Sea Level Curve Earth System Basin Evolution Petroleum System

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sea Level Curve Earth System Basin Evolution Petroleum System Appendix 8. Basin evolution Province: West Greenland–East Canada Geographic Location: Baffin Bay Basin Compiler: Schenk chart for the Baffin Bay Basin (52080104) Assessment Unit Assessment Unit: Baffin Bay Basin (52080104) Date: 5/9/08 Earth System Basin Evolution Petroleum System Average m.y. RSL Source Global Sea Level 2 Rocks Temperature Curve Geologic Time Scale m 2 % of world’s total / petroleum reserves Modified from Frakes Modified from Golonka and Kiessling, From Gradstein and others (2004) generated by source et al. (1992) and (2002) and Hardenbol and others Barrett (2003) (1998). km mW Modified from Ulmishek and Klemme (1990) Also showing: Oceanic Anoxic Events o o Age Eon Era Period Epoch Ma Elevation/depth - m Tectonic setting Basin formation or uplift Subsidence rate - m/ Paleolatitude Paleoclimate Heat flow - Folding, faulting and igneous activity Source rock Reservoir rock Seals Traps Maturation and migration Petroleum loss 15 20 C 200 100 0m Basin area - Rate of clastic input Sedimentation and erosion M Pleistocene E Gelasian Piacenzian 70 NP 45 Pliocene Zanclean Messinian 70 NP H 45 Tortonian Serravallian 70 NP 45 Miocene Langhian Neogene Burdigalian 2 70 NP 45 12.5 20 Aquitanian 68 CT H 45 Chattian Oligocene 68 CT 45 Rupelian 252,000 Km 68 CT 45 Passive Margin Priabonian Small Ocean Basin Cenozoic 68 CT H 45 Bartonian 40 66 WT 45 Eocene Lutetian 66 WT H 45 Sea Floor Spreading? Paleogene Ypresian Thanetian Selandian 60 2.8 Paleocene Danian Maastrichtian Campanian 80 Late Santonian Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian 100 Albian 29.0 Cretaceous Aptian 120 Early Barremian Hauterivian 2.6 Valanginian 140 Berriasian Tithonian Mesozoic 25.0 Late Kimmeridgian Oxfordian 160 Callovian Bathonian Middle Bajocian Aalenian Jurassic Toarcian 180 Pliensbachian Early Sinemurian Hettangian 200 Rhaetian Norian Late 1.2 220 Carnian Triassic Ladinian Middle 240 Anisian Early Olenekian Induan Changhsingian Lopingian Wuchiapingian Phanerozoic 260 Capitanian Guadalupian Wordian Roadian Kungurian Permian Artinskian 280 Cisuralian Sakmarian 8.0 Asselian 300 Gzhelian Late Kasimovian Middle Moscovian Early Bashkirian Pennsylvanian 320 Late Serpukhovian 0.4 Carboniferous Middle Visean 340 Mississippian Early Tournaisian 360 8.0 Famennian Late Frasnian 380 Givetian Devonian Middle Eifelian 0.3 400 Paleozoic Emsian Early Pragian Lochkovian Pridoli Ludfordian 420 Ludlow Gorstian Wenlock Homerian Sheinwoodian 9.0 Telychian Silurian Llandovery Aeronian 440 Rhuddanian Hirnantian Upper 460 Darriwilian Middle Ordovician Lower 480 Tremadocian 1.0 Furongian Paibian 500 Middle Cambrian 520 Lower 540 560 0.2 Ediacaran Proterozoic 580 Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth.
