A História Do Povo Curdo Não Tem Um Início Definido, Porque Sendo Nativos De Um Espaço Geográfico Que Se Acordou Denominar

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A História Do Povo Curdo Não Tem Um Início Definido, Porque Sendo Nativos De Um Espaço Geográfico Que Se Acordou Denominar MARIA DE FÁTIMA AMARAL SIMÕES PEIXINHO O Curdistão no Iraque, ensaio de uma Nação. Contexto e Desafios. UNIVERSIDADE FERNANDO PESSOA PORTO 2010 MARIA DE FÁTIMA AMARAL SIMÕES PEIXINHO O Curdistão no Iraque, ensaio de uma Nação. Contexto e Desafios. UNIVERSIDADE FERNANDO PESSOA PORTO 2010 MARIA DE FÁTIMA AMARAL SIMÕES PEIXINHO O Curdistão no Iraque, ensaio de uma Nação. Contexto e Desafios. Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Relações Internacionais com o Mundo Árabe e Islâmico, sob a orientação do Professor Ivo Sobral. Sumário O povo curdo representa a maior etnia do mundo sem pátria. Habitualmente recordados pelo imaginário colectivo no quadro do martírio que sofreram na Segunda Guerra do Golfo, mas também pelo activismo terrorista do PKK, importa perceber verdadeiramente quem são. Nesta dissertação abordamos de forma sumária a história deste povo, atravessando necessariamente a memória da área geográfica onde se incluem, o Médio Oriente, e as convulsões que marcaram os ciclos da sua evolução. O povo curdo e o seu território são indissociáveis, pelo que, até ao final da primeira Guerra Mundial, a abordagem é conjunta. Depois da definição artificial de fronteiras realizada pelos Tratados subsequentes aos Acordos de Paz, a dissertação concentra- se na experiência do Curdistão no Iraque. Com efeito, o território curdo no Iraque, a sua história, evolução e marcas da actualidade foram objecto de uma análise mais detalhada. Trata-se da experiência mais próxima da independência que os curdos vivenciaram, excluindo o caso excepcional da república de Mahabad. Com esta dissertação pretendemos desmontar a história de um povo praticamente desconhecido e tentar perceber até que ponto a experiência pioneira de um Estado quase independente poderia potenciar uma futura independência, ou experiências similares, nos vizinhos territórios curdos da Turquia e do Irão. V Abstract The Kurdish people represents the biggest ethnic group in the world without a homeland. Usually remembered on account of the torment they lived during the Second World War, but also because of the PKK activism, we need to understand who they really are. In this paper we approach the history of this people, crossing the memory of the Middle East and the moments of disturbance that defined the cicles of its evolution. The Kurds and its territory are connected, so then until the end of the First World War, there‟s a joint approach of both of them. After the artificial borders definition proposed by the Treaties following the Peace Agreements, this paper work focuses the Kurdish Iraqi experience. In fact, Kurdish Iraq, its history and evolution were the object of a deeper and detailed analysis. It‟s the closest experience of independence the kurds ever lived, excluding the exceptional, but short case, of the Mahabad Republic. We intend to disassemble the history of an almost unknown people and understand how its pioneer experience could encourage a future independence, or similar actions in the neighbor countries of Turkey and Iran. VI Aos meus filhos e ao Vitor companheiro de uma vida VII Agradecimentos Ao Professor Ivo Sobral pela disponibilidade e paciência com que partilhou as minhas dúvidas e ansiedades. Estou particularmente grata por ser o meu Orientador e mentor durante todo o Curso, direccionando a minha vontade de conhecer para objectivos mais concretos que perspectivam novos horizontes de vida. Ao Professor João Casqueira e a todos os outros Professores deste Curso pelo empenho e apoio que sempre nos facultaram. À Susana, à Dulcineia e ao José que se revelaram uns verdadeiros amigos. Aos meus pais por existirem e serem o meu porto seguro. Ao Vitor que sempre acreditou na minha capacidade de cumprir objectivos e que, nos momentos de desalento, foi o meu apoio, a minha fortaleza. À Prazeres que me acompanhou nesta jornada difícil e partilhou as alegrias, tristezas e incertezas de quem decide regressar à escola, numa fase da vida particularmente complicada do ponto de vista profissional. Ao Miguel pela paciência e à Teresa pela amizade. Ao Casimiro, por tudo. Aos meus amigos. VIII SIGLAS CUP – Committee of Union and Progress CPA – Coalition Provisional Authority DPAK – Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan HRW – Human Rights Whatch ICP – Iraq Comunist Party IGC – Iraqi Governing Council IKF – Iraqi Kurdistan Front ISF – Iraqi Safety Forces KA – Kurdish Alliance KDP – Kurdish Democratic Party KDP-I – Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iran KNA – Kurdish National Assembly KPDP – Kurdistan Popular Democratic Party KRG – Kurdish Regional Government KSM – Kurdistan Socialist Movement KSP – Kurdistan Socialist Party PASOK – Kurdish Socialist Party PUK – Patriotic Union of Kurdistan TAL – Transitional Administrative Law IX INDICE INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................1 I. Capítulo – ORIGENS 1. O Curdistão e os Curdos..................................................................................4 2. Breve Abordagem Histórica 2.1. Antiguidade (3.000 a.c. a 400 a.c.)