McKenzie KCMG, CB, DSO, VD, Legion d ’Honneur. Private. McMichael, P 1984. Settlers and the agrarian question: capitalism in colonial Australia. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. Meiring, N 1964. The early years: 1871-1902. In Medworth, C O 1964. The history of Natal rugby. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. Medworth, C O 1964. The next phase 1903-1923. In Medworth, C O (ed) 1964. The histo­ ry of Natal rugby. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. Medworth, C O (ed) 1964. The history of Natal rugby. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. Merrett, P 1988. Mrs E E Russell and the role of women in the city’s public life. In Laband,J 8c Haswell, R (eds) 1988. Pietermaritzburg: 1838—1988: a new portrait of an African city. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press/Shuter 8c Shooter. Messner, M 1987. The meaning of success: the athletic experience and the development of male identity. In Brod, H (ed) 1987. The making of masculinities: the new men's studies. Boston: Allen 8c Unwin. Messner, M 8c Sabo, D (eds) 1990. Sport, men and the gender order: critical feminist perspectives. Champaign, 111: Human Kinetic Books. Messner, M 1992. Like family: power, intimacy, and sexuality in male athletes’ friendships. In Nardi, P M (ed) 1992. Men's friendships. Newbury Park: Sage. Mewett, P G 1982. Exiles, nicknames, social identities and the production of local con­ sciousness in a Lewis crofting community. In Cohen, A P (ed) 1982. Belonging: identity and social organization in British rural cultures. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Meyer, J 1991. Power and love: conflicting conceptual schemata. In Davis, K, Leijenaar, M

296 ' & Oldersma, ) (eds) 1991. The gender of power, London: Sage. Mitchell, W H & Sawyer, L A 1987. The Cape run. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton. Moi, T (ed) 1986.The Kristeva reader. Oxford: Blackwell. Moodie, T D 1975. The rise of Afrikanerdom: power, , and the Afrikaner civil religion. Berkeley: University of California Press. Morgan, D H } 1985, The family, politics and social theory. London : Routledge &: Regan Paul. Morgan, D H } 1992. Discovering men. London: Routledge. Morgan, D 1994. Theater of war: combat, the military, and masculinities. In Brod, H & Kaufman, M (eds) 1994. Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. Morrell, R 1986. Competition and cooperation in Middelburg, 1900-1930. In Beinart, W, Delius, P & Trapido, S (eds) 1986. Putting a plough to the ground. Ravan: Johannesburg. Morrell, R 1992. The poor whites of Middelburg, Transvaal, 1900-1930: Resistance, accommodation and class struggle. In Morrell, R (ed) 1992. Morrell, R (ed) 1992. White but poor: essays on the history of poor whites in Southern Africa 1880-1940, Pretoria: Unisa. Morrell, R, Padayachee, V 8c Vawda, S 1993. Banking, credit and capital in colonial Natal. In Austin, G 8c Sugihara, K (eds) 1993. Local supplies of credit in the Third World: 1750-1945. London/New York: Macmillan/St Martin’s Press. Morrell, R 1993/4. Masculinity and the white boys’ boarding schools of Natal, 1880-1930. Perspectives in Education 15(1). Morrell, R 1995. Forging a ruling class: rugby and white masculinity in colonial Natal. In Nauright, J 8c Chandler, T (eds) 1995. Making men: rugby and masculine identity in the British Isles and settler empire. London: Frank Cass. Morrell, R 1996. ‘Synonymous with gentlemen’? White farmers, white schools and labour relations on the farms of the Natal Midlands, cl 880-1920. In Crush, J 8c Jeeves, A (eds) 1996. White farms, black workers: essays on agrarian transformation in Southern Africa. London: Heinemann. Morrell, R (ed) 1996. Political economy and identities in KwaZulu-Natal: historical and social perspectives. Durban: Indicator Press. Morrell, R (ed) 2001. Changing men in Southern Africa. Pietermaritzburg/London: University of Natal Press c 2ed books. Muller, D K, Ringer, F 8c Simon, B 1987. The rise of the modem educational system: structural change and social reproduction, 1870-1920. Cambridge/Paris: Cambridge University Press Editions de la maison des Sciences de l’homme. Murray, C 1992. Black mountain: land, class and power in the Eastern Orange Free State: 1880s-1980s. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Nauright, J 8c Chandler, T (eds) 1995. Making men: rugby and masculine identity in the British Isles and settler empire. London: Frank Cass.

