Flexibility Management for Space Logistics Via Decision Rules
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Spacenet: Modeling and Simulating Space Logistics
SpaceNet: Modeling and Simulating Space Logistics Gene Lee*, Elizabeth Jordan†, and Robert Shishko‡ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109 Olivier de Weck§, Nii Armar**, and Afreen Siddiqi†† Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 This paper summarizes the current state of the art in interplanetary supply chain modeling and discusses SpaceNet as one particular method and tool to address space logistics modeling and simulation challenges. Fundamental upgrades to the interplanetary supply chain framework such as process groups, nested elements, and cargo sharing, enabled SpaceNet to model an integrated set of missions as a campaign. The capabilities and uses of SpaceNet are demonstrated by a step-by-step modeling and simulation of a lunar campaign. I. Introduction HE term “supply chain” has traditionally been used to refer to terrestrial logistics and the flow of commodities Tin and out of manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and retail stores. Rather than focusing on local interests, optimizing the entire supply chain can reduce costs by using resources and performing operations as efficiently as possible. There is an increasing realization that future space missions, such as the buildup and sustainment of a lunar outpost, should not be treated as isolated missions but rather as an integrated supply chain. Supply chain management at the interplanetary level will maximize scientific return, minimize transportation costs, and reduce risk through increased system availability and robustness to failures.1,2 SpaceNet is a model with a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows a user to build, simulate, and evaluate exploration missions from a logistics perspective.3 The goal of SpaceNet is to provide mission planners, logisticians, and system engineers with a software tool that focuses on what cargo is needed to support future space missions, when it is required, and how propulsive vehicles can be used to deliver that cargo. -
Exploration of the Moon
Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. -
Spacex CRS-4 National Aeronautics and Fourth Commercial Resupply Services Flight Space Administration
SpaceX CRS-4 National Aeronautics and Fourth Commercial Resupply Services Flight Space Administration to the International Space Station September 2014 OVERVIEW The Dragon spacecraft will be filled with more than 5,000 pounds of supplies and payloads, including critical materials to support 255 science and research investigations that will occur during Expeditions 41 and 42. Dragon will carry three powered cargo payloads in its pressurized section and two in its unpressurized trunk. Science payloads will enable model organism research using rodents, fruit flies and plants. A special science payload is the ISS-Rapid Scatterometer to monitor ocean surface wind speed and direction. Several new technology demonstrations aboard will enable bone density studies, test how a small satellite moves and positions itself in space using new thruster technology, and use the first 3-D printer in space for additive manufacturing. The mission also delivers IMAX cameras for filming during four increments and replacement batteries for the spacesuits. After four weeks at the space station, the spacecraft will return with about 3,800 pounds of cargo, including crew supplies, hardware and computer resources, science experiments, space station hardware, and four powered payloads. DRAGON CARGO LAUNCH ITEMS RETURN ITEMS TOTAL CARGO: 4885 lbs / 2216 kg 3276 lbs / 1486 kg · Crew Supplies 1380 lbs / 626 kg 132 lbs / 60 kg Crew care packages Crew provisions Food · Vehicle Hardware 403 lbs / 183 kg 937 lbs / 425 kg Crew Health Care System hardware Environment Control & Life Support equipment Electrical Power System hardware Extravehicular Robotics equipment Flight Crew Equipment Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency equipment · Science Investigations 1644 lbs / 746 kg 2075 lbs / 941 kg U.S. -
NUCLEAR SAFETY LAUNCH APPROVAL: MULTI-MISSION LESSONS LEARNED Yale Chang the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
