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國立 臺 灣 師範 大學 文學院英語學系 碩士論文 Department of English, College of Liberal Arts National Taiwan Normal University Master’s Thesis 以共同體作為人 性 之 綻放 ： 喬治 ・歐威爾《巴黎倫敦落魄記》 與蔡明亮《郊遊》之比較 Community as the Budding of Humanity: The Comparison between George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London and Tsai Ming-Liang’s Stray Dogs 粘正穎 Nien, Jeng-Ying 指導教授 ： 梁孫傑 博士 中華民國 109 年 9 月 September 2020 i Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis has to be credited to my advisor, Dr. Sun-Chieh Liang, an admirable and respectable professor. He guided me through the journey of analyzing literary materials and organizing my ideas logically. Without his instruction, the layout of this thesis would have been much looser and less academic. He also gave me much time and space to conceive my own thoughts freely, and he would act as the role directing me to the correct path whenever I got lost in digression. I really owed a great debt of thanks to my instructor. I am also grateful to the committee members of my oral defense, Prof. Kun-liang Chuang and Prof. Yuh-chuan Shao. They gave me an abundance of advice and comments which was not only helpful in my subsequent revision but also inspiring for future study. I also thank so much Annie Chuang, Mary Wang, and White, who helped review my thesis before the oral defense. My parents were my best support. They let me explore the meaning of life and choose what I wanted to do without pressure. I also have to thank Prof. Tzu-chung Su, Prof. Hsiu- chuan Lee, and prof. Shih-Chieh Chien, who provided me with burdenless jobs and decent pays, so that I could survive the program for master’s degree without economic worries. This thesis was also inspired a lot from Prof. Han-yu Huang’s courses about literary theories and biopolitics, leading me to discover the issue of homelessness. During my study, I also received mental support from my best friend Jimmy, who listened to my complaints and the ups and downs in life. The administrative members in our department office, Bartleby, Muhan, and William, all gave me a hand whenever I needed administrative aids. Phoenix Chang was one of my mentors; I always felt relaxed when I was having small talk with her. Kay Lee, a sunshine girl, we often shared the learning and use of Thai language ii and interesting things about Thailand. We shared bittersweets in life, too. When I was preparing for the trip to London for a conference, Marshall Lin provided me with many suggestions regarding the academic presentation and the travel routes. Last, my thesis would not have been complete if there were no Do You A Flavor’s homeless projects and guided tours. I also have to express my gratitude to Jia-ting Li, the social worker of Homeless Taiwan, for encouraging me on her book launch event. I sincerely appreciate all the people around me, backing me up, listening to me, and giving me useful advice. With the completion of this thesis, I will embrace these treasures and embark on the next adventure. iii 摘要 隨著《無家者 —— 從未想過我有這麼一天》（ 2016）的出版，以及在 2017 年開始 舉辦的「貧窮人的台北」等活動， 無家者議題近幾年漸漸在臺灣受到重視。 因受到 社 會學 領域 的 啟發，首先我將在此論文中探討喬治 ・歐威爾的《巴黎倫敦落魄記 》中倫 敦的部分，藉此了解無家者的成因以及英格蘭貧窮法案的發展。 接著我將以蔡明亮導 演的《郊遊》來討論臺灣的無家者議題，並比較無家者現象在 臺灣與英國的異同。 最 後，受到歐威爾「經營一座小型農場，或是一畦家庭菜園」 提議的啟示 ，以及汲取在 二十一世紀由格蕾絲 ・李 ・博格斯和埃里克 ・歐林 ・賴特的社區發展理論等發想，我 將討論藉組織當地、互助的 共同體 以反抗資本主義的可能性。 以在地為基礎的共同體 中，透過互相關懷與支持，將會產生愛與歸屬感的氛圍， 而人性也將成為可能。 如同阿蘭 ・巴迪歐宣稱共產主義理念旨在將革命思想 灌注 於日 常實踐中， 地方共同體 的計畫也可以是彈性且滾動式進化的。 本 共同體營造 計劃可被 視為實驗的過程，依據不同的時間與空間而有所調整。透過分析英格蘭與臺灣的無家 者議題，本論文將焦點置於人性以及人類本身，期望為這個存在已久的問題找到一個 可行的解決方案。 關鍵詞：無家者、 共同體 、人性、《郊遊》、《巴黎倫敦落魄記》、共產主義理念 iv Abstract With the publication of Life Stories of the Homeless in Taiwan (2016), and the serial activities called “The Poor’s Taipei” launched in 2017, the issue of homelessness has recently gained attention again in Taiwan. With such sociological inspiration, in my thesis, I will first investigate the London part of George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London, to understand the cause of the homeless and the development of the Poor Laws in England. In the next part, I will discuss the homelessness in Taiwan with Tsai Ming-liang’s Stray Dogs and compare it with the homeless phenomenon in England. Finally, inspired by Orwell’s suggestion of running a small farm, or a kitchen garden, plus the theory of community development promoted by Grace Lee Boggs and Erik Olin Wright in the twenty-first century, I will discuss the possibility of acting against the capitalistic oppression by organizing local and mutually- supporting communities. In the locally based communities, by caring and