297 Neame, L E 1957. The Rand Club: 1887-1957. Johannesburg: private. Thiong’o, Ngugi wa 1981. Detained: a writer’s prison diary. London: Heinemann. Nkadimeng, M 8c Relly, G 1983. Kas Maine: the story' of a black South African agricultur­ ist. In Bozzoli, B (ed) 1983. Town and countryside in the Transvaal. Johannesburg: Ravan. Nye, R A 1993. Masculinity and male codes of honor in modem France. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. O’Meara, D 1983. Volkskapitalisme: class, capital and ideology in the development of Afrikaner nationalism: 1934-1948. Johannesburg: Ravan. Phillips, J 1987. A man's country? The image of the Pakeha male - a history. Auckland: Penguin. Posel, D 1991. The making of apartheid 1948—1961: conflict and compromise. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Randall, P 1982. Little England on the veld: the English private school system in South Africa. Johannesburg: Ravan. Reinisch, J M, Rosenblum, LA & Sanders, S A (eds) 1987. Masculinity/femininity: basic per­ spectives. Oxford/ New York: Oxford University Press. Reiny,J 1990. Patriarchy and fratriarchy as forms of androcracy. In Hearn, J 8c Morgan, D (eds) 1990. Men, masculinities and social theory. London: Unwin Hyman. Rich, P 1984. White power and the liberal conscience. Johannesburg: Ravan. Rich, P J 1989. Elixir of empire: the English public schools: ritualism, freemasonry and imperial­ ism. London: Regency. Richards, J 1992. Popular imperialism and the image of the army in juvenile literature. In MacKenzie, J M (ed) 1992. Popular imperialism and the military, 1850-1950. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Richardson, P 1986. The Natal sugar industry in the nineteenth century. In Beinart, W, Delius, P 8c Trapido, S (eds) 1986. Putting a plough to the ground. Ravan: Johannesburg. Robinson, J 1994c. White women researching/representing others: from anti-apartheid to postcolonialism? In Rose, G 8c Blunt, A (eds) 1994. Sexual/textual colonisations. London: Guilford. Rooke, D 1990 [1953]. Ratoons. Plumstead: Chameleon. Roper, M 8c Tosh, J (eds) 1991. Manful assertions: masculinities in Britain since 1800. London: Routledge. Rose, A 1988. Grey’s Hospital. In Laband, J 8c Haswell, R (eds) 1988. Pietermaritzburg: 1838-1988: a new portrait of an African city. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press/Shuter 8c Shooter. Ryan, M P 1981. Cradle of the middle class: the family in Oneida County, New York: 1790-1865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Samuel, R (ed) 1981. People's history and socialist theory. London: Routledge 8c Kegan Paul. Samuel, R (ed) 1989. Patriotism: the making and unmaking of national identity. Volume III. National fictions. London: Roudedge. Samuel. R 8c Thompson, P (eds) 1990. The myths we live by. London 8c New York: Routledge. Segal, L 1990. Slow motion: changing masculinities, changing men. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Sellers, J 1985. The origins and development of the wooled sheep industry in the Natal midlands in the 1850s and 1860s. In Guest, B 8c Sellers, J (eds) 1985. Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian colony. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Shammas, C, Salmon, M 8c Dahlin, M 1987. Inheritance in America: from colonial times to the present. New Brunswick 8c London: Rutgers University Press. Sherrod, D 1987. The bonds of men: problems and possibilities in close male relation­ ships. In Brod, H (ed) 1987. The making of masculinities: the new men's studies. Boston: Allen 8c Unwin. Sinaert, E (ed) 1991. Oral tradition and innovation: new wine in old bottles? Durban: University of Natal Press. Slater, H 1980. The changing pattern of economic relationships in rural Natal, 1838-1914. In Marks, S & Atmore A (eds) 1980. Economy and society in pre-industrial South Africa. London: Longman. Smith, D B 1980 Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth Chesapeake Society, Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press. Smith, D E 1989. A peculiar eclipsing: women’s exclusion from man’s culture. In Klein, R D 8c Steinberg, D L (eds) 1989. Radical voices: a decade offeminist resistance from women's studies International Forum Oxford/New York: Pergamon. Speak, M A 1988. Social stratification and participation in sport in mid-Victorian England with particular reference to Lancaster, 1840-1870. In Mangan, J A (ed) 1988. Pleasure, profit and proselytism: British culture and sport at home and abroad: 1700-1914. London: Frank Cass. Spivak, G 1988. Can the subaltern speak? In Nelson, C 8c Grossberg, L 1988. Marxism and the interpretation of culture. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Spiller, P 1986. A history of the district and supreme courts of Natal 1846-1910. Durban: Butterworths. Steedman, H 1987. Defining institutions: the endowed grammar schools and the systema­ tisation of English secondary education. In Miiller, D K, Ringer, F 8c Simon, B (eds) 1987.1'he rise of the modem educational system: structural change and social reproduction 1870-1920. Cambridge/Paris: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme. Stivens, M 1984. Women, kinship and capitalist development. In Young, K, Wolkowitz, C 8c McCullagh, R (eds) 2nd edition. 1984. Of marriage and the market. London/Boston: Routledge 8c Kegan Paul. Stone, L 1979. (Abridged version.) The family, sex and marriage. Penguin: Harmondsworth. Strobel, M 1987. Gender and race in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century British Empire. In Bridenthal, R, Koonz, C & Stuard, S (eds) 1987. Becoming visible: women in Eurofjean history. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Surplus People’s Project SPP 1983. (5 volumes.) Forced removals in South Africa. Volume 4. Natal. Cape Town, Surplus People’s Project. Therborn, G 1986. Class analysis: history and defence. In Himmelstrand, U (ed) 1986. The sociology of structure and action. London: Sage. Thompson, E P 1978.The poverty of theory and other essays. London: Merlin. Thompson, F M L 1988. The rise of respectable society: a social history of Victorian Britain 1830-1900. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Thompson, E P 1980 [1863]. The making of the English working class. London: Victor Gollancz. Thompson, P S 1990. Natal first: separatism in South Africa 1909-1961. Johannesburg: Southern. I illy, C (ed) 1978. Historical studies of changing fertility. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Tolson, A 1977. The limits of masculinity. London: Tavistock. Trollope, J 1988. Britannia’s daughters: women of the British Empire. London: Century Hutchinson. Trump, M (ed) 1990. Rendering things visible: essays on South African literary culture. Johannesburg: Ravan. Vamplew, W 1988. Sport and industrialization: an economic interpretation of the changes in popular sport in nineteenth-century England. In Mangan, J A (ed) 1988. Pleasure, profit and proselytism: British culture and sport at home and abroad: 1700-1914. London: Frank Cass. Van Diilmen, R 1992. The society of the enlightenment: the rise of the middle class and enlighten­ ment culture in Germany. Cambridge: Polity. Van Onselen, C 1982. Studies in the social and economic history of the Witwatersrand: 1886-1914. Volume 1. New Babylon. Volume 2. New Nineveh. Johannesburg: Ravan. Van Wyk, A J 1982. Die Nasionale Party in Natal: stigting en eerste verkiesing. Johannesburg/ Cape Town: Perskor. Walby, S 1990. Theorizing patriarchy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Walker, C 1982. Women and resistance in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip. Walker, C 1990.The women’s suffrage movement: the politics of gender, race and class. In Walker, C (ed) 1990. Women and gender in Southern Africa to 1945. Cape Town/London: David Philip/James Currey. Walker, C (ed) 1990. Women and gender in Southern Africa to 1945. Cape Town/London: David Philip/James Currey. Ware, V 1992. Beyond the pale: white women, racism and history. London: Verso. Wedgewood, | 1929. The economics of inheritance. London, George Routledge Sc Sons. Wellman, B 1992. Men in networks: private communities, domestic friendships. In Nardi, P M (ed) 1992. Men’s friendships. Newbury Park: Sage. Wells, J 1991. We have done with pleading: the women’s 1913 anti-pass campaigns. Johannesburg: Ravan. Wessels, J W 1908. History of the Roman-Dutch Law. Grahamstown: African Book Company. White, P G Sc Vagi, A B 1990. Rugby in the 19th century British boarding-school system: a feminist psychoanalytic perspective. In Messner, M Sc Sabo, D (eds) 1990. Sport, men and the gender order: critical feminist perspectives. Champaign, 111: Human Kinetic Books. Whitehead, A 1984. ‘I’m hungry, mum’: the politics of domestic budgeting. In Young, K, Wolkowitz, C Sc McCullagh, R (eds) (2nd edition) 1984. Of marriage and the market. London/Boston: Routledge Sc Kegan Paul. Wilson, M & Thompson, L (eds) 1969. The Oxford history of South Africa. Oxford: Clarendon. Wrigley, E A 1978. Fertility’ strategy for the individual and the group. In Tilly, C (ed) 1978. Historical studies of changing fertility. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Wrigley, J (ed) 1992. Education and gender equality. London: Falmer. Young, K, Wolkowitz, C Sc McCullagh, R (eds) (2nd edition) 1984. Of marriage and the market. London/Boston: Routledge Sc Kegan Paul. Yudelman, D 1984. The emergence of modem South Africa: state, capital and the incorporation of organised labour on the South African goldfields, 1902-1939. Cape Town: David Philip.

Journal articles

Achmat, Z 1993. ‘Apostles of vice’: 'immoral practices’ and unnatural vice' in South African prisons and compounds, 1890-1920. Social Dynamics, 19(2). Beinart, W 1991.Political and collective violence in Southern African historiography, Journal of Southern African Studies, 18(3). Boehmer, E 1993. Dark Jokes and Desert Light, Southern African Review of Books, 5(1) issue 23. Bourke,J 1990. Dairywomen and affectionate wives. The Agricultural History Review, 38, part II. Bradford, H 1996. Women, gender and colonialism: rethinking the history of the British Cape Colony and its frontier zones, c 1806-70. Journal of African History, 37(3). Bundy, C 1972. The emergence and decline of a South African peasantry. African Affairs, 71: (285). Burdett, C 1994. A difficult vindication: Olive Schreiner’s Wollstonecraft introduction. History Workshop Journal, 37.

301 Campbell, C 1992. Learning to kill: masculinity, the family and violence in Natal. Journal of Southern African Studies, 18(3). Cobbing, J 1988a. The Mfecane as alibi: thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo. Journal of African History, 29. Cobbing, J 1988b. A tainted well, the objectives, historical fantasies and working methods of James Stuart, with counter argument. Journal of Natal and Zulu History, XI. Comaroff, J 8c Comaroff, J 1987. The madman and the migrant: work and labor in the historical consciousness of a South African people. American Ethnologist, 14(2). Connell, R W, Dowsett, G W, Kessler, S &: Ashenden, D J 1981. Class and gender dynamics in a ruling-class school. Interchange 12(2-3). Connell, R W 1990b. A whole new world: remaking masculinity in the context of the envi­ ronment movement, Gender and Society, 4(4). Connell, R W 1992. A very straight gay: masculinity, homosexual experience, and the dynamics of gender. American Sociological Review, 53(6). Cook, L A 1985. Seniority and age in South African regiments. Militaria, 15(1). Cox, G, Lowe, P 8c Winter, M 1991.The origins and early development of the National Farmers’ Union. Agricultural History Review, 39, part 1. Davies, R, Kaplan, D, Morris, M 8c O’Meara, D 1976. Class struggle and the periodisation of the South African state. Review of African Political Economy, 7. Donaldson, M 1993. What is hegemonic masculinity? Theory and Society, 22. Du Toit, M 1992. ‘Die bewustheid van armoed’: the ACVV and the construction of Afrikaner identity, 1904-1928. Social Dynamics, 18(2). Etherington, N 1988. Natal’s black rape scare of the 1870s. Journal of Southern African Studies, 15(1). Field, S 1991. ‘Sy is die baas van die huis’: women’s position in the coloured working class family. Agenda, 9. Fraser, J 1894.The Law of Intestate Succession Natal. Cape Law Journal, 11. Grundlingh, A 1994. Playing for power? Rugby, Afrikaner nationalism and masculinity in South Africa, cl900-70. International Journal of the History of Sport, 11 (3). Hall, M 1995.The legend of the lost city; or, the man with golden balls. Journal of Southern African Studies, 21(2). Harley, K 1994. Landmarks in the history of ‘open’ schooling in Natal: the search for social control. Journal of Education, 19(1). Harries, A 1989. Pandora’s box. Southern African Review of Books, 2(4). Hayes, G 1992. Violence, research, and Intellectuals. Transformation, 17. Kaminer, D 8c Dixon, J 1995. The reproduction of masculinity: a discourse analysis of men’s drinking talk. South African Journal of Psychology, 25(3). Keegan, T 1989a.The origins of agrarian capitalism in South Africa: a reply. Journal of Southern African Studies, 15(4).