Recommended publications
  • And Ordovician (Sardic) Felsic Magmatic Events in South-Western Europe: Underplating of Hot Mafic Magmas Linked to the Opening of the Rheic Ocean
    Solid Earth, 11, 2377–2409, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2377-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Comparative geochemical study on Furongian–earliest Ordovician (Toledanian) and Ordovician (Sardic) felsic magmatic events in south-western Europe: underplating of hot mafic magmas linked to the opening of the Rheic Ocean J. Javier Álvaro1, Teresa Sánchez-García2, Claudia Puddu3, Josep Maria Casas4, Alejandro Díez-Montes5, Montserrat Liesa6, and Giacomo Oggiano7 1Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM), Dr. Severo Ochoa 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain 2Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain 3Dpt. Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain 4Dpt. de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 5Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Plaza de la Constitución 1, 37001 Salamanca, Spain 6Dpt. de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 7Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, 07100 Sassari, Italy Correspondence: J. Javier Álvaro ([email protected]) Received: 1 April 2020 – Discussion started: 20 April 2020 Revised: 14 October 2020 – Accepted: 19 October 2020 – Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract. A geochemical comparison of early Palaeo- neither metamorphism nor penetrative deformation; on the zoic felsic magmatic episodes throughout the south- contrary, their unconformities are associated with foliation- western European margin of Gondwana is made and in- free open folds subsequently affected by the Variscan defor- cludes (i) Furongian–Early Ordovician (Toledanian) activ- mation.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Tiaracrinus from the Latest Emsian of Morocco and Its Phylogeny
    A new species of Tiaracrinus from the latest Emsian of Morocco and its phylogeny CHRISTIAN KLUG, KENNETH DE BAETS, CAROLE JUNE NAGLIK, and JOHNNY WATERS Klug, C., De Baets, K., Naglik, C.J., and Waters, J. 2014. A new species of Tiaracrinus from the latest Emsian of Morocco and its phylogeny. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (1): 135–145. We describe a new species of the unusual crinoid Tiaracrinus, T. jeanlemenni sp. nov. from the latest Emsian of the fa- mous mudmound locality Hamar Laghdad, Morocco. It differs from the previously known species in the higher number of ribs and the vaulted rib-fields, which is corroborated by the comparison of simple quantitative characters and ratios as well as by the results of a cluster analysis and a Principal Component Analysis. Based on the new material and the published specimens, we discuss the phylogeny of the genus and suggest that T. oehlerti and T. moravicus represent the ancestral forms of this small clade. Key words: Crinoidea, mudmounds, phylogeny, morphometry, symmetry, Devonian, Morocco. Christian Klug [[email protected]] and Carole J. Naglik [[email protected]], Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Kenneth De Baets [[email protected]], GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Fachgruppe PaläoUmwelt, Universität Erlan- gen, Loewenichstr. 28, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; Johnny Waters [[email protected]], Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32067, Boone, NC 28608-2067, USA. Received 30 November 2011, accepted 4 June 2012, available online 6 June 2012. Copyright © 2014 C. Klug et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Cambrian SPICE Carbon Isotope Excursion
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NERC Open Research Archive The Furongian (late Cambrian) Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) in Avalonia Mark A. Woods1*, Philip R. Wilby1, Melanie J. Leng2, Adrian W. A. Rushton1,3 & Mark Williams1,4 1: British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK 2: NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK 3: Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 5DB, UK 4: Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK *Corresponding author Mark Woods (email: [email protected]) The Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) of earliest late Cambrian (Furongian) age is identified in England. The excursion is found within a ca 145 m thick siliciclastic succession within the middle and higher part of the Outwoods Shale Formation of Warwickshire, and reaches a 13 maximum δ Corg amplitude of 4.1‰ at values of –25.6‰. Biostratigraphical data show that the excursion occupies the greater part of the Olenus trilobite biozone, an equivalent of the Glyptagnostus reticulatus biozone that marks the base of the Furongian and coeval base of the Steptoean in North America. The amplitude of the excursion approaches that recorded in limestone- dominated Laurentian successions, and is greater than that recently documented for organic-rich mudstones of palaeocontinental Baltica in southern Sweden. A minor positive excursion above the SPICE may equate with a similar excursion recognised in Siberia. The SPICE in the Outwoods Shale Formation seems closely linked to the widely recognised early Furongian eustatic sea level rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments on the GSSP for the Basal Emsian Stage Boundary: the Need for Its Redefinition
