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Redalyc.Calidad Del Alcohol Producido En Europa Ilegalmente O Adicciones ISSN: 0214-4840 [email protected] Sociedad Científica Española de Estudios sobre el Alcohol, el Alcoholismo y las otras Toxicomanías España Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Leitz, Jenny; Schoeberl, Kerstin; Kuballa, Thomas; Straub, Irene; Rehm, Jürgen Calidad del alcohol producido en Europa ilegalmente o de forma no regulada: resultados del proyecto AMPHORA Adicciones, vol. 23, núm. 2, 2011, pp. 133-140 Sociedad Científica Española de Estudios sobre el Alcohol, el Alcoholismo y las otras Toxicomanías Palma de Mallorca, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=289122828006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Calidad del alcohol producido en Europa ilegalmente o de forma no regulada: resultados del proyecto AMPHORA Quality of illegally and informally produced alcohol in Europe: Results from the AMPHORA project Dirk W. Lachenmeier*; Jenny Leitz*; * Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Germany kerstin schoeberL*; thomas kubaLLa*; ** Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada irene straub*; Jürgen rehm**,***,**** *** Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada **** Epidemiological Research Unit, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany Enviar correspondencia a: Dirk W. Lachenmeier. Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany. Tel: +49-721-926-5434, Fax: +49-721-926-5539 Email: [email protected]. recibido: septiembre 2010 aceptado: enero 2011 RESUMEN ABSTRACT Antecedentes. En la región europea de la OMS, el consumo promedio Background. In the WHO region Europe, the average unrecorded adult de etanol puro no registrado per cápita de los adultos en 2005 fue de per capita alcohol consumption was 2.67 L pure ethanol in 2005, which 2,67 litros, lo cual representa el 22% del consumo total de 12,20 L. A is 22% of the total consumption of 12.20 L. Despite concerns about pesar de la preocupación sobre los daños potenciales para la salud de potential health harms from the chemical composition of unrecorded la composición química del alcohol no registrado, hay sorprendente- alcohol, there are surprisingly few data on the problem in the European mente pocos datos sobre dicho problema en la Región Europea. Este Region. This study reports the results from the Alcohol Measures for estudio informa sobre los resultados del proyecto Alcohol Measu- Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) project, which assessed the res for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA), que evaluaron quality of unrecorded alcohol in a Europe-wide study. la calidad de alcohol no registrado en un estudio a escala europea. Methods. Samples of unrecorded alcohol were collected in 16 European Métodos. Se recogieron muestras de alcohol no registrado en 16 países countries and chemically analyzed for potentially health-relevant europeos y se analizaron químicamente los parámetros de posible inte- parameters. Thresholds for parameters were defined based on potential rés en relación con la salud. Los umbrales para los parámetros fueron health hazards of daily drinking. definidos en base a los riesgos potenciales para la salud del consumo de Results. The average alcoholic strength of unrecorded wine products alcohol que se hace en un día. was 14.9% vol, and 47.8% vol in unrecorded spirits. One half of the Resultados. El promedio de la concentración alcohólica de los pro- samples (n=57) showed acceptable alcohol quality. The other half ductos vitivinícolas no registrados fue de 14,9% y el de los destilados (n=58) showed one or several deficits with the most prevalent problem no registrados fue de 47,8%. La mitad de las muestras (n= 57) mos- being ethyl carbamate contamination (n=29). Other problems included tró la calidad del alcohol aceptable. La otra mitad (n= 58) mostró una o varias deficiencias, siendo el problema más frecuente la contami- copper (n=20), manganese (n=16) and acetaldehyde (n=12). All other nación de carbamato de etilo (n= 29). Otros problemas incluyen la parameters (including methanol, higher alcohols, phthalates) were only presencia de cobre (n= 20), manganeso (n= 16) y acetaldehído (n= seldom problematic (limit exceedance in less than 10 samples). The price 12). El resto de parámetros (incluyendo el metanol, alcoholes supe- of unrecorded alcohol was approximately 45% of the price of recorded riores, los ftalatos) sólo fue raras veces problemático (superar el alcohol. límite fijado en menos de 10 muestras). El precio del alcohol no regis- Conclusions. The major problem regarding unrecorded alcohol appears trado fue de aproximadamente el 