302 Keegan, T, 1989b. Mike Morris and the social historians: a response and a critique. Africa Perspective. New Series, 1(7 & 8). Keegan, T 1991.The overthrow of Cape slavery. Southern African Review of Books, 4(4/5) (July-October). Krikler, J 1993. Social neurosis and hysterical pre-cognition in South Africa: a case-study and reflections. South African Historical Journal, 28. Lambert, J 1988. African purchases of Crown Lands in Natal, 1880-1903. South African Journal of Economic History, 3(1). Lee, D C 1927. Recent changes in English Law of Property Act. South African Law Journal, 44. Lewis, J 1994. Intimate relations between men and women: the case of H G Wells and Amber Pember Reeves. History Workshop Journal, 37. Lincoln, D 1988. An ascendant sugarocracy: Natal’s millers-cum-planters, 1905-1939. Journal of Natal and Zulu History, XL Manicom, L 1992. Ruling relations: rethinking state and gender in South African history. Journal of African History, 33. Marks, S 1975. The ambiguities of dependence: John L Dube of Natal. Journal of Southern African Studies, 1(2). Marks, S 8c Trapido, S 1979. Lord Milner and the South African state. History Workshop Journal, 2. Merrington, P 1995, Pageantry and primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the 'aesthetics of union’. Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (4). Mitchell, D 1993. They only fade away. Southern African Review of Books, 27 (September/ October). Moodie, T Dunbar 1988. Migrancy and male sexuality on the South African gold mines. Journal of Southern African Studies, 14(2). Moon, B 1992. Theorising violence in the discourse of masculinities. Southern Review, 25(2). Morrell, R 1986b. Farmers, Randlords and the South African State: confrontation in the Wftwatersrand beef markets, cl 920-1923. foum al of African History, 27. Morris, M 1976. The development of capitalism in South African agriculture: class strug­ gles in the countryside. Economy and Society, 5. Murray, M 1991989. The origins of agrarian capitalism in South Africa: a critique of the 'social history’ perspective. Journal of Southern African Studies, 15(4). Natalia, 17(1987). Review of C Coulson, Beaulieu-on-Illovo, Richmond, Natal: its people and history. Parle, J 1995. History, she wrote: a reappraisal of dear Louisa in the 1990s. South African Historical Journal, 33. Phillips, J O C 1984. Rugby, war and the mythology of the New Zealand male. New

303 Zealand Journal of History, 18(2). Posel, R 1989. ‘Continental women’ and Durban’s 'social evil’, 1899-1905. Journal of Natal and Zulu History, XII. Ponlantzas, N 1969.The problem of the capitalist state. New Left Review, 58. Power, J 1992. ‘Individualism is the antithesis of indirect rule: cooperative development and indirect rule in colonial Malawi. Journal of Southern African Studies, 18(2). Reid, D 1994. ‘In the name of the father’: a language of labour relations in nineteenth- century France. History Workshop Journal, 38. Ross, R 1995. Paternalism, patriarchy and . South African Historical Journal, 32. Slater, H 1975. Land, labour and capital in Natal: the Natal Land and Colonization Company, 1860-1948. Journal of African History, 16. Sommestad, L 1994. Gendering work, interpreting gender: the masculinization of dairy work in Sweden, 1850-1950. History Workshop foumal, 37. Stoler, A L 1989. Making empire respectable: the politics of race and sexual morality in 20th-century colonial cultures. American Ethnologist, 16. Stone, L 1981. Family history in the 1980s. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 12(1). Synott, J 8c Symes, C 1995. The genealogy of the school: an iconography of badges and mottoes. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 16(2). Tosh, J 1994. What should historians do with masculinity? Reflections on nineteenth cen­ tury Britain. History Workshop Journal, 38. Trapido, S 1978. Landlord and tenant in a colonial economy: the Transvaal, 1880-1910. Journal of Southern African Studies, 5. Van Helten, J J 8c Williams, K 1983. ‘The crying need of South Africa’: The emigration of single British women to the Transvaal, 1901-10. Journal of Southern African Studies, 10(1). Van Onselen, C 1992. The social and economic underpinnings of paternalism and violence on the maize farms of the south-western Transvaal, 1900-1950. Journal of Historical Sociology, 5(2). Whethorn, E 14 1979. The trade in pedigree livestock, 1850-1910. The Agricultural History Review, 27. Winer, M 8c Deetz, J 1990. The transformation of British culture in the eastern Cape, 1820-1860. Social Dynamics, 16(1). Zaal, F N 1992. The ambivalence of authority and secret lives of tears: transracial child placements and the historical development of South African law.Journal of Southern African Studies, 18(2). Conference papers and theses

Adler, G 1993. Of shop doors and rugby fields: the social basis of auto worker solidarity in the South African motor industry. Symposium on Work, Class and Culture, University of the Witwatersrand. Beall, J D 1982. Class, race and gender: the political economy of women in colonial Natal. MA dissertation, University of Natal, Durban. Bernstein, H 1992. The maize filiere in South Africa: constructing a research agenda. Workshop on Commodity, Exchange and Food Systems in Developing Countries: Processes and Practices, CIRAD, Montpellier, 31 August 31-4 September. Bizley, B 1989. The ‘strike’ as a moment in a colonial discourse: a parliamentary context to the Natal railway strike of 1909. Twelfth Biennial Conference of the South African Historical Society, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Bradford, H 1995b. Women in the Cape and its frontier zones, c 1800-1870: a critical essay on androcentric historiography. South African Historical Society, Biennial Conference, Rhodes University. Brookes, S 1992. Farming on the margins: soldier settlers and Nagana in Zululand 1910-1930. Workshop on Agriculture and Apartheid, Queen’s University, Kingston. Burton-Clark, I 1988. Land and labour in County, Natal: c 1880-1910. MSocSc, University of Natal, Durban. Camp, L T 1986. Agriculture in adolescence: half a century of development in agricul­ ture in the Ixopo Magisterial Division of Natal from the first white settlement to the end of the colonial era. BA Hons, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Chisholm, L 1984. Themes in the construction of free compulsory education for the white working class on the Witwatersrand, 1886-1907. History Workshop, University' of the Witwatersrand, 1984 Dubow, S 1989. The idea of race in early twentieth century South Africa. African Studies Institute Seminar, University of the Witwatersrand. Gordijn, R J 1985. A production function analysis of fresh milk production in Natal. MSc, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Kaplan, D 1977. Class conflict, capital accumulation and the state: an historical analysis of the state in 20th century South Africa, DPhil, Sussex University. Laband, J 1995. From transfrontiersmen to squatters: the Zululand Lands Delimitation Commission of 1902-1904 and the land claims of long-standing settlers in Zululand, Biennial Conference of the South African Historical Society, Rhodes University. Lambert, J 1986. Africans in Natal, 1880-1899: Continuity, change and crisis in a rural society. PhD, Unisa. Mazower, B L 1991. Agriculture, farm labour and the state in the Natal Midlands, 1940-1960. MA, University of Cape Town.

305 Meintjes, S M 1988. Edendale 1850-1906: a case study of rural transformation and class formation in an African Mission in Natal. PhD, University of London. Naude, P 1954. Boerdery in die Suid Afrikaanse Republiek, 1858-1899. DL, University of Pretoria. Paterson, H 1981. The Natal 1903 Militia Act. BA Hons, University of Natal, Durban. Swart, S 1994. The Nongqai. BA long essay. History Department, University of Natal, Durban. Van der Tang, D 1996. White worker militancy in Durban: a study of tramway workers: 1900-1933, MA, University of Natal, Durban.

306 BIBLIOGRAPHY

o ,

Barratt, A M 1969. : 1896-1968. Pietermaritzburg: Michaelhouse Old Boys Club. Child, D 1973. Charles Smythe: pioneer, premier and administrator of Natal. Cape Town: C Struik. Christison, G 1986. Loyal little Natal Pietermaritzburg: private. Coulson, C 1986. Beaulieu-on-Illovo, Richmond, Natal: its people and history. Pinetown: Richmond Women’s League and Institute. Du Plessis, A J 1975. The Umvoti Mounted Rifles: 1864-1975. Private. Forsyth Thompson, AD [nd].£A Thompson, a short biography. Goetzsche, E 197? The official Natal Mounted Rifles history. Durban: NMR? Gordon, R 1970. Dear Louisa: history of a pioneer family in Natal: 1850-1888. Cape Town: A A Balkema. Gordon, R 1984. Natal’s Royal Show. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. Gordon R (ed) 1988. Petticoat pioneers: women of distinction. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter/Federation of Women’s Institutes. Hathorn, P 1973. Joseph Henderson. Private. Hattersley, A F 1936. More annals of Natal. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. Hattersley, A F 1938. Pietermaritzburg panorama: a survey of one hundred years of an African city. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. Hattersley, A F 1940. The Natalians: further annals of Natal. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter 8c Shooter. Hattersley, A F 1945. Hilton portrait. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. Hattersley, A F 1959. The Victoria Club: Pietermaritzburg: 1859-1959. Cape Town/Amsterdam: A A Balkema. Haw, S 8c Frame, R 1988. For hearth and home: the story of : 1863-1988. Pietermaritzburg: MC Publications.