    Comments on the GSSP for the basal Emsian stage boundary: the need for its redefinition PETER CARLS, LADISLAV SLAVÍK & JOSÉ I. VALENZUELA-RÍOS The redefinition of the lower boundary of a traditional stage by means of a GSSP must be adapted as closely as practica- ble to the traditional boundary level because divergence between the original sense of the stage concept and name and the new GSSP creates confusing nomenclature. The present GSSP for the lower boundary of the Emsian Stage in the Zinzilban section (Kitab Reserve, SE Uzbekistan) is too low in the section to fulfill this requirement. Accordingly, a re- definition of the boundary of the lower Emsian by the International Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy (SDS) and the IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy is necessary. A new GSSP must be defined at a higher level and this could be done in strata of the present stratotype area. The stratigraphic correlation of the traditional Lower Emsian boundary and the GSSP is based on Mauro-Ibero-Armorican and Rheno-Ardennan benthic and pelagic faunas. • Key words: Pragian-Emsian GSSP, Inter-regional correlation, biostratigraphy, GSSP redefinition. CARLS, P., SLAVÍK,L.&VALENZUELA-RÍOS, J.I. 2008. Comments on the GSSP for the basal Emsian stage boundary: the need for its redefinition. Bulletin of Geosciences 83(4), 383–390 (1 figure). Czech Geological Survey, Prague. ISSN 1214-1119. Manuscript received July 3, 2008; accepted in revised form October 8, 2008; issued December 31, 2008. Peter Carls, Institut für Umweltgeologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Pockelsstrasse 3, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany • Ladislav Slavík (corresponding author), Institute of Geology AS CR, v.v.i., Rozvojová 269, CZ-16502 Praha, Czech Republic; [email protected] • José Ignacio Valenzuela-Ríos, Department of Geology, Univer- sity of València, C/.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Frasnian-Famennian Mass Extinction: Comparing Brachiopod Faunas
    Evaluating the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction: Comparing brachiopod faunas PAUL COPPER Copper, P. 1998. Evaluating the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction: Comparing bra- chiopod faunas.- Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 43,2,137-154. The Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) mass extinctions saw the global loss of all genera belonging to the tropically confined order Atrypida (and Pentamerida): though Famen- nian forms have been reported in the literafure, none can be confirmed. Losses were more severe during the Givetian (including the extinction of the suborder Davidsoniidina, and the reduction of the suborder Lissatrypidina to a single genus),but ońgination rates in the remaining suborder surviving into the Frasnian kept the group alive, though much reduced in biodiversity from the late Earb and Middle Devonian. In the terminal phases of the late Palmatolepis rhenana and P linguifurmis zones at the end of the Frasnian, during which the last few Atrypidae dechned, no new genera originated, and thus the Atrypida were extĘated. There is no evidence for an abrupt termination of all lineages at the F-F boundary, nor that the Atrypida were abundant at this time, since all groups were in decline and impoverished. Atypida were well established in dysaerobic, muddy substrate, reef lagoonal and off-reef deeper water settings in the late Givetian and Frasnian, alongside a range of brachiopod orders which sailed through the F-F boundary: tropical shelf anoxia or hypońa seems implausible as a cause for aĘpid extinction. Glacial-interglacial climate cycles recorded in South Ameńca for the Late Devonian, and their synchronous global cooling effect in low latitudes, as well as loss of the reef habitat and shelf area reduction, remain as the most likely combined scenarios for the mass extinction events.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon and Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an Icehouse to Greenhouse Transition
    Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an icehouse to greenhouse transition Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kate E. Tierney, M.S. Graduate Program in the School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Matthew R. Saltzman, Advisor William I. Ausich Loren Babcock Stig M. Bergström Ola Ahlqvist Copyright by Kate Elizabeth Tierney 2010 Abstract The Permian is one of the most important intervals of earth history to help us understand the way our climate system works. It is an analog to modern climate because during this interval climate transitioned from an icehouse state (when glaciers existed extending to middle latitudes), to a greenhouse state (when there were no glaciers). This climatic amelioration occurred under conditions very similar to those that exist in modern times, including atmospheric CO2 levels and the presence of plants thriving in the terrestrial system. This analog to the modern system allows us to investigate the mechanisms that cause global warming. Scientist have learned that the distribution of carbon between the oceans, atmosphere and lithosphere plays a large role in determining climate and changes in this distribution can be studied by chemical proxies preserved in the rock record. There are two main ways to change the distribution of carbon between these reservoirs. Organic carbon can be buried or silicate minerals in the terrestrial realm can be weathered. These two mechanisms account for the long term changes in carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, particularly important to climate.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE V
    GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 4.0 CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . N PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST HIST. ANOM. (Ma) ANOM. CHRON. CHRO HOLOCENE 1 C1 QUATER- 0.01 30 C30 66.0 541 CALABRIAN NARY PLEISTOCENE* 1.8 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN 252 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 CHANGHSINGIAN EDIACARAN 2.6 Lopin- 254 32 C32 72.1 635 2A C2A PIACENZIAN WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 3.6 gian 33 260 260 3 ZANCLEAN CAPITANIAN NEOPRO- 5 C3 CAMPANIAN Guada- 265 750 CRYOGENIAN 5.3 80 C33 WORDIAN TEROZOIC 3A MESSINIAN LATE lupian 269 C3A 83.6 ROADIAN 272 850 7.2 SANTONIAN 4 KUNGURIAN C4 86.3 279 TONIAN CONIACIAN 280 4A Cisura- C4A TORTONIAN 90 89.8 1000 1000 PERMIAN ARTINSKIAN 10 5 TURONIAN lian C5 93.9 290 SAKMARIAN STENIAN 11.6 CENOMANIAN 296 SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 ASSELIAN 299 5A 100 100 300 GZHELIAN 1200 C5A 13.8 LATE 304 KASIMOVIAN 307 1250 MESOPRO- 15 LANGHIAN ECTASIAN 5B C5B ALBIAN MIDDLE MOSCOVIAN 16.0 TEROZOIC 5C C5C 110 VANIAN 315 PENNSYL- 1400 EARLY 5D C5D MIOCENE 113 320 BASHKIRIAN 323 5E C5E NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN 1500 CALYMMIAN 6 C6 APTIAN LATE 20 120 331 6A C6A 20.4 EARLY 1600 M0r 126 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 340 MIDDLE VISEAN MISSIS- M3 BARREMIAN SIPPIAN STATHERIAN C6C 23.0 6C 130 M5 CRETACEOUS 131 347 1750 HAUTERIVIAN 7 C7 CARBONIFEROUS EARLY TOURNAISIAN 1800 M10 134 25 7A C7A 359 8 C8 CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN M12 360 140 M14 139 FAMENNIAN OROSIRIAN 9 C9 M16 28.1 M18 BERRIASIAN 2000 PROTEROZOIC 10 C10 LATE
    [Show full text]
  • GSSP) of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian) in the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA
    Articles 8585 by Loren E. Babcock1, Richard A. Robison2, Margaret N. Rees3, Shanchi Peng4, and Matthew R. Saltzman1 The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian) in the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA 1 School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Email: [email protected] 3 Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89145, USA. Email: [email protected] 4 State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China. Email: [email protected] The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point correlated with precision through all major Cambrian regions. (GSSP) for the base of the Drumian Stage (Cambrian Among the methods that should be considered in the selection of a GSSP (Remane et al., 1996), biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, Series 3) is defined at the base of a limestone (cal- paleogeographic, facies-relationship, and sequence-stratigraphic cisiltite) layer 62 m above the base of the Wheeler For- information is available (e.g., Randolph, 1973; White, 1973; McGee, mation in the Stratotype Ridge section, Drum Moun- 1978; Dommer, 1980; Grannis, 1982; Robison, 1982, 1999; Rowell et al. 1982; Rees 1986; Langenburg et al., 2002a, 2002b; Babcock et tains, Utah, USA. The GSSP level contains the lowest al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2006); that information is summarized here. occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite Pty- Voting members of the International Subcommission on Cam- chagnostus atavus (base of the P.
    [Show full text]
  • Tage。。,,。。。Ev。Nia。。Ystem by W
    鹭。tage。。,,。。。ev。nia。。ystem by W . Ziegler and G .K lapper Th e S ubc om m is sio n on D ev on ian S tr at ig rap h y h a s f orm a ll y ag re ed up on th e n om en c la tu re f or sev en S tan d ard S t ag es o f th e D e von ian S ys tem . A ba sa l b oun d ar y str a to typ e is d e scr ib ed in th i s ar ti c le f or th e E if e lian S t ag e , c o in ci de n t wi th th e b as e of th e M idd l e D evon i an S er i es . C r it er ia f or r ec ogn i zin g a Givetian-Frasnian Stage boundary (=base of Upper M O D e von ian Se ri es ) an d a F ra sn i an -F am enn i an S ta ge bo un d ar y are al so o u tl in ed . F u tu re w ork wi ll c om - p le te th e d ef in it ion o f ba sa l b oun d ar y st ra to t yp es f o r e a c h S t a g e . In trod uc tio n A nnual m eetings of the Subcom m ission on D evonian Stra- tigraphy (SD S) have been held since its foundation in 1973, w ith im portant decisions sum m arized here on stratigraphic standards being m ade in 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1983; these have now been form ally ratified by lU G S.