ANS NETS 2018 – Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space Las Vegas, NV, February 26 – March 1, 2018, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2018) NUCLEAR SAFETY LAUNCH APPROVAL: MULTI-MISSION LESSONS LEARNED Yale Chang The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 240-228-5724; [email protected] Launching a NASA radioisotope power system (RPS) trajectory to Saturn used a Venus-Venus-Earth-Jupiter mission requires compliance with two Federal mandates: Gravity Assist (VVEJGA) maneuver, where the Earth the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) Gravity Assist (EGA) flyby was the primary nuclear safety and launch approval (LA), as directed by Presidential focus of NASA, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Directive/National Security Council Memorandum 25. Cassini Interagency Nuclear Safety Review Panel Nuclear safety launch approval lessons learned from (INSRP), and the public alike. A solid propellant fire test multiple NASA RPS missions, one Russian RPS mission, campaign addressed the MPF finding and led in part to two non-RPS launch accidents, and several solid the retrofit solid propellant breakup systems (BUSs) propellant fire test campaigns since 1996 are shown to designed and carried by MER-A and MER-B spacecraft have contributed to an ever-growing body of knowledge. and the deployment of plutonium detectors in the launch The launch accidents can be viewed as “unplanned area for PNH. The PNH mission decreased the calendar experiments” that provided real-world data. Lessons length of the NEPA/LA processes to less than 4 years by learned from the nuclear safety launch approval effort of incorporating lessons learned from previous missions and each mission or launch accident, and how they were tests in its spacecraft and mission designs and their applied to improve the NEPA/LA processes and nuclear NEPA/LA processes. -
Sentinel-1A Launch
SENTINEL-1A LAUNCH Arianespace’s seventh Soyuz launch from the Guiana Space Center will orbit Sentinel-1A, the first satellite in Europe’s Earth observation program, Copernicus. The European Space Agency (ESA) chose Thales Alenia Space to design, develop and build the satellite, as well as perform related tests. Copernicus is the new name for the European program previously known as GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), and is the European Commission’s second major space program, following Galileo. Copernicus is designed to give Europe continuous, independent and reliable access to Earth observation data. With the Soyuz, Ariane 5 and Vega launchers at the Guiana Space Center (CSG), Arianespace is the only launch services provider in the world capable of launching all types of payloads into all orbits, from the smallest to the largest geostationary satellites, from satellite clusters for constellations to cargo missions for the International Space Station (ISS). Arianespace sets the launch services standard for all operators, whether commercial or governmental, and guarantees access to space for scientific missions. Sentinel-1A is the 50th satellite with an Earth observation payload to be launched by Arianespace. Arianespace has seven more Earth observation missions in its order book, including four commercial missions (signed in 2013 and 2014). The Copernicus program is designed to give Europe complete independence in the acquisition and management of environmental data concerning our planet. ESA’s Sentinel programs comprise five satellite families: Sentinel-1, to provide continuity for radar data from ERS and Envisat. Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3, dedicated to the observation of the Earth and its oceans. -
Gateway Program EVA Exploration Workshop
Gateway Program EVA Exploration Workshop Lara Kearney Deputy Manager, Gateway Program February, 2020 1 Gateway Deep Space Logistics with EVA Space Suits Gateway Gateway 2024 HALO Lander Crewed PPE Orion/SLS Uncrewed Orion/SLS 2023 late 2024 2023 early 2024 2023 2021 2 Gateway continues to build, adding International Habitat Refueler (ESPRIT) Robotic Arm Airlock 3 Gateway Program and Objectives • The Gateway will be a sustainable outpost in orbit around the Moon, which will serve as a platform for human space exploration, science, and technology development. – The Gateway shall be utilized to enable crewed missions to cislunar space including capabilities that enable surface missions to the lunar South Pole by 2024 (Crewed Missions) – The Gateway shall provide capabilities to meet scientific requirements for lunar discovery and exploration, as well as other science objectives (Science Requirements) – The Gateway shall be utilized to enable, demonstrate and prove technologies that are enabling for lunar surface missions that feed forward to Mars as well as other deep space destinations (Proving Ground & Technology Demonstration) – NASA shall establish industry and international partnerships to develop and operate the Gateway (Partnerships) 5 Gateway Program Philosophy • Incorporating lessons learned and best practices from International Space Station, Orion and Commercial Crew and Cargo Programs • Using fixed price contracts, commercially available hardware and commercial standards to the maximum extent possible • Pushing responsibility -
Actual Problems Актуальные Проблемы
АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК АВИАЦИИ И ВОЗДУХОПЛАВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ КОСМОНАВТИКИ ИМ. К.Э.ЦИОЛКОВСКОГО RUSSIAN ASTRONAUTICS ACADEMY OF K.E.TSIOLKOVSKY'S NAME ACADEMY OF AVIATION AND AERONAUTICS SCIENCES СССР 7 195 ISSN 1727-6853 12.04.1961 АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АВИАЦИОННЫХ И АЭРОКОСМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ процессы, модели, эксперимент 1(42), т.21, 2016 RUSSIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF AVIATION AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS processes, models, experiment УРНАЛ 1(42), v.21, 2016 УЧНЫЙ Ж О-АМЕРИКАНСКИЙ НА ОССИЙСК Р Казань Daytona Beach А К Т УА Л Ь Н Ы Е П Р О Б Л Е М Ы А В И А Ц И О Н Н Ы Х И А Э Р О К О С М И Ч Е С К И Х С И С Т Е М Казань, Дайтона Бич Вып. 1 (42), том 21, 1-210, 2016 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ CONTENTS С.К.Крикалёв, О.А.Сапрыкин 1 S.K.Krikalev, O.A.Saprykin Пилотируемые Лунные миссии: Manned Moon missions: problems and задачи и перспективы prospects В.Е.Бугров 28 V.E.Bugrov О государственном управлении About government management of программами пилотируемых manned space flights programs космических полетов (критический (critical analysis of problems in анализ проблем отечественной Russian astronautics of the past and космонавтики прошлого и present) настоящего) А.В.Даниленко, К.С.Ёлкин, 90 A.V.Danilenko, K.S.Elkin, С.Ц.Лягушина S.C.Lyagushina Проект программы развития в Project of Russian program on России перспективной космической technology development of prospective технологии – космических тросовых space tethers applications систем Г.Р.Успенский 102 G.R.Uspenskii Прогнозирование космической Forecasting of space activity on деятельности по пилотируемой manned astronautics космонавтике А.В.Шевяков 114 A.V.Shevyakov Математические методы обработки Mathematical methods of images изображений в аэрокосмических processing in aerospace information информационных системах systems Р.С.Зарипов 140 R.S.Zaripov Роль и место военно-транспортных Russian native military transport самолетов в истории авиации aircrafts: history and experience of life России, опыт их боевого применения (part II) (ч. -
The Effect of Time and Volume Stater of Bioethanol Content from Coconut Fiber Waste and Mengkudu Nutrient Content Compositions 8 in 100 Gr Mengkudu [8]
Copyright © 2019 American Scientific Publishers Journal of All rights reserved Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Printed in the United States of America Vol. 16, 5224–5227, 2019 The Effect of Time and Volume Stater of Bioethanol Content from Coconut Fiber Waste and Mengkudu Netty Herawati∗, Muh A. P. Muplih, M. Iqbal Satriansyah, and Kiagus A. Roni Chemical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Palembang, Jalan Jendral Ahmad Yani 13 Ulu, Plaju, Palembang, 3011, Indonesia Mengkudu and coconut fiber are a plant which frequently find in Indonesia. Mengkudu is a plant that has many advantages and carbohydrate content as 51,67%. Coconut fiber has high enough cellulose content as 43,44%, with high carbohydrate content and high cellulose content they can be utilized as basic ingredient in the making of bioethanol. The purpose of this research is to determine the best condition in the process of making bioethanol from them. Bioethanol was made by fermentation which was helped by bactery, that was Saccaromyches cerevisae or often known as bread yeast. The results of this research were obtained fermentation time and volume of the stater used in making bioethanol from mengkudui fruit in order to get the best content bioetanol is in 60 hours using a stater volume of 10% which produces 6.26% bioethanol, while for the manufacture of bioethanol from waste Coconut coir is at 72 hours using a 6 gr volume of starch which produces bioethanol 13.80%. RESEARCH ARTICLE Keywords: Mengkudu, Coconut Fiber, Bioethanol, Time Variety, Stater Volume, Saccaromy chescerevisae. 1. INTRODUCTION as FGE [6]. Bioethanol is an alcohol compound with a The increase of human population and the develop of hydroxyl group (OH), 2 carbon atoms C, with the chem- industry are directly proportional with the increase of ical formula C2H5OH, which is made by sugar fermen- dependency number with oil fuel. -
Gao-21-306, Nasa
United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees May 2021 NASA Assessments of Major Projects GAO-21-306 May 2021 NASA Assessments of Major Projects Highlights of GAO-21-306, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found This report provides a snapshot of how The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) portfolio of major well NASA is planning and executing projects in the development stage of the acquisition process continues to its major projects, which are those with experience cost increases and schedule delays. This marks the fifth year in a row costs of over $250 million. NASA plans that cumulative cost and schedule performance deteriorated (see figure). The to invest at least $69 billion in its major cumulative cost growth is currently $9.6 billion, driven