307 Hurst, G T 1945. Volunteer Regiments of Natal and East Griqualand. Durban: Knox Publishers. Jennings, H D 1966. The l)HS story 1866—1966. Durban: DHS. Juul, N 1982. Harvest of optimism: the story of Thomas Fannin and his family. Private. King, R 1987. Along the road to Fort Nottingham: the history of Nottingham Road. [SI]. McCord, J B 1957. My patients were Zulus. London: Panther. McKenzie, P 1990 [1946]. Pioneers of Underherg. Pietermaritzburg: Africana Book Collectors. Miller, Y 1978. Acutts in Africa. Pinetown: Private. Mingay, M A [n d]. The end of the line: a n appreciation of the narrow-gauge railway line from Donnybrook to Ixopo. Ixopo and District Historical Society. Morgans, W I [n d]. The Vanderplank story. [S 1]. Nicholson, J M Skonk 1986. The Nicholson family tree. Private. Nicholson, S 8c Wiblin, T 1990. Jimeloyo-Ji!!: a history of the Maritzburg College First XV. Pietermaritzburg: MC Publications. Nuttall, N 1971. Lift up your hearts: the story of Hilton College: 1872-1972. Durban: Hiltonian Society. Pearse, R O 1946. Sable and Murray: the story ofEstcourt High School. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Witness. Pearse, R O 1981. Joseph Baynes, Pioneer. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. Pearse, R O, Clark, J, Barnes, P R & Tatham, G 1973. Langalibalele and the Natal Carbineers. Ladysmith: Ladysmith Historical Society. Scotney, P 8c Scott-Shaw, C 1984. Lions River Division Agricultural Society 1884-1984. Howick: Lions River Division Agricultural Society. Shaw, C S 1971. Stories from the Karkloof Hills. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter 8c Shooter. Shepstone, S W 1937. A history of Richmond. Durban: John Singleton 8c Williams. Shorten, E J & Young, A 1939. History of Mooi River and District, 1939. Unpublished. Speirs, W A 1985. Ox-wagon to space travel: the Speirs family of Natal - 1850-1985. Private. Spencer, S O’B, 1981-1992. British Settlers in Natal, 1824-1857: a biographical register. 6 vol­ umes. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Stiebel, V 1968. South African childhood. London: Amdre Deutsch. Tarr, M 1991? The story of the Moor family. Private. Thomas, D [n d]. The Zululand rugby story. Mimeo. Vietzen, S 1973. A history of education for European girls in Natal 1837-1902. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. Wood, A M 1946. Men of the Midlands. Pietermaritzburg:Natal Witness. Wood, A M 1947. Midlands milestones. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Witness. Woodley, V 1984. On the high flats of Natal: earliest pioneers in the Highflats/Ixopo area of Southern Natal Highflats. Maxann Books.

308 INDEX

♦ -

Acutt, Cotton 182, 202-203 Baynes family 122, 250n.5 Acutt family 202 Richard 250n.l2 Adamson family 186 William 250n.l2 Addison, RH 195 Baynesville 46n.l2 Afrikaner nationalism 3-5, 42, 45n.4, 103, 141 Beall, Jo 39-40, 232 Alcock, Joseph 38, 243-244, 259 Beaumont, Sir William 98, 122 Alcock family 243, 259 Bechuanaland ix, xi Frank 263 Beinart, William 3-4, 9 Fred 219 Beningfield, Samuel Francis 136n.20 Len 219 Beningfield family 118 Roy 243 Colonel Reuben W 159 Thomas 259 Bergvliet farm 259 Alfred county 191 Berman, Bruce 5 Allen, Philip 115, 134 Bigby, Captain WS 103, 137n.20 Allwright, WH 183 Bigby family 118 Laurie 219 Frederick Thomas 137n.20 William 219 Binns, Henry 24, 178 Anglo-Boer War (see South African War) Bird, Christopher John 41-43, 122 Anglo-Zulu War 6, 31-32, 85, 89, 139, 150, 159 John 41 battle of Isandhlwana 132, 145, 148, 161 Black, Ann 208n.23&24 battle of Khambula 162 John 123 Arbuthnot family 257 Blackmore, George 186 Armstrong, Trooper 200 Blaker, Herbert 202, 21 In.88 Arnold, Thomas 57 Blaker, George Ernest 211n.88 Arnott, Sir William 149, 154, 160, 167, 187, Blew, Colonel 170 201 Bly, Robert 12 Bale, Sir Henry 28, 103, 114, 126 Boehmer, E 9 Balgowan 20 Boston 25, 123, 147 Ballantyne family 184 Botha, Sir Louis 136n.l9, 199 Bambatha Rebellion 6, 18, 103, 141, 148-150, Bourdieu, Pierre 16-17, 50, 104n.2, 109-111, 158, 160, 163, 165-168, 172, 124,128 197 Bradford, Helen 6, 9 Bams, Ernest 57, 60, 120, 122, 153 Braithwaite, Derrick 260, 263 Barter, Charles 116, 154, 161, 166, 185, EM 263 21 In.72 John William 263 Barton family 219 Nongla Bessie (nee Comane) 263 Basutoland ix, xi Brayhill farm 245 Baynes, Joseph 28-29, 39, 42, 46n.l2, 181, 183, Brookes, Edgar 6 185, 187-189, 209n.35, Broome, F Napier 126 21 ln.93, 212n.l08, 250n.l2 W 122

309 Brown, AWS 58, 120 184, 206, 213-214, 217, 222, Bru-de-Wold, Hilmar 144, 154, 156, 164, 224-225, 231-232, 234, 236, 174n.23 238-240, 251n.22, 257, Bry ant, Sarah Jane 233 269-272, 274n.2 Bucknall, Frederick 169 Clayton, WF 122 Buller, RH 90, 162 Cleland farm 90 Bulwer 183, 198, 219 Cobbing, Julian 7 Bundy, Colin 3 Cockburn, Cynthia 15 Burkimsher, Sergeant Major William 120, Cockburn family 186 137n.28 Colenso, Bishop 7, 88, 274n.3 Bushman’s Nek 157, 160-161 Colenso family 222 Byrne settlers 36, 42, 150, 168, 190, 218, 224, Collier and Forsyth 191 264 colonial identity/colonialism xi, 1-2, 5, 7-8, bywoner 26-27 13-14, 17, 19, 23, 31, 37, Cakijana 106n.39 42-43, 59, 72, 79, 81-82, 94, Callaway 274n,3 98, 157-158, 213, 220, 230, Campbell, Catherine 9, 27 232,271-273 Campbell family 188 Comrie, William 182 Natalie 250n.l0 Comrie family 186, 265 Roy 97, 102 Connell, Robert W 11-13, 16, 18, 60, Dr Sam 93, 95, 102 76-77n.21, 78-79, 233 Camperdown 166 conscription 146-147, 154, 167 capitalism 3-6, 26-, 45n,2, 130, 250n.l8 Cooper, AA 117 Carter, TF 122 corporal punishment, whippings, beatings: 26, Cedara Agricultural College 34, 54 58-60, 61, 62-66, 68, 76n.l6, Celeste farm 195 182-183, 193-194, 198, 257, Cetshwayo 23 268, 271 Chadwick, JCC 122, 169, 259 Corrigan, Philip 215, 269 Knighton 258 Cotswold farm 241-242 RM 122 Coulson, Charmian 39, 199, 264 Chiazzari, Nicholas William 156 Craigievar farm 247 Christie, Laurie 219 Cramond farm 28 Clan Syndicate 28 Creighton (Dronkvlei) 35, 46n.ll, 123, 149, Clark, Robert Douglas 39, 56-57, 60, 102, 219, 227, 230 120-121 Cross, Herbert W 218 Clark, W 161 Cross, JW 64, 170 class identity ix-x, xii, 2-5, 9-17, 24-27, 36-37, Woodrow 261 40-45, 45n.2, 49-51, 55, 59, Crowe 60 74, 75n.4, 80-81-82, 84, 87, Cullinan, Patrick ix-x, 44 91-92, 94-95, 97, 104, Cullman, Sir Thomas ix, xiiin.l, 105n.8, 107-108, 110-111, cultural capital 50-51 117-121, 124-128, 130-131, Curry’s Post 20 133-135, 136n. 18, 139-142, Dalcrue farm 227 145, 151, 154-155, 164, 172, Dalton 242-243