supporting each other, the atmosphere of love and the sense of belonging will be established, and the humanity becomes possible. As Alain Badiou claims that the Idea of communism intends to invest revolutionary ideas into everyday practices, the proposal of local communities may also be flexible and evolutionary. The community-building project can be seen as a process of experiment, adapting to different time and space. By analyzing the homelessness in England and Taiwan, this thesis aims to find a probable solution to the long-lasting question by focusing on human beings and humanity. Keywords: homeless, community, humanity, Stray Dogs, Down and Out in Paris and London, Idea of communism v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... i Chinese Abstract .................................................................................................................... iii English Abstract ...................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... v Chapter One: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter Two: Homelessness in Early Twentieth Century’s London: Discussion on George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London ......... 8 I. The Origin of the Workhouse in England ........................................................................ 12 II. The Workhouse as a Good Place ..................................................................................... 14 III. The Poor’s Attitude—in View of Religion .................................................................... 15 IV. The Poor Law—the Institution Putting the Disadvantaged under Control .................... 23 V. The Operation of the Workhouses .................................................................................. 27 VI. The Pre-Community Scheme ......................................................................................... 29 Chapter Three: Tsai Ming-Liang’s Stray Dogs and the studies on the homelessness in Taiwan ...................................... 32 I. Capitalism and Homeless Life .......................................................................................... 40 II. Political Allusions ........................................................................................................... 46 III. The Ontology of Life ..................................................................................................... 48 IV. Ruins and the Capitalistic Exploitation ......................................................................... 51 V. Repetition of the Plot ...................................................................................................... 56 Chapter Four: Sociological Theories of Community-building Schemes .......................... 60 vi I. The Detroit Experience ..................................................................................................... 61 II. The Russian Revolution .................................................................................................. 62 III. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, or the GPCR ............................................. 65 IV. Revolution in the Twenty-first Century ......................................................................... 66 V. The Sociological Theory of Community-Building Projects ........................................... 73 Chapter Five: The Community Hypothesis ......................................................................... 78 I. The Idea of Communism .................................................................................................. 79 II. Capitalism in literary works ............................................................................................ 80 III. Underlying problems of Capitalo-Parliamentarianism .................................................. 82 IV. Education ....................................................................................................................... 83 V. Humanity ......................................................................................................................... 86 VI. Community as the New Possibility of Communist Experiments .................................. 88 Chapter Six: Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 93 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................ 95 Nien 1 Chapter One: Introduction Poverty is an old topic that has existed almost since the beginning of human history. Among types of poverty, homelessness is one of the extremes. In the modern era, with the progress of
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