IMPACTS of WAVES and SEA LEVEL RISE on Ports DUE to GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES Viet Nam Sea Ports Case Study
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IMPACTS OF WAVES and SEA LEVEL RISE ON PORTs DUE TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES Viet Nam Sea Ports Case study Pham Lan Anh Delft, April 2012 Student number 1531484 Master thesis committee: Prof. drs. ir. J.K. Vrijling (TU Delft) Dr. ir. R.J. Labeur (TU Delft) Ir. W.F. Molenaar (TU Delft) IMPACTS OF WAVES AND SEA LEVEL RISE ON PORTS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGES Preface This thesis is the finalization of my master program in Hydraulic Engineering at Delft University of Technology. This study has been carried out mainly at TU Delft and a part in Viet Nam. Climate change is a phrase, a terminology that is daily mentioned on public media, governmental strategy, lectures, books… One of the serious consequences of climate change is rising of mean sea level all over oceans which directly impacts to coastal protection structures, typically are breakwaters and port structures which are not well protected like jetty structures. Viet Nam is the country in the region of direct impact of climate change and sea level rise. The theme "Impacts of Wave and Sea Level Rise due to Climate Changes on Ports - Viet Nam Sea Ports Case study" is actually essential pressing problems at present. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Associate Prof. Pham Van Quoc at Water Resources University of Ha Noi who suggests me this idea via one of his article on the university website. I would like to express my deep gratitude and respect to my supervisors - Prof. Dr. Ir. J.K. Vrijling, Dr. Ir. R.J. Labeur, Ir. W.F. Molenaar and the professors, lecturers and staff of TU Delft for their instruction, assist in my study process. Also, my deep gratitude is to Shell Centenary Scholarship who gave me the chance to be in Delft and awarded me the MSc. program. And last but not least my family is an indispensible mental support to finish this MSc study. April 2012 Pham Lan Anh ii IMPACTS OF WAVES AND SEA LEVEL RISE ON PORTS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGES Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................... vii Outline of this report ............................................................................................................ viii ABBREVIATION ................................................................................................................... ix List of figures ......................................................................................................................... x List of tables ....................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Global climate change review .................................................................................. 1 1.1.1. Background ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Sea level rise due to climate changes ................................................................ 2 1.1.3. Hurricanes, Storm surge, Waves in climate change conditions ........................... 3 1.2. Summary of climate change and SLR scenarios of Viet Nam .................................... 3 1.2.1. Sea level rise scenarios of Viet Nam ................................................................. 3 1.2.2. Inundation Maps of Ho Chi Minh City and Mekong River Delta ........................... 4 1.3. Features of Viet Nam sea port development ............................................................. 8 1.3.1. Classification of Viet Nam sea ports ................................................................. 8 1.3.2. Existing aspects of several main sea ports......................................................... 8 1.3.3. Scale of Viet Nam sea ports in planning............................................................13 Chapter 2: Problem analysis and definition of study ...............................................................16 1.1. Analysis of climate change and SLR impacts on sea ports .......................................16 2.2. Negative impacts of climate change factors on ports ................................................17 2.3. Strong negative SLR impacts due to climate changes on Viet Nam sea ports ...........19 2.4. Study objectives .....................................................................................................20 2.5. Study methodology .................................................................................................21 2.5 Problem definition of study ......................................................................................21 Chapter 3. Wave loads on jetties and breakwaters ................................................................23 3.1. Background ............................................................................................................23 3.2. Wind wave theory ...................................................................................................25 3.2.1. Regular waves.................................................................................................25 3.2.1. Irregular waves ................................................................................................25 3.3. Types of wave impact loads ....................................................................................28 3.4. Quasi-static wave loads – pulsating loads................................................................30 3.5. Dynamic impact wave loads ....................................................................................34 3.5.1. Background .....................................................................................................34 iii IMPACTS OF WAVES AND SEA LEVEL RISE ON PORTS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGES 3.5.2. Breaking Wave Loads ......................................................................................35 3.6. Wave loads on exposed jetties ................................................................................37 3.6.1. Background .....................................................................................................37 3.6.2. Kaplan‟s Model ................................................................................................39 3.6.3. Bea et al. Suggestion .......................................................................................39 3.6.4. Sterndoff‟s Suggestion .....................................................................................39 3.6.5. Kaplan‟s Model Update ....................................................................................40 3.6.6. Cuomo and Allsop (2006).................................................................................41 b. Prediction of horizontal wave forces on jetty deck elements .........................................42 c. Wave impact forces ................................................................................................43 3.7. Wave loads and overtopping experiments on jetties .................................................44 3.7.1. Background .....................................................................................................44 3.7.2. Example of Wave Load Experiments on Jetties .................................................45 3.8. Wave overtopping on breakwaters ..........................................................................47 3.8.1. Mean Wave Overtopping Discharge .................................................................47 3.8.2. Maximum Wave Overtopping Volumes .............................................................47 3.8.3. Wave Transmission by wave Overtopping ........................................................50 3.9. Wave diffraction in port basin ..................................................................................51 3.9.1. Regular wave diffraction...................................................................................51 3.9.2. Irregular wave diffraction ..................................................................................52 Chapter 4. Wave and sea level rise impacts on Nam Du port .................................................55 4.1 Introduction to Nam Du port ....................................................................................55 4.1.1. Nam Du Island Location ...................................................................................55 4.1.2. Overview of Nam Du Island ..............................................................................56 4.1.3. Nam Du deep sea port: ....................................................................................57 4.1.4. Nam Du jetty structure for General cargo terminal and coal terminal ..................63 4.2 Natural conditions...................................................................................................64 4.2.1. Topography .....................................................................................................64 4.2.2. Bathymetry ......................................................................................................65 4.2.3. Hydrographic and Meteorological Conditions ....................................................65 4.2.4. Geotechnical conditions ...................................................................................68 4.2.5.