340 Dargle 25, 151, 168, 179, 218-220, 242, Erskine family 85, 115, 151 252n.48 Escombe, Harry 123 Dargle Rifle Association 18 Esperanza farm 201 Dartington farm 226 20, 24, 29, 45n.l, 54, 56, 76n.ll, 85, Dartnell, Sir JG 122 147, 170, 174n.38&44, 179, Davies, Rob 4 182-183, 192, 195-198, 203, Davis family 220 21 On.68, 223, 247-248, 273 Deane, William Arthur 187, 199, 209n.35, Eston 147 21 In.77 Fabianism 158 Delius, Peter 4—5 Falcon, William 57 Delville Wood xi Fannin family 151, 243, 250n.5 de Villiers, Cornelius 5 Charles 243 Diepkloof Reformatory 57 Dennis 122, 242 Dingane 22 Henry 242-243 Dinuzulu 103 Jack 242-243 Ditz, Toby 181, 248 John Eustace 232, 241-242, 252n.48 Donaldson, Mike 12-13 Meredyth 242, 252n.48 Donnybrook 32, 46n.ll, 200, 209n.47 Thomas 184, 241-242 Douglas de Fenzi, CWP 92-93, 118, 124 Valentine 243 Dove-Wilson, JC 122 farmers associations/agricultural societies/ 27, 30, 38, 42-43, 46n.ll, 205 clubs Duminy, AD 6, 44 Donnybrook Farmers Association Dundee 117, 180 185-186, 191, 193-194, 200, Dunn, John 23, 259 205 Durban 9, 22, 25, 31, 39, 43, 48, 85, 89-90, Dronkvlei Agricultural Society 185 92-93, 100-101, 107, 114, Highflats Farmers Association 185, 187 117-120, 123, 133, 136n.l7, Himeville Agricultural Society 185 143, 149, 168, 171, 173n.l, Howick Farmers Association 179, 185-186, 219m 228, 234-235, 267n.25 188, 193, 197, 202, (DHS). See 209n.35&36 schooling/schools Impendhle Agricultural Society 185 Dumford, Col AW 157, 160-161 Impendhle Farmers Association 190, 194, Dwalen farm 256 208n.23&24 Dyson, J 122 Ixopo Farmers Association 192, 208n.23 Eales, Kathy 8 Klip River Agricultural Society 185, East Griqualand 95, 178 209n.35 Eastern Cape 23, 123 Lions River and Division Agricultural Eastwolds 191 Society 186, 190, 208n.30, Edendale 219 21 l-212n.97 Effort farm 38 Mooi River Farmers Association 193-195, Elandskop farm 219, 246 202-204, 209n.36, 237 Ellis, Henry 57, 64, 66, 84, 88, 112 Nottingham Road Farmers Association Ellis Brown, J 123 185, 202, 208n,23, entail 240-244, 246, 248 209n.35&41 Pietermaritzburg Agricultural Society 115, William James 219, 222, 246 120, 179, 184, 198-199, Forsyth-Thompson family 37. See also 208n.26 Thompson Pietermaritzburg Farmers’ Club 187 Aubrey x-xi Polela Agricultural Society 185, 199, Ella xi 208n.22&23, 211n.93 Kathleen x Richmond Agricultural Society 177, 191, Patrick xii 200-201, 21 In.93 Richard xii Royal Agricultural Society 90-91, 122, Foster family 59, 245, 250n.5 209n.35, 212n.l08 JT 201 Umvoti Agricultural Society 37, 185, 193, William 220 199, 201, 203-206, 208n.23, Foucault, M 143 209n.35, 237 Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth 230 Underberg Agricultural Society 185-186, Foxon, EB 174n.38 208n.23 Frank E 165-166, 170-171, 192, 267n.37 Weenen Agricultural Society 185, 209n.35 Frampton, Lawrence 235 Farmers Conference 90, 202-203, 208n.26 Francis, George 183 Farmers Congress 186 Priscilla 250n.l0 farmers cooperatives Frank, Andre Gunder 3 Farmers’ Cooperative Bacon Factory Fraser, Ronald 105n.8 209n.45 Freemasons. See masculinist institutions Federated Farmers Cooperative Company Fryer, Rev Algernon James 260-261 209n.45 • Furth farm 240 Natal Cooperative Creamery 209n.45 Fussell, P 158-159, 163 Natal Farmers’ Cooperative Association Galgut, Damon 9 187 Garstin, Crosby 83 Net’s Rust Bacon Factory 188 gender Overseas Cooperative Selling Agency equity/inequity 8-9, 11, 15, 18-19,19n.l, 209n.45 117, 125, 132, 135, 138n.57, Pietermaritzburg Cooperative Society 187 205-206, 222-223-224, 228, Weenen Cooperative Trading Society 187 230-231, 236-237, 239, Ferneyhough 127, 134 244-246, 248, 249n.l, Farrer family 266n.8 252n.53,253n.54, 270 Finnemore, Robert I 120, 123, 208n.22 identity 2, 10-11, 16-17, 22, 25, 44-45, First World War 39, 45n.l0, 71, 101, 114, 141, 49-51, 55, 74-75, 92, 97, 149-150, 152, 158, 169, 221, 139,141, 164, 172, 223, 227, 234, 247, 253n.56, 257 226-228, 237, 251n.27, Battle of Gibeon (South West African cam­ 271-272 paign) 149 relations 11, 13-16, 18, 19n.l&2, 22, 24, Delville Wood 141 74, 98, 176, 214, 224-225, Gallipolli 101 229-230, 236, 249, 270 Flett, Peter 185 Giddens, Anthony 143, 224—225 Flett family 265 Gilding, Michael 215, 224, 228 Fly, Victor 147 Gladstone, Lord 119

312 Glenavon farm 183 Hawkins, Arthur C 265 Glyn, Charles 127 Hearn, Jeff 13, 17, 206 Gold family 57, 231 Hely-Hutchinson, Sir Walter 43, 92, 156 Georgina 231 Henderson family 240 Henry 236 Alfred 132 Thomas William 231 Jane 36 William 231 Joseph 36 Gooding, Jack xi Hermannsburg 52 Gordon, Mrs B 204 Highbury farm 198 Grafton farm 21 In.93 Highflats 187, 273 Gramsci, Antonio 12 Hill, Mrs CD (nee Speirs) 18 Greatorex, Mr 60 Hillingdon 246 Green/e family 243 Hilton College (HC). See schooling/schools Andrew ‘Zulu’ Green 38, 221, 234 Hime, Colonel Albert H 24, 88, 122, 197 EM Greene 116, 122, 127, 146, 148, Hime family 105n.l5 153-154, 160, 165, 220 Arthur Horace 103, 106n.39, 116 James Green 37, 165 Charles 88 Greenacre, BW 89 HA 113 Greytown 20, 28, 31, 37—38, 42, 46n.22, 52, 56, Himeville 46n.l 1, 222 84, 117, 123, 136n.l5, 150, Holliday brothers 191 167, 185, 201, 204, 228, 233, Holmesdale farm 255 235, 243, 255, 260, 273 Home Rule farm 243 Griffen, EN 104n.3 Honey,John 55, 61, 111 Guest, Bill 6 Honnet, ML 44 Guildford farm 245 Hosking, Mr 166 Guy, Jeff 6-7 Howick 20, 24, 179, 182, 197, 219, 257 Hackland family 186 Huber, CA 186 Hales, AG 99 Hugh Jones, Canon EB 58 Hall, Catherine 9 Hurst, GT 123, 156-157 Hamilton, Carolyn 7-8 Hutchinson, Arthur 235 Harcourt, Joseph 28 Hyslop, Thomas 144, 197, 209n.35 Harding 149 Hyslop family 188 Harding, Walter 126 Impendhle 38, 148, 219 Harris, Verne 26 Inglenook farm 235, 243 Harris family 200 Ireland, Benjamin 223 Hathom, P 36 Ireland, Madge 223-224 Hathom family 122, 137n.29, 220, 250n.5 Ixopo x, 20, 32, 56, 59, 120, 131, 133, 149, 162, AARoy 137n.20 165-166, 168, 170, I73n.l7, Fergus 116, 137n.29 187, 201, 21 In.93, 220, Jim 122 235-236, 243-244, 258, KH 137n.29 267n.37 Hattersley, Alan 6, 42, 132-133, 146, 153-154, Jackson, CG 122 165 James, Cyril 136-137n.20 Havelock, Sir Arthur 89 Jonsson, Aubrey 226

