HIST 6824 Modern Iran Rome 459 Professor M.A. Atkin Wednesdays

Home , Economic history of Iran, Iranian monarchy, Iranian studies

HIST 6824 Modern Iran

Rome 459 Professor M.A. Atkin Wednesdays: 5:10-7:00 Office: Phillips 340 Spring 2014 Phone: 994-6426 e-mail: [email protected] Office hours: M & W: 1:30-3:00 and and by appointment

Course Description: This seminar will take a thematic approach to the period from about the year 1800 (when a state with roughly the dimensions of modern Iran emerged) to 1989 (the end of the Khomeini era.) Recurrent themes of the course include problems of state building in the context of domestic weaknesses and external pressure, ideas about reform and modernization, the impact of reform by command from above, the role of religion in politics, and major upheavals, such as the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, the oil nationalization crisis of 1951-1953, and the Islamic Revolution of 1978-1979. The specific topics and readings are listed below. The seminar meetings are structured on the basis of reading and discussion for each week’s topic. Further information on the format is in the section “Course Readings” below. In addition to the weekly reading and discussion, students are expected to write a term paper which draws on their readings for the course. The term papers are due on Monday, April 28, 2014.) Details of the paper will be provided separately. A student who already has a strong background in the history of modern Iran may prefer to focus on a research paper. Anyone who is interested in that option should inform me of that at the end of the first meeting. Early in the semester, such students should consult with me to define a suitable research project. The minimum criteria for a research project are: appropriateness of focus; availability of sources; use of primary sources for a significant proportion of the research; and appropriate language skills for reading the sources. Students taking the course for research are still expected to attend class and participate in discussions. However they may, if they wish, do lighter readings for class, such as an article or part of a book per meeting.

Course Prerequisites: Given that this is a graduate seminar, students are expected to have some background in the history of the modern Middle East in general or modern Iran in particular and to be ready to do graduate-level work.

Learning Outcomes: The main aims of this course are for students to learn more about major developments in modern Iranian history, gain exposure to major writings on the subject, and polish their analytical and writing skills.

Course Readings: Readings fall into two categories. The first consists of required readings for everyone in the course. Several of those readings are in books available for purchase in the bookstore; the other required readings are at the course’s Blackboard site, under the heading “Electronic Reserves.” The additional readings are not on electronic reserve. The required books are: N.R. Keddie, Modern Iran (updated edition). This is a textbook designed to fill in the gaps and provide a context for the topics we will discuss in the seminar meetings. If you have an earlier edition of the book, you are welcome to use it, but you may have to make adjustments for different page numbers. L. Ridgeon, ed., Religion and Politics in Modern Iran. This is a collection of excerpts from works by Iranians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Analysis of the ideas expressed in these excerpts is central to the discussions. In addition, students are expected to read at least four additional books (or three books and a number of articles and book chapters that would equal a book.) These are to be drawn from the additional readings listed for the various topics. Students are free to select from among the additional readings according to their interests. If you wish to read something which is not on the syllabus, please check with me first.

One book which does not fit neatly into the syllabus but is an excellent study which is relevant to several of the seminar topics is R. Mottahedeh’s The Mantle of the Prophet. If you have not yet read this for another course, I would encourage you to do so.

Grades: in-class discussion: 30%; term paper (or research paper): 70%

Policy on Make-up Exams, Extensions, and Incompletes: Once in a while there are genuine emergencies which prevent a student from coming prepared to a class or submitting work when due. If you are facing such a situation, inform me of the problem as far in advance of the deadline for the work as possible. My office phone is equipped with voice mail so you can leave a message if I am not in when you call; if you prefer, you may contact me via e-mail. I retain the right to decide whether special arrange- ments are justified in any given case. There is nothing automatic about the process.