..........................................................8 2.1.1. Os Hurritas ........................................................................................8 2.1.2. As Invasões Indo-Europeias ...........................................................10 2.2.Período Clássico (500 a.c. a 600) ..............................................................10 2.3. Período Medieval (500 a 1500) ................................................................12 2.3.1. Invasão Seljúcida, Mongol e Timúrida ...........................................15 2.4. Período Moderno (1497 a 1918) ...............................................................17 2.4.1. Os Curdos e os Otomanos................................................................19 2.4.1.1. A Casa de Soran..................................................................22 2.4.1.2. A Casa de Bothan................................................................23 2.4.1.3. A Casa de Baban..................................................................24 2.4.1.4. A ascensão dos Xeiques e das Ordens Religiosas Sufis......25 2.4.1.6. Breve Identificação Étnica sob o Império Otomano............27 2.4.2. O Império Qajar e os Curdos ...........................................................30 2.4.2.1. A Casa de Ardalan...............................................................31 2.4.2.2. Os Qajars e as Confederações Tribais Curdas.....................32 2.4.2.3. Os Qajars e a nova Ameaça Europeia..................................33 2.4.2.4. A Revolução Constitucional de 1906..................................34 2.4.2.5. Breve Identificação Étnica sob o Império Qajar..................35 2.5. Revolução, Nacionalismo e Guerra (1908-1918).........................................38 2.5.1. Os primeiros curdos reformistas.........................................................39 2.5.2. O Curdistão e a Revolução dos Jovens Turcos .……………...……..42 2.5.3. As Rebeliões de Barzan e Bitlis ………………………………...…..44 2.5.4. O Império Persa…………………………………..………….…...…45 2.5.5. A Primeira Guerra Mundial ………………………………….……..45 X II Capítulo – O CURDISTÃO NO IRAQUE 1. A Génese de uma Autonomia........................................................................47 1.1. De Sèvres à Independência do Iraque.....................................................49 1.2. Mulla Mustafa Barzani ..........................................................................53 1.2.1. A República de Mahabad...............................................................57 1.2.2. O Exílio na União Soviética e o regresso ao Iraque......................60 1.3. O aparecimento dos partidos políticos ...................................................63 1.4. Os Curdos e o Baath ..............................................................................66 1.4.1. Fragmentação e Fraqueza ..............................................................74 1.4.2. A Ameaça Externa ........................................................................76 1.4.3. Prelúdio de Morte .........................................................................78 1.4.4. As Operações Anfal ......................................................................79 III Capítulo – CURDISTÃO NO IRAQUE, UM ESTADO de facto 1. Origens - A Primeira Guerra do Golfo e o Renascimento da luta.......................82 2. Negociando a Autonomia....................................................................................86 3. A Democracia no Curdistão do Iraque ...............................................................87 3.1. Processo Eleitoral ....................................................................................89 3.2. Um novo espaço político? .......................................................................91 4. Os Curdos e a Segunda Guerra do Golfo ............................................................92 4.1. Eleições de 2005 .....................................................................................94 4.2. Eleições de 2009 .....................................................................................95 CONCLUSÃO ................................................................................................................96 BIBLIOGRAFIA ..........................................................................................................100 APÊNDICES ................................................................................................................106
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