313 Jonsson, Elizabeth 250n.l0 Lloyd, Charles B 38, 178, 195-196 Kaplan, David 4 Lloyd, Jane 259 Karkloof 123, 147, 151 Lloyd/Chadwick, Alice Maud Mary Perdita 259 Kaufman, Michael 66 Loch Sloy farm 273 Keegan, Tim 4-5 Lonsdale, John 5 Kennedy, Dane 5 Loram, CT 57, 122 Kenya 5, 243, 274n.l Loudon, JB 26, 170, 207n.l6 Kilgobbin farm 242, 252n.48 Lovell-Green family 37 Kimber family 38, 122, 179 Lund, George 38, 184 Guy 240 Macfarlane, Agnes 220 Sir Henry 218, 240 GJ 116, 122 MJardine 240 John 124 PD 104n.3, 240 Walter 124 Kirnmel, Michael 79 Mackenzie family 28, 122, 188, 263 King, RJH 44 Eric 262 King family 151, 225 Isabella Cramond 253n.65 James 169, 190 Lome 262 John 180 Otto Scott 262 Kipling, Rudyard 14 Johnstone, Bonfire (illegitimate son Kitchener, Lord 136n.l9 of Otto) 262-263 Klip River 90 Ulric Knut 247 Knott, Lieutenant 144 Mackenzie Green, Edward 28 Kokstad 117 Majuba, battle of 23, 89, 145 Labistour, Attorney General 124 Manicom, Linzi 9 Ladysmith 100, 117, 180 Mann, M 26-27, 143, 152, 155, 182 Lambert, John 6 Mapstone family 186 Land Board 35 Maritzdaal farm 168, 218 Lang, H 195 Maritzburg Association for Aid to Sick and Langalibalele uprising 7, 85, 90, 150 Wounded 93 Langley, Aubrey S 95, 101-103, 106n.36, 122 Maritzburg College (MC). See Laurens family 219 schooling/schools Lee, J 13 Marks, Shula 6-7, 105n.l2, 174n.46, 227 Leslie, William 196 Marwick family 186 Lessing, Doris 262 Arthur 265 Leuchars, Sir George 28, 122, 136n.l5, 142, James 227, 247 150, 166-167, 195, 199, John 185, 219, 240 208n.35 JWT219, 227, 260 Lewis, Colonel 170 Robert 246 Lidgetton 20, 151, 247 RA 262-263 Lindsay, Colonel 170 masculinist institutions 78 Lindsay family 25, 151 freemasons 57, 93, 103, 108, 116-135, Line, Leonard 214 136-137n. 17-20, Lion’s Bush farm 168 137n.28&37, 142, 208n.22 Lions River 165, 169, 181, 194 Carnarvon Lodge 117 Coronation Lodge 118 Durban Club 126, 212n.l08 Prince Alfred Lodge 117, 120, 127, Maritzburg College Old Boys’ 134 Association 113-114, 126 Rothesay Lodge 123 Michaelhouse Old Boys’ Club Scottish Caledonia Lodge 119 114, 120 Scottish Grand Lodge 120 Old Hiltonian Society 93, Skelmersdale Lodge 123 103,111-113 St Andrew Lodge 117-118 Victoria Club 29, 108, Thistle Lodge 118 114-118, 120, 122-127, Umvoti Lodge 120 129-135, 137n.29&37, 150, military regiments 55, 109, 134, 139-172, 187, 21 In.72, 212n.l08, 261 164, 172, 176, 272-273 masculinity, types of Border Mounted Rifles (BMR) 149, frontier 14, 22, 125 153, 156, 167 gay 12 Durban Bellair Troop 157 hegemonic 11-14, 17, 19, 19n.l, 44, Durban Rifle Guard 120 49-50, 55, 69-70, 97, 104, Ixopo Mounted Rifles (IMR) 138n.57, 140, 143, 151, 160, 149, 154, 167, 173n.l7 164, 268-269, 271 Natal Carbineers (NC) xi, 38, historically constructed x, xii, 9, 12-15, 59 116, 120, 127, 136n.l5, hypermasculinity 73 137n.28, 140, 143, settler 5-8, 13-15, 17-18, 23-25, 36, 42, 146-148-151, 153-154, 46n.24, 84, 86-87,91, 129, 156-157, 160-163, 165, 139-141, 145, 152, 157, 176, 167-168, 171, 174n.44, 218, 257, 262, 266n.l3, 209n.46 270-272 Natal Field Artillery (NFA) socially constructed 9-11, 44, 49, 52 136n.20 working class 82, 213 Natal Militia 144, 148, 167, masculinity and 169 family 213, 215-218, 222, 229, 232, 236, Natal Mounted Rifles (NMR) 240-241, 243, 257 123, 140, 143, 149, 157, 163, friendship xii, 10, 68—70, 73-74, 76n.l9, 167 77n.23, 127, 131-135, 163, Natal Volunteer Force 144, 216 148, 153, 161, 167, 172, homosexuality 71-74, 76n.20, 76-77n.21, I74n.44 259, 266n.l2&13 Umvoti Mounted Rifles militarism 139-143, 145-147, 150-164, (UMR) 116, 120, 123, 172, 173n.l6 137n.27, 140, 150, 157, 159, school identity/’muscular Christianity’ 52, 167, 243, 263-264 59-70, 74, 75n.4, 76n.l7, Weenen Yeomanry 195—196 79-80, 98, 107, 129, 132, 140, Zululand Mounted Rifles 157 142, 149, 151-153, 156, 158, old boy networks/clubs 55, 59, 167, 173n.8, 270, 272 76n.9, 81, 107-109, 111, sexuality 70-74, 76-77n.21, 132, 215-216, 122-135, 142, 176, 273-274 218, 250n.4, 259-262,

315 266n.l3, 271 Menne, Major T 120 sport 14, 78-99, 101, 104, 104n.l, 140, Mesham, Lloyd Evans 120 142, 156, 272 Methuen, Lord 151 violence 9, 12, 60-67, 69-70, 76n.l6, 79, Mfecane 7 96, 143, 154, 162-163, 173n.3 Michaelhouse (MH). schooling/schools masculinity in crisis 12-13, 66, 77n.22 Military regiments. See masculinist institutions Mason, AW 122 Mingay family 198, 220 McArthur, Alexander 168 Arthur 243 Katherine Agnes 168 Ernest 219, 241 McAuslin, J 122 Herbert E 219, 222, 243 McCord, Dr James 93, 153 Nancy (nee Mate) 235-236 McGibbon, AJ 122 Wilfred 235, 243 McIntosh family 219 miscegenation 259-263, 265, 266n.l6&19, Ellen 252n.33 267n.25,31&37, 271-272 McKay, Colonel 170 Mitchell, Sir Charles 91 McKenzie, Sir Duncan 37, 39-40, 76n.l3, Moe, George 159 104n.3, 122, 140, 142, 148, Molyneaux, G 171 150, 153-154, 156, 165-172, WH 144 174n.44, 174-175n.46&52, Mome Gorge 168 181-182, 184, 199, 218, 220, Mooi River x, 20, 38, 53-54, 81, 91, 118, 178, 222, 226, 234, 241-242, 257 190, 200, 202, 205, 223, 226, McKenzie family 37, 59, 186, 218, 220, 234 263-264 Moon, B 79-80 Dr Archibald 93, 158 Moor, Sir Robert Frederick 8, 24, 29, 106n.41, AG 153 122, 161, 209n.35&45 Billy 257 Moor family 54, 76n.l 1, 218, 221, 250n.5 Donald 158, 234 Charlotte (nee Moodie) 161, 247 Duncan Senior 168 Charlotte Stella 247 John 221 CF 114 JW 28, 185, 190 Frederick Robert 247, 253n.64 Margaret (nee Thompson) 234 George 85 Margaret Campbell John William 29, 54, 122, 192 Patrick 40, 169, 220, 234 Marjorie Esme Peter 174n.44, 198, 207n.5, 222 Morgan, David 163, 215 McKenzie family 264—265 Morphew family 179, 219 Jacoba 264-265 Jeffery 219, 240 James (John) 264-265 Morrell, Ernest B 38 Thomas 265 Frank 38 McLeod, Ellen 224 Morrell, Robert 5-6, 9, 181 McMichael, P 14 Morris, Mike 4 Mehlomakulu 183 Mossbank farm 244 Meintjies, Sheila 6 Muden 180 Melbrake Fell farm 240 Mudie, CJ Mellor, Henry J 120, 124 Murray, Colin 5 Murray, Sir Thomas K x, 88-91, 116, 122. 186, Oberle, Mr 122, 221 197, 208n.26, 209n.35, 258 O’Brien, WJ 124 Murray family 250n.5, 266n.8 Ogilvie, Nancy 223 AK 90, 201 old boy networks/clubs. See masculinist institu­ Herbert x, 258, 266 tions Murray’s Horse/Scouts 90 O’Meara, Dan 4 Natal Agricultural Union 90, 195, 197, Orange Free State/ Colony 5, 25, 208n.26, 211n.81, 28, 34, 149, 168, 207n.5, 212n.l08&109 252n.43 Natal Carbineers. See masculinist institutions Orr, T 122 Natal Council of Education 57 Otto, family 150, 191, 245 Natal Land and Colonization Company Francina 245 (NLCC) 25, 218, 246 PAR 115, 21 In.72 Natal Mounted Rifles (NMR). See masculinist Phyllis 250n.l0 institutions Otto’s Kop 262 Natal Native Horse 88 Oxland, Mr 122 Natal Scottish Benevolent Fund 118 pacifism 158 Natal Society 41-42 Palframan, William 235, 253n.55 Natal Teachers College 228 Palframan, family 253n.55 Nathan, Sir Matthew 152, 165 George 253n.55 National Party 42 Kura (nee Taylor) 235 Ndebele-Shona rising 92, 168, 174n.44 Phyllis (nee Mingay) 235-236 Net’s Rust farm 183 Pape, S 57-58, 60 New Windsor farm 264 paternalism 65, 87, 159, 197, 210n.66 Newcastle 118, 123, 134 Paterson, George 244 Newnham, Rev William Orde 48, 52, 57, 62 Paterson, Joseph 243 Nicholson, family 76n.l 1, 186, 218, 221, 231 Paton, Alan 57-58, 270-271 Alice 246 patriarchy 12, 17-19, 19n.l, 71, 82, 136n.l, Charles 182 213, 222, 225, 229, 240-241, Florence (nee Harrow) 219, 225 244, 262, 270 Harriet (nee Harrow) 219, 225 patriotism 1 Henry 28, 185, 190, 211n.93 Payn, Bill 96 Isabella 28 Payn family 186, 265 John Craven 182, 246-247 Philip Francis 208n.25 John Duggleby 219 Pearse, RO 42, 44, 55 Ravenor 246 Peniston, Edwin 182 Skonk 246 Pennefather family 37 William 209n.37, 219, 260-261 Agnes (nee Foster) 235, 245 Noble, Rev 38 Barbara 183 Nottingham Road 24—25, 28, 37, 40, 45n.9, 59, Pennington, Ruth 64, 67, 223, 228, 234—235 91, 123, 150-151, 165, 168, Pepworth family 151 180, 190, 207n.ll, 218, Phillips, Jock 14, 22, 94, 163 220-222, 225 Phillips, Lushington 115, 120, 124, 134, Nye, Robert A 16, 111, 129, 155, 161 21 In.72