Academic Integrity: I personally support the GW Code of Academic Integrity. It states: “Academic dishonesty is defined as cheating of any kind, including misrepresenting one's own work, taking credit for the work of others without crediting them and without appropriate authorization, and the fabrication of information.” For the remainder of the code, see: http://www.gwu.edu/~ntegrity/code.html

Support for Students Outside the Classroom: Disability Support Services (DSS) Any student who may need an accommodation based on the potential impact of a disability should contact the Disability Support Services office at 202-994-8250 in the Marvin Center, Suite 242, to establish eligibility and to coordinate reasonable accommodations. For additional information please refer to: http://gwired.gwu.edu/dss/

University Counseling Center (UCC) 202-994-5300 The University Counseling Center (UCC) offers 24/7 assistance and referral to address students' personal, social, career, and study skills problems. Services for students include: - crisis and emergency mental health consultations - confidential assessment, counseling services (individual and small group), and referrals http://gwired.gwu.edu/counsel/CounselingServices/AcademicSupportServices

University Policy on Religious Holidays: 1. Students should notify faculty during the first week of the semester of their intention to be absent from class on their day(s) of religious observance; 2. Faculty should extend to these students the courtesy of absence without penalty on such occasions, including permission to make up examinations; 3. Faculty who intend to observe a religious holiday should arrange at the beginning of the semester to reschedule missed classes or to make other provisions for their course-related activities [NOTE: for other university policies on teaching, see http://www.gwu.edu/~academic/Teaching/ main.html ]

Security: In the case of an emergency, if at all possible, the class should shelter in place. If the building that the class is in is affected, follow the evacuation procedures for the building. After evacuation, seek shelter at a predetermined rendezvous location.

Topics and Readings:

Jan. 13 Background: Keddie, ch. 1 M. Satrapi, “How Can One Be Persian,” on Blackboard under Satrapi R. Aslan, “From Here to Mullahcracy,” on Blackboard under Aslan H. Chehabi, “The Paranoid Style in Iranian Historiography,” in T. Atabaki, ed., Iran in the 20th Century: Historiography and Political Culture [electronic book, available on-line via Gelman electronic catalog as well as in Gelman stacks]

Additional reading: V. Nasr, The Shia Revival, chs. 1-2 M. Tavakoli-Targhi, M., Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism and Historiography

Jan. 20 Martin Luther King Day – GW holiday

Jan. 27 Problems of State Building in Nineteenth Century Iran Keddie, pp. 37-45 and 50-59 Ridgeon, ch. 2 S. Cronin, “Importing Modernity: European Military Missions to Qajar Iran,” on Blackboard under Cronin military mission excerpt from Economic History of Iran, on Blackboard under Economic history of Iran S. Bakhash, “The failure of reform: the Prime Ministership of Amin al-Dawla, 1897-8,” on Blackboard under Bakhash Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, ch. 1 J. Afary Sexual Politics in Modern Iran (also pertinent to several topics below) A. Amanat, Pivot of the Universe. Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1851- 1896 S.A. Arjomand, The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam, ch. 10 M. Atkin, Russia and Iran, 1780-1828 S. Bakhash, Iran: Bureaucracy and Reform under the Qajars: 1858-1896 D. Brooks, “The Enemy Within: Limitations on Leadership in the Bakhtiari,” in R. Tapper, ed., The Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan J.R. Cole, “Imami Jurisprudence and the Role of the Ulama,” in N.R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran R. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, ch. 10 H. Farman Farmayan, “The Forces of Modernization in Nineteenth Century Iran,” in W.R. Polk and R.L. Chambers, eds., The Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East G. Garthwaite, “Tribes, Confederation and the State: An Historical Overview of the Bakhtiari and Iran,” in R. Tapper, ed., The Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan G.R.G. Hambly, “Agha Muhammad Khan and the Establishment of the Qajar Dynasty,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic ______, “Iran during the Reigns of Fath Ali Shah and Muhammad Shah,” ibid. C. Issawi, “European Economic Penetration, 1872-1921,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic F. Kashani-Sabet, “Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 29 (2007) ______, Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804-1946 F. Kazemzadeh, “Iranian Relations with Russia and the Soviet Union to 1921,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic ______, Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914 N. Keddie, Iran. Religion, Politics and Society, ch. 5 ______, “The Roots of the Ulama’s Power in Modern Iran,” in N. Keddie, ed., Scholars, Saints, and Sufis L. Kelly, Diplomacy and Murder in Tehran. Alexander Griboyedov and the Tsar's Mission to the Shah of Persia A. Khazeni, Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran A.K.S. Lambton, “Land Tenure and Revenue Administration in the Nineteenth Century,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic ______, Qajar Persia, especially chs. 1, 2, 3, and 7 A. Marashi,Nationalizing Iran: Culture,Power, and the State, 1870-1940, chs. 1 & 2 R.K. Ramazani, The Foreign Policy of Iran, 1500-1941, chs. II-IV M. Ringer, Education, Religion and the Discourse of Cultural Reform in Qajar Iran

