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Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae Are Stars with an Initial Mass Greater Than About 8M⊙

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Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae Are Stars with an Initial Mass Greater Than About 8M⊙ Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae arXiv:astro-ph/0502046v1 2 Feb 2005 THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2004 John James Eldridge INSTITUTE OF ASTRONOMY & FITZWILLIAM COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE 2 For Dad, Mum, Mark and Kate. 4 “Uh-oh, is this going to be another crazy experiment that crosses a line man was not meant to cross?” Fry, Futurama, I second that emotion. 6 Declaration I hereby declare that my thesis entitled Progenitors of Core-collapse Supernova is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at any other University. I further state that no part of my thesis has already been or is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification. This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. Those parts of this thesis which have been published or accepted for publication are as follows. • The construction of new Opacity tables in chapters 2 has been published in, Eldridge J.J. & Tout C.A., 2004, MNRAS, 348, 201. • Parts of the work in chapters 3 and 4 is based on the work published in, Eldridge J.J. & Tout C.A., 2004, MNRAS, 353, 87. Various figures throughout the text are reproduced from the work of other authors, for illustration or discus- sion. Such figures are always credited in the associated caption. This thesis contains fewer than 50,000 words. 7 John James Eldridge Cambridge, September 2004 8 Summary The progenitors of core-collapse supernovae are stars with an initial mass greater than about 8M⊙. Un- derstanding the evolution of these stars is necessary to comprehend the evolution and differences between supernovae. We have constructed new and unique opacity tables to increase model accuracy during the latest stages of stellar evolution. We have investigated how initial mass, initial composition and mass loss affects the progenitors and their populations. There are many prescriptions for mass loss. Different research groups use their preferred rates. We have compared 12 different prescriptions and determined which provides the best fit to observations. We use our preferred mass-loss scheme to make suggestions as to the source of the differences between supernova types from our progenitor models. Binary evolution is considered in order to search for low luminosity SN progenitors and progenitor types not possible from single stars. Removal of the hydrogen envelope is more common and we find quite different hydrogen deficient SN progenitors. We discuss the implications of our binary models for ultra-luminous X-ray sources and gamma-ray bursts. We present an estimation of the mass distribution for black holes at various metallcities showing that massive black holes are not formed until very low metallicities. Finally we combine the single star and binary results to determine their relative populations and compare to observa- tions. However it is not possible to draw many firm conclusions because of the uncertainty in observations to date. 9 Summary 10 Acknowledgements ”I confess I am at somewhat a loss for words.” Spock, The Alternative Factor. Well here I am. Almost finished, just need to print the entire thing out, and type a ‘few’ words to say thank you to all of those who have aided and supported me during the production of this thesis. This goes beyond just the time writing this document, further than the long time taken to actually do the research, it goes to the time when I was growing as a person, learning about physics and the world. First I must thank my supervisor Dr Christopher Adam Tout. He has guided me through my three years with care and patience. He has introduced me to the wonders of stellar evolution and also taught me a vast amount of English grammar! Chris has a deep and wide knowledge of astrophysics which he is always keen to share. He also has an in depth knowledge of alcoholic beverages and social etiquette in which he has also provided tuition. So thank you Chris! Next I must thank the members of the Cambridge stellar evolution group. In my first year we were a bit of a rag-tag band of mercenaries but we have come together to form a productive group. Everyone’s enthusiasm and knowledge was contagious. Thanks go to Dr Pierre Lesaffre, Dr Maria Lugaro and Dr Gijs Nelemens. Thank you to Dr Rob Izzard for persuading me to choose Chris as a supervisor