347 Phipson, NG 169 28, 30-35, 45n.l&9, 48, 51, Pietermaritzburg x-xi, 6, 19n.3, 20, 24, 30-31, 59, 72, 82, 86-88, 91, 93-94, 34, 36-38, 42, 48, 52, 54, 58, 98-99, 101, 103, 105n.l2, 75, 76n.9, 78, 84-85, 88-90, 115, 125, 130, 139-140, 92, 95, 98, 100, 103-104, 142-143, 145-146, 151, 156, 105n.7, 106n.39, 107-109, 158- 160, 166-170, 172, 113-118, 122-124, 127, 130, 174n.38, 174-175n.46, 132, 136n.l5, 137n.29, 147, 180-182, 184, 192-193, 149-150, 154, 157, 165-166, 195-197, 204-205, 207n.l6, 171, 184, 191, 195-196, 198, 208n.l8, 21 In.73, 212n.98, 208n.25, 214, 220, 223, 214, 218, 224-225, 227, 226-228, 233, 240, 243-245, 247-248, 250n.4, 251n.24, 251 n.22, 273 257, 273, 274n.4 Pine, Lieutenant Governor 184 Bushmen 45n.9 Plant, Henry 233 Indian 45n.8, 51, 59, 91, 105n.l2, 125, Platt, HT 156 160, 168-170, 179, 181, 192, Polela district 46n.ll, 149, 205, 207n.5, 219, 195, 204-205, 212n.98, 220, 243-244 239, 251n.27 Polkinghorne, JA 170 white 1, 3-8, 12, 18, 19n.3, 20, 22, 24, 26, JT 93 30, 34-35, 40-42, 45n.l,8&9, Pondoland 3, 209n.47 46n.l 1&16, 48, 50-51, 59, Port Shepstone 149 74-75, 78, 82, 86-89, 91, post-modernism 11 94-95, 98-99, 103-104, 109, Poulantzas, Nicos 4 118-119, 135, 139-140, precolonial history 7, 266 142-143, 146-147, 151-154, prefects 54, 60, 61, 62-66, 76n.l6 159- 160, 162, 167-168, 172, Prichard, CC 58 I73n.l, 176-178, 180-182, primogeniture 240-245 188, 192-194, 199-200, 206, race/racial inequality/prejudice 3, 10, 14, 18, 208n.l8, 212n.98, 214, 218, 22-23, 25-26, 35, 45n.2, 227, 230, 232, 240, 248-249, 48-49, 55, 59, 72, 74, 82-88, 251n.22,24,27&28, 252n.43, 91-95, 97-99, 103, 253n.67, 258, 265, 269, 105n.l2&18, 107-109, 115, 273-274, 274n.l&4 120, 125, 136n.l8, 139-140, Ralfe, family 259 142-143, 145-146, 151-152, James 247 157, 159-160, 162, 166-167, Randles, L 100 169-170, 172, 174n.38, 176, Raw & Co 191, 209n.41 182, 204-205, 207n.5&16, Raw, Joseph 222 208n.l8, 21 In.73, 214, 218, Raw family 59, 150, 191 222, 227, 230-232, 238-239, Rawtinson family 250n.5 248, 251 n.24, 257, 269-272, Rethman,John Frederick 122, 156, I73n.20 274n.4 See also miscegena­ Retief, Piet 22 tion revisionism 3, 6-7 black (African) 3-8, 15, 18, 19n.3, 22-26, Rhodes, Cecil John 124

3 /8 Rhodesia 5, 25, 28, 48, 83, 165, 171, I74n.44, 166-167, 170, 198, 211n.88, 207n.5, 243, 255, 262, 274n.l 242 Rich, P 117, 124, 128-129, 132 54, 63, 270 Richards, George Robert 38, 192, 203, Maris Stella 234 209n.46, 226, 237 Maritzburg College (MC) 39, 48, Hugh 250n.l0 51-52-53, 56-60, 62-64, Richmond 26, 28, 39, 42, 75, 76n.ll, 117, 133, 66-68, 73, 76n.l0&15, 83-85, 147, 166, 182, 190, 199-200, 87, 90, 94-96, 100-103, 207n,10, 208n.25, 219, 225, 113-114, 120, 122-123, 126, 231, 240, 246, 260, 262, 136n.20, 151-153, 166, 264-265 I74n.38, 221, 231, 270 Rider Haggard, H 14 Merchiston Boys Preparatory School 54, Roberts, Field Marshall Lord 136n.l9 223 Robinson, Sir Hercules 136n.l9 Michaelhouse (Bishops College) (MH) Robinson, John 63 40, 48, 52-54, 57-58, 64, Rosetta 182, 184, 195 66-67, 69-70, 76n.9&13, Ross, George 256 83-84, 87, 95-96, 98, 105n.7, Royal Field Artillery xi, 106n.41, 114, 116, 120, 123, Royal Show 198-202, 211n.72, 212n.l06, 220, 130, 152, 167, 170, 198, 218, 226 261 Royden Turner, Edward 37 St Anne’s 75, 227, 242 Royston, family 151 St John’s 227 W 144, 148 St Mary’s 75, 227 Russell, Bertrand 158 Weenen County College 37, 52-54, 57-58, Samuel, Raphael 4 136n.20 Samuelson, RCA 87, 166 Weston Agricultural High School 54 Schofield, James 122, 185 Weston School 47n.25, 90 schooling/schools 10, 15, 17, 23, 42, 48-85, Seaforth farm 207n.5 87-88, 100, 104, 111, 117, Segal, Lynne 163 122-123, 128, 134, 155, 176, Sellers, John 6 227-230, 273 Seven Oaks 260, 263-264 Collegiate 38, 75, 227 Shaw, family 39, 122 Cordwalles 54 WC 169 Durban High School (DHS) 52-53, 57, 83, Shepstone, family 150, 186 96, 100-101, 114 Henrique 116 Epworth 227 JW 160 54, 122 Theophilus 25, 115-116 Greytown High School 54 WS 122 Hermannsburg School 84 Siedle, family 101 Hilton College xii, 10, 40, 48, 52-53, Simmons, family 184 57-60, 62-64, 66-67, 69, Dorothy 234 76n.l3&l7, 80, 83-85, 87-88, Maude 226, 245 90, 93, 95, 111-114, 122-123, PD 193, 200, 226, 237, 245, 253n.57 137n.28, 149-153, 156, 158, Sinclair, family 188, 218, 220