R.M. Savory, “The Export of Ithna Ashari Shi’ism: Historical and Ideological Background, in D. Menashri, ed., The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World Strelianov, P.N. [Kalabukhov], Kazaki v Persii 1909-1918 R.Tapper, “Tribes in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Iran,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

Feb. 3 Advocates of Change in Nineteenth Century Iran Keddie, pp. 45-50, 58-66, 170-178 Ridgeon, ch. 1 M. Bayat Philipp, “The Concepts of Religion and Government in the Thought of Mirza Aqa Khan Kirmani, a Nineteenth-Century Persian Revolutionary,” on Blackboard under Bayat Philipp J.R.I. Cole, “Iranian Millenarianism and Democratic Thought in the 19th Century,” on Blackboard under Cole Additional reading: B. Alavi, “Critical writings on the renewal of Iran,” in E. Bosworth and C. Hillenbrand, eds, Qajar Iran H. Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan A. Amanat, Resurrection and Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844-1850 S.A. Arjomand, The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam, ch. 11 M. Bayat, Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran J.R.I. Cole, Modernity and the Millennium: The Genesis of the Baha’I Faith in the Nineteenth- Century Middle East A.K.S. Lambton, Qajar Persia, ch. 8 M. Moaddel, “Shi‛I Political Discourse and Class Mobilization in the Tobacco Movement of 1890-92,” in J. Foran, ed., A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran V. Martin, The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest, and the State in Nineteenth-Century Persia H. Sedghi, Women and politics in Iran: veiling, unveiling, and reveiling A. Tabari, “The Role of the Clergy in Modern Iranian Politics,” in N.R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran

Feb. 10 Constitutional Revolution Keddie, pp. 66-72, 179-183 Ridgeon, ch. 3 Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, ch. 2 J. Afary, Iranian Constitutional Revolution ______, “Social Democracy and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906-11,” in J. Foran, ed., A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran H. Algar, “The Oppositional Role of the Ulama in Twentieth-Century Iran,” in N. Keddie, ed., Scholars, Saints, and Sufis A.M. Ansari, Modern Iran Since 1921, ch. 1 S.A. Arjomand, “The Ulama’s Traditional Opposition to Parliamentarianism, 1907-1909,” Middle Eastern Studies (April 1981) F. Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran, ch. 1 F.R.C. Bagley, “New light on the Iranian constitutional movement,” in E. Bosworth and C. Hillenbrand, eds,, Qajar Iran M. Bayat, “The cultural implications of the Constitutional Revolution,” in E. Bosworth and C. Hillenbrand, eds,, Qajar Iran S. Cronin, ed., Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran. New Perspectives on the Iranian Left, ch. 3 A.K.S. Lambton, Qajar Persia, chs. 10 and 11 V. Martin, Islam and Modernism. The Iranian Revolution of 1906 M. Momen, “The Bahai’is and the Constitutional Revolution: The Case of Sari, Mazandaran, 1906-1913,” Iranian Studies, vol. 41, no. 3 (June 2008), pp. 343-363 R.K. Ramazani, The Foreign Policy of Iran, 1500-1941, ch. V