by nine projects; however, projects to continue exploring Earth $7.1 billion of this cost growth stems from two projects—the James Webb Space and the solar system. Telescope and the Space Launch System. These two projects account for about Congressional conferees included a half of the cumulative schedule delays. The portfolio also continues to grow, with provision for GAO to prepare status more projects expected to reach development in the next year. reports on selected large-scale NASA programs, projects, and activities. This Cumulative Cost and Schedule Performance for NASA’s Major Projects in Development is GAO’s 13th annual assessment. This report assesses (1) the cost and schedule performance of NASA’s major projects, including the effects of COVID-19; and (2) the development and maturity of technologies and progress in achieving design stability. -
Securing Japan an Assessment of Japan´S Strategy for Space
Full Report Securing Japan An assessment of Japan´s strategy for space Report: Title: “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report” Published: July 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report, July 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: European Space Agency (ESA) TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and rationales ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology -
Assessment and Combination of SMAP and Sentinel-1A/B-Derived Soil Moisture Estimates with Land Surface Model Outputs in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING 1 Assessment and Combination of SMAP and Sentinel-1A/B-Derived Soil Moisture Estimates With Land Surface Model Outputs in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA Hyunglok Kim , Sangchul Lee, Michael H. Cosh , Senior Member, IEEE, Venkataraman Lakshmi , Yonghwan Kwon, and Gregory W. McCarty Abstract— Prediction of large-scale water-related natural further evaluation of the three SM products, and the maximize-R disasters such as droughts, floods, wildfires, landslides, and method was applied to combine SMAP and NoahMP36 SM data. dust outbreaks can benefit from the high spatial resolution CDF-matched 9-, 3-, and 1-km SMAP SM data showed reliable soil moisture (SM) data of satellite and modeled products performance: R and ubRMSD values of the CDF-matched SMAP because antecedent SM conditions in the topsoil layer govern products were 0.658, 0.626, and 0.570 and 0.049, 0.053, and the partitioning of precipitation into infiltration and runoff. 0.055 m3/m3, respectively. When SMAP and NoahMP36 were SM data retrieved from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) combined, the R-values for the 9-, 3-, and 1-km SMAP SM data have proved to be an effective method of monitoring SM content were greatly improved: R-values were 0.825, 0.804, and 0.795, at different spatial resolutions: 1) radiometer-based product and ubRMSDs were 0.034, 0.036, and 0.037 m3/m3, respectively. -
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Malshall Space Flight Center, Alabama
NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NASA TM X-53973 SPACE FLIGHT EVOLUTION By Georg von Tiesenhausen and Terry H. Sharpe Advanced Systems Analysis Office June 30,1970 NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Malshall Space Flight Center, Alabama MSFC - Form 3190 (September 1968) j NASA TM X-53973 I [. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE June 30,1970 Space Flight Evolution 6. PERFORMlNG ORGANIZATION CODE PD-SA 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT # Georg von Tiesenhausen and Terry H. Sharpe I 3. PERFORMlNG ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS lo. WORK UNIT, NO. Advanced Systems Analysis Office Program Development 1 1. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 13. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVEREC 2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Technical Memorandum 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE I 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT This report describes a possible comprehensive path of future, space flight evolution. The material in part originated from earlier NASA efforts to defme a space program in which earth orbital, lunar, and planetary programs are integrated. The material presented is not related to specific time schedules but provides an evolutionary sequence. The concepts of commonality of hardware and reusability of systems are introduced as keys to a low cost approach to space flight. The verbal descriptions are complemented by graphic interpretations in order to convey a more vivid impression of the concepts and ideas which make upthis program. 17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT STAR Announcement Advanced Systems Analysis Office 19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this rePmt> (20. SECURITY CLA ;IF. (of this page) 121. NO. OF PAGES 122.