319 Donald 134, 218, 220 JG (Jim) 190 Margaret 218 Robert 182 Slatter, family 37-38, 250n.5 Spiller, Peter 120 David Clarke 255 sport 10, 15, 17, 23, 54-55, 68, 78-81, 88, 90, Walter John 37, 122, 232, 255 92, 94-95, 99, 105n.l8, 114, Smith, family 227, 230 134, 136-137n.20, 176, 198 John 219 athletics 90, 137n.20 Raymond 230 bisley shooting 90 WK 219 bowls 137n.28 Smith, Ian 5 cricket 64, 76n.l6, 82, 88, 90, 133-134, Smith, Wilbur 42 137n.20 Smuts, Jan 156 croquet 82 Smythe, Charles John 24, 36, 94, 122, 183, 190, golf 88, 133 199, 209n.35, 219-222, 225, hunting 81 227, 241, 252n.47 polo 81-82, 104n.3, 123, 134, 168 Smythe, family 220-221 racing 90, 199 Charles John 256 rowing 137n.20 David 222, 227 rugby xi-xii, 11, 23, 40, 57, 65, 76n.l6, Edric 256-257 78-104, 106n.39&41, 118, Euphemia Janet 221 134, 198 Kathrine (nee Ross) running xi Margaret (nee King) 221, 234 soccer (football) xi, 76n.l6, 78, 82, 88, Mungo 256-257 90-91, 94, 100-101, 104 Oswald 190 squash 133 Pat 220, 257 tennis 82, 88, 137n.20, 233, 236-237 Phyllipa 227 yachting 137n.20 Phyllis 36 sports clubs/associations 272-274 Solomon, Otto 221 Dargle Club 104n.3 Owen 219, 231 Dragoons Club 89 South African Defence Force 162 Maritzburg Athletic Club 90 South African Party 42, 209n.46 Maritzburg Boating Club 137n.28 South African War 22-23, 27, 31, 38-39, Maritzburg Cricket Club 90 46n.l 7, 90, 97, 103, 113, 117, Maritzburg Sports Association 88 126, 141, 148-150, 158, 168, Natal Rugby Union (NRLJ 88-93, 97, 177, 194, 196, 209n.46, 231, 100-101, 103-104, 137n.20 272 Natal Football Association 90 Siege of Ladysmith 131, 168 National Bowling Committee South Downs farms 21 In.88 National Football League club xi South West Africa 148-149, 162, 169 Savages Club 89-91 Southey, Richard 136n.l9 South African Football Association 91, 93 Speirs, family 151, 250n.9 Wanderers Club 89 Alex 169 St George, Theophilus 228 AS 169 St George, family 228 Charles 169 Nancy 228

320 Stalker, Rev John 102-103, 123, 157 Thukela River 32, 169 Steedman, Hilary 49, 74 Todd, James 53, 114 Stiebel, V 69-70, 72-74, 96, 101 Tolson, Andrew 63, 66, 75n.4 Stoler, Ann 232, 262 Tosh, John 9, 13 Stone, Lawrence 18 Transkei 100, 149 Stoney Hall farm 234 Transvaal xiii, 25, 28, 33, 35, 48, 55, 90, 103, Strachey, Lytton 158 119, 177, 191, 193, 222, Stratheam farm 221 258-259, 267n.25 Strickland, Evelyn 37, 46n.22 Trapido, Stanley 3-4 Stuart, James 6-8, 41 Turnbull, Rev W 171 Sutcliffe, S 58 Turner, Edward 37 Sutton, Sir George 24, 31, 122, 179, 197, Tweedie 20 209n.35 Uganda xi Sutton, family 188 Umkhomazi River 32 George M 116, 169 Umvoti 19n.3, 187, 206, 21 In.77 Swan, Nicholas xii Umvoti Mounted Rifles (UMR). See masculinist Swaziland 90 institutions symbolic capital 110-111, 128-129 Underberg 20, 32, 46n.ll, 55, 90, 191, 231, Tanner, WE 122 235, 253n.55 Tatham, family 220 University of Natal 6, 9, 42, 49 Charles 136n.l5 Upper Umkomanzi 19n.3, 194 CE 114 Vanderplank, family 150 Edmund 118, 258 Ethel 235 Frederick Spence 116, 122, 136n.l5, 258 John 31, 235 George 164 van Dulmen, R 117, 132 Gillian 258 van Rooyen, EJ 203 Ralph 105n.22, 258 Victoria Club. See masculinist institutions Robert Bristow 118, 258 Vietzen, Sylvia 75 Trevor 184 Walby, Sylvia 18 Taunton, CE 116 Wales, ATG 144 Taylor, PH 122 Walker, Cherryl 8, 99 Taylor, family 219 Ware, Vron 160 Joy (nee Simmons) 245 Watermead farm 235 Thedden farm 209n.37 Watkins-Pitchford, Dr H 28, 144, 179 Therbom, Goran 16 Watt, Sir Thomas 122, 209n.35 Thompson, EP 4 Watt, John 123 Thompson, Ernest x, 37, 53, 58 Watts, Thomas 123 Hugh M 120, 127 Wedgewood.J 244 Katharine 53 Weenen 8, 19n.3, 22, 45n.l, 54, 100, 117, 187, Thornville farm 28, 46n.l2 196, 209n.46, 255, 273 Thrash, family 38 Weenen County College. See schooling/ Thresh, family 38 schools Mrs George 214 Wells, Julie 8 Mary 214 Wembezi 273

321 Weston Agricultural College 39 163, 176, 183, 188, 205-206, Westview farm 38 213, 215-216, 219, 222-237, Wheelwright, family 150 239,244-246, 248-249, Wilde, Oscar 72 250n.3, 4,15,17& 18, Wilkinson, family 219-220 251n.l9,27&28, 252n.43&53, Walter 219 253n.54&67, 259, 272 Windham, Ashe 116, 150, 154 Wood, AM 25, 170 Winter, HD 106n.41, 179, 182-183, 196, Woodgate, Arthur 195 209n.36, 273 Woods, family 122 Winter, family 250n.5 JPS 174n.44 AH 106n.41 Sarah Ann 98 HT 122 Wylie, JS 122 Woollatt, SB 228, 240 Yonge, CAS 169 Woollatt, family 122, 240 York and Lancaster Regiment 91 Barbara 230 Zeederberg, PH 115 Florence 236 Zulu 6-7, 22-23, 41, 82-83, 86-87, 104, 143, Jack 240 157-160, 183, 220, 226, 233, women xiiin.3, 8-9, 11-13, 18-19, 22, 24, 43, 261, 167n.37 45n.7&8, 46n.l8, 49, 67, Zululand 32, 45n.l0, 76n.9, 100, 139-140, 159, 70-73, 75, 98-99, 106n.28, 169, 191, 272 115, 125, 132, 135, 141, 160,

322 A century ago there was a small white settler population in the colony of Natal. This book looks at that section concentrated around the capital, Pietermaritzburg. Most of the population lived on the farms of the picturesque Midlands. Here they developed into a tight-knit community. At its centre was the idealised unit called the'O ld Natal Family'. At its helm was the white man.

This book is the first on South African history to focus on the concept of masculinity. It catalogues and explores the significance of the political and public dominance of white men. It argues that a particular type of masculinity, settler masculinity, was constructed and became dominant as a prescription for proper male behaviour. It excluded and silenced rival interpretations of'being a man' and promoted the development of a closed and racially exclusive colonial society.

Settlers aspired to be gentlemen. But from 1880 to 1920 they were also the' soldiers who conducted the massacre of Mome Gorge and the men who denied women access to public positions and power.

This book examines how the forces of race and class were expressed in gendered ways. How white men established their dominance and constructed their masculinity is its central concern. From childhood, the sons of settlers were brought up to be a particular type of man. Many institutions shaped them: school, cadets, sport. In adulthood, a related set of all-male institutions provided the social setting: the army, old boys organisations, sports clubs, farmer associations, leisure clubs. These institutions produced settler masculinity: rugged, competitive, sexist and tough, while at the same time, dutiful, hard-working and team-oriented.

Robert Morrell is a professor in the school of education, University of Natal.