H. Sedghi, Women and politics in Iran: veiling, unveiling, and reveiling W.M. Shuster, The Strangling of Persia

Feb. 17 Presidents’ Day – GW holiday

Feb. 24 WW I and its aftermath Keddie, pp. 73-80 Ridgeon, pp. 71-79, 86-89 H. Katouzian, “The Campaign Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919,” on Blackboard under Katouzian campaign H. Katouzian, “Nationalist Trends in Iran, 1921-1926,” on Blackboard under Katouzian nationalist Additional reading: T. Atabaki, Azerbaijan, ch. 2 ______, ed., Iran and the First World War R. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, ch. 12 S. Cronin, ed., Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran. New Perspectives on the Iranian Left, chs. 4 and 5 G. Lenczowski, “Foreign powers’ intervention in Iran during World War I,” in E. Bosworth and C. Hillenbrand, eds,, Qajar Iran R.K. Ramazani, The Foreign Policy of Iran, 1500-1941, chs. VI-VII B. Shaffer, Borders and Brethren. Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity, ch. 1 M. van Bruinessen, “Kurdish Tribes and the State of Iran: The Case of Simko’s Revolt,” in R. Tapper, ed., The Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan S. Zabih, The Communist Movement in Iran, ch. 1

March 3 The Rise and Rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi Keddie, pp. 80-104, 183-186 Ridgeon, pp. 79-86 S. Cronin, “Resisting the New State: Peasants and Pastoralists in Iran, 1921-41,” on Blackboard under Cronin peasants Additional Reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, ch. 3 S. Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran (also appropriate for several topics below) A.M. Ansari, Modern Iran Since 1921, chs. 2-3 T. Atabaki, Azerbaijan, ch. 3 ______and E.J. Zürcher, eds., Men of Order. Authoritarian Modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah, chs. 3, 6, 8, 9, 10 F. Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran, ch. 2 A. Banani, The Modernization of Iran. 1921-1941 K. Bayat, “With or Without Workers in Reza Shah’s Iran: Abadan, May 1929,” in T. Atabaki, ed., The State and the Subaltern ______, “Staging the Emperor’s New Clothes: Dress Codes and Nation-Building Under Reza Shah,” Iranian Studies, vol. 26, nos. 3-4 (1993) P. Clawson, “Knitting Iran Together: The Land Transport Revolution, 1920-1940,” Iranian Studies, vol. 26, nos. 3-4 (1993) S. Cronin, The Army and the Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran, 1910-1926 ______, “Reform from Above, Resistance from Below: The New Order and Its Opponents in Iran, 1927-1929,” in T. Atabaki, ed., The State and the Subaltern ______, Soldiers, Shahs and Subalterns in Iran: Opposition, Protest and Revolt, 1921-1941 ______, Tribal Politics in Iran. Rural Conflict and the New State, 1921-1941 ______, ed., The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921-1941 M.H. Faghfoory, “The Impact of Modernization on the Ulama in Iran, 1925-1941,” Iranian Studies, vol. 26 (1993) T. Grigor, “Recultivating ‘Good Taste’: The Early Pahlavi Modernists and their Society for National Heritage,” Iranian Studies, vol. 37, no. 1 (2004)

G.R.G. Hambly, “The Pahlavi Autocracy: Riza Shah, 1921-1941,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic H. Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis Kazaki v Persii 1909-1918 K.S. MacLachlan, “Economic Development, 1921-1979,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic A. Marashi, Nationalizing Iran: Culture,Power, and the State, 1870-1940, chs. 3 & 4 R. Matthee, “Transforming Dangerous Nomads into Useful Artisans, Technicians, Agriculturalists: Education in the Reza Shah Period,” Iranian Studies, vol. 26, nos. 3-4 (1993) A. Najmabadi, “Authority and Agency: Revisiting Women’s Activism during Reza Shah’s Period,” in T. Atabaki, ed., The State and the Subaltern Persits, M. A. // Zastenchivaia interventsiia. O sovetskom vtorzhenii v Iran i Bukharu v 1920- 1921 gg. R.K. Ramazani, The Foreign Policy of Iran, 1500-1941, chs. VIII-XII C. Schayegh, Who Is Knowledgeable Is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society H. Sedghi, Women and politics in Iran: veiling, unveiling, and reveiling B. Shaffer, Borders and Brethren. Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity, ch. 2 S. Zabih, The Communist Movement in Iran, ch. 2 M.P. Zirinsky, “The Rise of Reza Khan,” in J. Foran, ed., A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran

March 10 Spring Break

March 17 World War II and Domestic Political and Intellectual Ferment Keddie, pp. 105-123 Ridgeon, ch. 4 and pp. 89-90 F. Scheid Raine, “Stalin and the Creation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party in Iran, 1945,” on Blackboard under Scheid Raine T. Atabaki, “The Rebirth of the Autonomous Movement in Azerbaijan,” on Blackboard under Atabaki Rebirth ______, “The Autonomous Government of Azerbaijan,” on Blackboard under Atabaki Autonomous Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, chs. 4, 6-8 A.M. Ansari, Modern Iran Since 1921, ch. 4 F. Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran, ch. 3 (also relevant to next topic) R. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, ch. 9 L. Fawcett, Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946 A.R. Ghassemlou, “Kurdistan in Iran,” in G. Chaliand, ed., People Without a Country A. Hassanpour, “The Nationalist Movements in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, 1941-46,” in J. Foran, ed., A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran R. Herman, “The Role of Iran in Soviet Perceptions and Policy, 1946-1988,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski,eds., Neither East Nor West (this is also relevant to some topics below) Kozhanov, N.A., “The Pretexts and Reasons for the Allied Invasion of Iran in 1941,” Iranian Studies, vol. 45, no. 4 (2012), pp. 479-497 B.R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East (select appropriate chapters) Pezeshkzad, I., My Uncle Napoleon [this is the most important Iranian novel of the second half of the twentieth century. It’s set in the early 1940s and says a lot about attitudes toward the English as well as Iranian society.] R.K. Ramazani, Iran’s Foreign Policy, 1941-1973, chs. I-VII A. Roosevelt, Jr., “The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad,” in G. Chaliand, ed., People Without a Country S. Zabih, The Communist Movement in Iran, chs. 3 and 4

March 24 Oil Nationalization Crisis and Mosaddeq Keddie, pp. 123-131 Ridgeon, pp. 90-94 A. Mahmud, “The Little Native Boy,” on Blackboard under Mahmud boy M.J. Gasiorowski, “Conclusion. Why Did Mosaddeq Fall?” on Blackboard under Gasiorowski Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, ch. 5 A.M. Ansari, Confronting Iran, ch. 2 ______, Modern Iran Since 1921, ch. 5 R. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, ch. 15 M.J. Gasiorowski and M. Byrne, Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran background on the oil industry in Iran in C. Issawi, ed., The Economic History of Iran. 1800- 1914, pp. 311-326 S. Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men R.K. Ramazani, Iran’s Foreign Policy, 1941-1973, chs. VIII-X Y. Richard, “Ayatollah Kashani: Precursor of the Islamic Republic?”, in N.R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran S. Siavoshi, “The Oil Nationalization Movement, 1949-1953,” in J. Foran, ed., A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran S. Zabih, The Communist Movement in Iran, chs. 5 and 6

March 31 Pahlavi Rule – Modernization by Command from Above Keddie, pp. 132-169 S. Ebadi, Iran Awakening, pp. 3-32, on Blackboard under Ebadi J. Green, “Social Mobilization and the Pahlavi Development Ethos,” on Blackboard under Green E.J. Hooglund, “Caesar’s Will,” on Blackboard under Hooglund Caesar F. Kazemi, “Village Life and Flight to the City,” on Blackboard under Kazemi Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, ch. 9 A.M. Ansari, Modern Iran Since 1921, chs. 6-7 ______, “The Myth of the White Revolution: Mohammad Reza Shah, ‘Modernization’ and the Consolidation of Power,” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 37 (2001) F. Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran, chs. 4, 7-9 M. Behrooz, Rebels with A Cause. The Failure of the Left in Iran, chs. 1-2 R. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, ch. 16 W.M. Floor, “The Revolutionary Character of the Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality?”, in N.R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran M.J. Gasiorowski, “Security Relations between the United States and Iran, 1953-1978,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East Nor West G.R.G. Hambly, “The Pahlavi Autocracy: Muhammad Riza Shah, 1941-1979,” in P. Avery, et al., eds, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic E. Hooglund, Land and Revolution in Iran, 1960-1980 F. Kazermi, Poverty and Revolution in Iran A.K.S. Lambton, The Persian Land Reform, 1962-1966 A. Najmabadi, Land Reform and Social Change in Iran R.K. Ramazani, Iran’s Foreign Policy, 1941-1973, chs. XI-XVI C. Schayegh, “’Seeing Like a State’: An Essay on the Historiography of Modern Iran,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 42 (2010) H. Sedghi, Women and politics in Iran: veiling, unveiling, and reveiling