    [Show full text]
  • Permian (Artinskian to Wuchapingian) Conodont Biostratigraphy in the Tieqiao Section, Laibin Area, South China
    Permian (Artinskian to Wuchapingian) conodont biostratigraphy in the Tieqiao section, Laibin area, South China Y.D. Suna, b*, X.T. Liuc, J.X. Yana, B. Lid, B. Chene, D.P.G. Bondf, M.M. Joachimskib, P.B. Wignallg, X.L. Laia a State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China b GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany c Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China d Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou, 510075, China e State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, R.P. China f School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK g School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK *Corresponding authors Email: [email protected] (Y.D. Sun) © 2017, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 1 Abstract Permian strata from the Tieqiao section (Jiangnan Basin, South China) contain several distinctive conodont assemblages. Early Permian (Cisuralian) assemblages are dominated by the genera Sweetognathus, Pseudosweetognathus and Hindeodus with rare Neostreptognathodus and Gullodus. Gondolellids are absent until the end of the Kungurian stage—in contrast to many parts of the world where gondolellids and Neostreptognathodus are the dominant Kungurian conodonts. A conodont changeover is seen at Tieqiao and coincided with a rise of sea level in the late Kungurian to the early Roadian: the previously dominant sweetognathids were replaced by mesogondolellids.
    [Show full text]
  • (Upper Cambrian, Paibian) Trilobite Faunule in the Central Conasauga River Valley, North Georgia, Usa
    Schwimmer.fm Page 31 Monday, June 18, 2012 11:54 AM SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGY V. 49, No. 1, June 2012, p. 31-41 AN APHELASPIS ZONE (UPPER CAMBRIAN, PAIBIAN) TRILOBITE FAUNULE IN THE CENTRAL CONASAUGA RIVER VALLEY, NORTH GEORGIA, USA DAVID R. SCHWIMMER1 WILLIAM M. MONTANTE2 1Department of Chemistry & Geology Columbus State University, 4225 University Avenue, Columbus, Georgia 31907, USA <[email protected]> 2Marsh & McLennan, Inc., 3560 Lenox Road, Suite 2400, Atlanta, Georgia 30326, USA <[email protected]> ABSTRACT shelf-to-basin break, which is interpreted to be east of the Alabama Promontory and in Middle and Upper Cambrian strata the Tennessee Embayment. The preserva- (Cambrian Series 3 and Furongian) in the tion of abundant aphelaspine specimens by southernmost Appalachians (Tennessee to bioimmuration events may have been the re- Alabama) comprise the Conasauga Forma- sult of mudflows down the shelf-to-basin tion or Group. Heretofore, the youngest re- slope. ported Conasauga beds in the Valley and Ridge Province of Georgia were of the late INTRODUCTION Middle Cambrian (Series 3: Drumian) Bo- laspidella Zone, located on the western state Trilobites and associated biota from Middle boundary in the valley of the Coosa River. Cambrian beds of the Conasauga Formation in Two new localities sited eastward in the Co- northwestern Georgia have been described by nasauga River Valley, yield a diagnostic suite Walcott, 1916a, 1916b; Butts, 1926; Resser, of trilobites from the Upper Cambrian 1938; Palmer, 1962; Schwimmer, 1989; Aphelaspis Zone. Very abundant, Schwimmer and Montante, 2007. These fossils polymeroid trilobites at the primary locality and deposits come from exposures within the are referable to Aphelaspis brachyphasis, valley of the Coosa River, in Floyd County, which is a species known previously in west- Georgia, and adjoining Cherokee County, Ala- ern North America.
    [Show full text]
  • International Chronostratigraphic Chart
    INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2018/08 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSP EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon Erathem / Era System / Period GSSA age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 541.0 ±1.0 U/L Meghalayan 0.0042 Holocene M Northgrippian 0.0082 Tithonian Ediacaran L/E Greenlandian 152.1 ±0.9 ~ 635 Upper 0.0117 Famennian Neo- 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic ~ 720 Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian Callovian 1000 Quaternary Gelasian 166.1 ±1.2 2.58 Bathonian 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Middle 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Bajocian 170.3 ±1.4 Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Devonian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.63 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Proterozoic Neogene Sinemurian Langhian 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- 2050 Burdigalian Hettangian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 27.82 Gorstian
    [Show full text]