45% del precio del alcohol registrado. to be ethanol itself, as it is often higher in strength and its lower price Conclusiones. El mayor problema del consumo de alcohol no regis- may further contribute to higher drinking amounts. Compared to the trado parece ser el etanol en sí mismo, ya que suele ser de mayor health effects of ethanol, the contamination problems detected may be concentración y su bajo precio puede contribuir aún más a beber can- of minor importance as exposure will only in worst-case scenarios reach tidades mayores. En comparación con los efectos del propio etanol, los tolerable daily intakes of these substances. problemas de contaminación detectados pueden ser de menor impor- tancia. El consumo de contaminantes, incluso en el peor de los casos, Key words: alcoholic beverages, unrecorded alcohol, ethyl carbamate, supondrá escenarios de ingestas diarias tolerables de estas sustancias. copper, Europe, quality ADICCIONES, 2011 · VOL. 23 NÚM. 2 · PÁGS. 133-140 133 INTRodUCTIoN consumption (i.e. no after-shaves or similar products sold in drug stores clearly not for human consumption). he consumption of unrecorded alcohol constitutes a The chemical analyses were conducted by validated 1,2 worldwide phenomenon of a significant scale. In the routine or reference methods normally used for testing TWHO region Europe, the average unrecorded adult per recorded alcohol. Alcoholic strength was determined by capita alcohol consumption 2005 was 2.67 L pure ethanol, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.11 Volatile components which is 22% of the total consumption of 12.20 L (own were analyzed on the basis of the Reference Methods for 3 calculation based on WHO ). the Analysis of Spirits using gas chromatography (GC) ‘Unrecorded’ is an overview category for any kind of with a flame-ionization detector (FID).12,13 Ethyl carbamate alcohol that is not taxed as beverage alcohol or registered (urethane) was determined using GC with tandem mass 14 13,15 in the jurisdiction where it is consumed.4,5 According to spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Anionic composition and 14,16 WHO nomenclature (see the Global Information System on conductivity were measured. All samples were screened Alcohol and Health on www.who.int), unrecorded alcohol for unknown substances (including flavour compounds) using 17 products include homemade informally produced alcohols, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 18 illegally produced or smuggled alcohol products, as well as the GC/MS assay also included phthalates. Screening for surrogate alcohol that is not officially intended for human metals was conducted using semi-quantitative inductively 17,19 consumption. Some common examples of surrogate alcohol coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) The absinthe 20 include mouthwash, perfumes, and eau-de-colognes, which from Switzerland was quantitatively analyzed for thujone. are alcohol products manufactured on a large scale. Such Wine and beer samples were screened for aflatoxins using a alcohol may be produced with human consumption in mind, commercially available test-kit (Aflacard Total, R-Biopharm, but to evade taxation it is officially classified as ‘shaving Darmstadt, Germany). The toxicological interpretation of water’ or ‘mouthwash’.4,6 results was conducted according to the AMPHORA criteria previously published.10 Despite concerns about potential harms from the chemical composition of unrecorded alcohol, there are surprisingly few data on the problem in the European RESUlTS Region5,7 Pilot studies with limited numbers of samples conducted in Lithuania, Hungary and Poland4,6,8 pointed In total 115 samples of unrecorded alcohol from 16 to several possible problems especially relating to a higher European countries have been received for analysis. Most alcoholic strength of unrecorded alcohol as well as ethyl of the samples were spirits (n=81). The rest predominantly carbamate contamination in home produced fruit spirits. were wine products (table wine, sparkling wine or fortified The WHO suggested it as important to obtain a systematic wine, n=32), while only 2 beers were submitted. Most of overview of the compounds in unrecorded alcohol from all the spirits belonged to the group of home-produced (fruit) European countries, so that national surveys of unrecorded spirits, the exception were the samples from Norway, Poland alcohol can better identify the presence of relevant and the UK, which were neutral alcohols (vodka), which had compounds and assess how much of a problem exists. If been smuggled, counterfeited or relabelled. None of the unrecorded alcohol is found to contain
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