April 7 Pahlavi Rule – Voices of Discontent Keddie, pp. 188-213 Ridgeon, pp. 149-156, chs. 10 and 11

Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, ch. 10 ______, The Iranian Mojahedin, chs. 3-6 S. Akhavi, “Shariati’s Social Thought,” in N.R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran S.A. Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown, ch. 5 M. Bayat-Phillip, “Shiism in Contemporary Iranian Politics: the Case of Ali Shariati,” in E. KEDOURIE and S. Haim, eds., Towards a Modern Iran M. Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West H.E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini (especially section II) H. Dabashi, “Ali Shariati’s Islam: Revolutionary Uses of Faith in Post-Traditional Society,” Islamic Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 4 (1983) H. Enayat, “Iran: Khumayni’s Concept of the Guardianship of the Jurisconsult,” in Islam in the Political Process, J.P. Piscatori, ed. B. Hanson, “The Westoxication of Iran,” International Journal of Middle East Studies (February 1983) R. Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, H. Algar, trans. and annotator A. Mirsepassi, “Religious Intellectuals and Western Critique of Secular Modernity,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 26, no. 3 (2006) V. Nasr, The Shia Revival, ch. 3 M. Parsa, “Mosque of Last Resort: State Reform and Social Conflict in the Early 1960s,” in J. Foran, ed., A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran A. Rahnema, An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati P. Vahabzadeh, A Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai PERIOD of National Liberation in Iran , 1971-1979

April 14 The Revolution of 1978-1979 Keddie, ch. 9 E. Abrahamian, “The Guerrilla Movement in Iran, 1963-1977,” on Blackboard under Abrahamian V. Moghadam and A. Ashtiani, “The Left and revolution in Iran,” on Blackboard under Moghadam and Ashtiani Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions, ch. 11 ______, The Iranian Mojahedin, ch. 7 A.M. Ansari, Confronting Iran, ch. 3 ______, Modern Iran Since 1921, ch. 8 S.A. Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown, ch. 6 F. Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran, ch. 5 M. Behrooz, Rebels with A Cause. The Failure of the Left in Iran, chs. 3-4 M.M.J. Fischer, Iran From Religious Dispute to Revolution, ch. 6 and Epilogue M.E. Hegland, “Islamic Revival or Political and Cultural Revolution?”, in R.T. Antoun and M.E. Hegland, eds., Religious Resurgence ______, “Two Images of Husain: Accommodation and Revolution in an Iranian Village,” in N.R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran B. Shaffer, Borders and Brethren. Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity, ch. 3 H. Shahidian, “The Iranian Left and the ‘Woman Question’ in the Revolution of 1978-1979,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 26, no. 2 (1994)

April 21 Islamic Republic – Domestic Keddie, ch. 10 Ridgeon, chs. 12, 13, 14 H.E. Chehabi, “The Political Regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Comparative Perspective,” on Blackboard under Chehabi S. Ebadi, Iran Awakening, pp. 39-49, on Blackboard under Ebadi

V.M. Moghadam, “Islamic Feminism and Its Discontents: Toward a Resolution of the Debate,” on Blackboard under Moghadam feminism H. Golshiri, “The Victory Chronicle of the Magi,” on Blackboard under Golshiri Additional reading: E. Abrahamian, The Iranian Mojahedin, chs. 8-11 Alfoneh, A. “The Revolutionary Guards’ Role in Iranian Politics,” Middle East Quarterly, Fall 2008 S.A. Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown, chs. 7-10 A. Ashraf, “Charisma, Theocracy, and Men of Power in Postrevolutionary Iran,” in M. Weiner and A. Banuazizi, eds., The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan T. Atabaki, “”Ethnic Diversity and Territorial Integrity of Iran: Domestic Harmony and Regional Challenges,” in Iranian Studies, vol. 38, no. 1 (March 2005), pp. 23-44 F. Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran, chs. 10-11 S. Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs S. Cronin, ed., Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran. New Perspectives on the Iranian Left, Part III E. Hooglund, ed., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution M. Karshenas and H. Hakimian, “Oil, Economic Diversification and the Democratic Process in Iran,” in Iranian Studies, vol. 38, no. 1 (March 2005), pp. 67-90 V. Martin, Creating an Islamic State. Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran V. Nasr, The Shia Revival, ch. 4 V.F. Nowshirvani and P. Clawson, “The State and Social Equity in Postrevolutionary Iran,” in M. Weiner and A. Banuazizi, eds., The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan A. Najmabadi, “Power, Morality, and the New Muslim Womanhood,” in M. Weiner and A. Banuazizi, eds., The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan B. Shaffer, Borders and Brethren. Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity, pp. 142-154 H. Sedghi, Women and politics in Iran: veiling, unveiling, and reveiling S. Zabih, The Left in Contemporary Iran, chs. 3-5