because ‘he buys you beer’ and for helpful advice over three years. Thanks to Richard Stancliffe for being down the corridor when I needed to talk to someone about stars, the code and life. Also thank you for proofreading this thesis. Thanks to Ross Church for also proofreading this thesis and discussing duplicitous thoughts. The entire lot of you have made the actual study part of my time in Cambridge brilliant and vibrant. I would also like to thank Dr Onno Pols, Dr Philipp Podsaidlowski and Dr Alexander Heger for helpful discussions and comments. Thank you to all of the rest of the students, post-docs and staff at the IoA. My time in the department has been great. Special thanks go to some people including Will Thorne, Adrian Turner, Lisa Voigt, Dan Price, Adam Amara (a.k.a. Andy Azmara), Joanna Smith, Antonio Vale, Ali Basden and Shoko Jin. You’ve all been good friends and we’ve had some great times together so thank you all! Also knowing others were 11 Acknowledgements going through this hell of writing a thesis made it that little bit more survivable even if some of you did finish before me! Thanks to everyone else in the IoA, especially Justyn Maund, Maggie Hendry and all supernovae observers, for their feedback and input. Oh and thank you Muon! While most of my work is done at the department, Fitzwilliam college has been a fantastic place to be based at during my studies. I would also like to thank the staff and fellows of the college for their help and support over my time at the college. Especially Dr Guy Pooley, Dr Bill Allison, Dr Gassan Yassin and Prof Brian Johnson. Right well now with most of the serious work related stuff out of the way its time to get ‘crazy’. At my IoA interview I was asked why did I want to study astronomy and astrophysics? It caught me off guard and I didn’t give the right reason. The reason is science fiction. From a young age I was exposed to Doctor Who, Star Trek and The Hitch-Hikers Guide to the Galaxy. Once at primary school my headteacher complained that all I read was science fiction! Watching Star Trek: The Next Generation, 5pm weekdays after school and then Doctor Who and Blake 7 on a Sunday morning has a lasting effect. Seeing science in such a positive light made me want to pursue knowledge and understanding to the highest degree. Now as I perform research, while I may not be on a starship, I am as close as possible to the career I’ve always wanted to follow. There are many other authors that have inspired and excited me: Issac Asimov, A.E. Van Vogt, Arthur C. Clarke, Douglas Adams, Larry Niven and Frank Hampson. Thank you to you and your writings, they have inspired me no end. In most sci-fi adventures there is always action to make it a tad more exciting, this led to me wanting to learn to fight and be able to defend myself. When I got to university the opportunity presented itself with the Cambridge University Tae-Kwon Do club. After going to one lesson, and a certain incident with a French girl, I was hooked. It took me five years, but I finally passed my black belt grading, one of the things I’m most proud of. But along that path I had a lot of help and instruction. The members of the club are not only training partners but many of them are also my friends who have provided something to occupy me outside work. So thank you to you all who I traded kicks, punches and drinks with! Especially Dr Peter Smielewski, Dr Mareque Steele, Dr Phil Green, John Harvey, Graham Russell, Jen Hake, Rob Morgan-Warren, Andy Baldwin, Jules Jacobson, and everyone else otherwise this would go on for ages. Also I want to say thank you to Tina Atkin for fun times and being there at the start of my PhD. And thank you to Caroline Chupin for being a good friend and providing distractions outside of work and TKD. Thanks to all the friends I’ve had as an undergraduate and postgrad at college. Especially Louise Benzimra, Baraba Harvey, everyone who was on the MCR committee with me and everyone else. Again too many people to mention! Also thanks to other friends, Ross, Laura, Richard, Maddie, Nick and anyone I haven’t mentioned. Well this is starting to get a bit long really, but I suppose there are a lot of people to thank! Don’t worry 12 Acknowledgements we are getting towards the end. I now want to thank my extended family for your support and putting up with me forgetting anniversaries and birthdays! My Aunts and Uncles, Jim, Liz, Marion, Terry, Nina, Frank, Pam and Geoff. My cousins, Debbie, Harry, Stuart, Sarah, Justin, Vicky and Keeley. And the kids! Georgia, Lucas, Olivia and Charlotte. And thanks to my grandparents.
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