April 28 Islamic Republic – International E. Hooglund, “The Islamic Republic at War and Peace,” on Blackboard under Hooglund Islamic ,Republic S,. Ebadi, Iran Awakening, pp. 57-66, 76-78, 82-86, on Blackboard under Ebadi A. Mahmud, “Scorched Earth,” on Blackboard under Mahmud Earth Additional reading: S. Akhavi, “Soviet Perceptions of the Iranian Revolution,” Iranian Studies (Winter 1989) J. Amirahmadi and N. Entessar, eds., Iran and the Arab World A.M. Ansari, Confronting Iran, ch. 4 A. Baram, “The Impact of Khomeini’s Revolution on the Radical Shi’i Movement of Iraq,” in D. Menashri, ed., The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World W.O. Beeman, “Images of the Great Satan: Representations of the United States in the Iranian Revolution,” in N.R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran M. Behrooz, “Trends in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979-1988,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski,eds., Neither East Nor West H.E. Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years ______, “Iran and Iraq. Intersocietal Linkages and Secular Nationalisms,” in A. Amanat and F. Vejdani, eds., Iran Facting Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective S. Chubin, “Iran and the Persian Gulf States,” in D. Menashri, ed., The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World ______, Iran’s National Security Policy: Capabilities, Intentions and Impact ______. “The Last Phase of the Iran-Iraq War,” Third World Quarterly (April 1989) A. Ehteshami and R. Hinnebusch, Syria and Iran R.O. Freedman, “Gorbachev, Iran, and the Iran-Iraq War,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East Nor West

F. Halliday, “Iranian Foreign Policy since 1979: Internationalism and Nationalism in the Islamic Republic,” in J.R.I. Cole and N.R. Keddie, eds., Shi′ism and Social Protest ______, “The Iranian Revolution and Great-Power Politics: Components of the First Decade,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East Nor West E. Hooglund, “Iranian Views of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” Journal of Palestinian Studies, vo. 25, no. 1 (Autumn 1995) ______, “The Policy of the Reagan Administration toward Iran,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski, eds. Neither East Nor West E. Karsh, ed., The Iran-Iraq War F. Kazemi and J. Hart, “The Shi’I Praxis: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy,” in D. Menashri, ed., The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World P. Kornbluh and M. Byrne, The Iran-Contra Scandal D. Menashri, “Khomeini’s Vision: Nationalism or World Order?”, in D. Menashri, ed., The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World V. Nasr, The Shia Revival, ch. 5 Pahlavan, T., “Iran and Central Asia,” in T. Atabaki and J. O’Kane, eds., Post-Soviet Central Asia T. Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: the Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States L.G. Potter and G. Sick, eds., Iran, Iraq, and the Legacies of War F. Rajaee, ed., Iranian Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq War R.K. Ramazani, “Iran’s Resistance to the U.S. Intervention in the Persian Gulf,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East Nor West A.W. Samii, “A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship,” Middle East Journal (2008) G. Sick, “Slouching toward Settlement: The Internationalization of the Iran-Iraq War, 1987- 1988,” in N.R. Keddie and M.J. Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East Nor West

April 30 Film: Under the Moonlight (a film exploring various issues in Iranian society in recent years) This is a Wednesday, but the GW Academic Calendar makes it a make-up day for Monday classes (because of the Monday holidays during the semester)