Utilisation Du Caséinate De Sodium Pour La Fabrication De Films

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Utilisation Du Caséinate De Sodium Pour La Fabrication De Films Utilisation du cas´einatede sodium pour la fabrication de films actifs pour l'emballage alimentaire : ´etudedes propri´et´esbarri`eresaux gaz, de l'activit´e antimicrobienne et de la biod´egradabilit´e Basak Yilin Colak To cite this version: Basak Yilin Colak. Utilisation du cas´einatede sodium pour la fabrication de films actifs pour l'emballage alimentaire : ´etudedes propri´et´esbarri`eresaux gaz, de l'activit´eantimicrobienne et de la biod´egradabilit´e.Polym`eres.Universit´eJean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2014. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2014STET4018>. <tel-01311112> HAL Id: tel-01311112 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01311112 Submitted on 3 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. THESE Présentée à L’Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne Ecole doctorale – Science Ingénierie Santé (ED SIS 488) Pour obtenir le diplôme de DOCTEUR Spécialité « Chimie et Sciences des Matériaux » Par Basak Yilin COLAK Utilisation du caséinate de sodium pour la fabrication de films actifs pour l’emballage alimentaire : Etude des propriétés barrières aux gaz, de l’activité antimicrobienne et de la biodégradabilité Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 14 Novembre 2014 Devant un jury composé de : Nathalie GONTARD Professeur des universités, Rapporteur Monique LACROIX Professeur des universités, Rapporteur Anne-Marie RIQUET Chargée de recherche, Examinateur Fabrice GOUANVE Maitre de conférences, Examinateur Pascal DEGRAEVE Professeur des universités, Co-directeur de thèse Frédéric PROCHAZKA Maitre de conférences, HDR, Directeur de thèse i to my beautiful sisters Ecem Bilge ҪOLAK and Gözem Naz ҪOLAK, ii Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à exprimer mes remerciements à Nathalie GONTARD et à Monique LACROIX pour m’avoir fait un grand honneur d'avoir accepté de rapporter ce manuscrit. Je remercie également Anne-Marie RIQUET et Fabrice GOUANVE d’avoir accepté de participer au jury de cette thèse en tant qu’examinateur. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire mené au sein du laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères de l’Université Jean Monnet à Saint Etienne (IMP@UJM) a été réalisé en collaboration avec le laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Dynamique Microbienne aux Interfaces Alimentaires (BioDyMIA) de l’Université Lyon 1. Je tiens à remercier les Professeurs Christian CARROT et Pascal DEGRAEVE pour m’avoir accueilli dans leurs laboratoires au cours de ces trois années de recherche. Je remercie particulièrement Frédéric PROCHAZKA, directeur de thèse, pour m’avoir accordé sa confiance, pour sa disponibilité, sa patience. Il a su pendant trois ans me guider et me soutenir dans mon approche du projet de thèse. Notre collaboration m’a permis d’acquérir non seulement des connaissances scientifiques mais aussi des solides compétences en conduite de projet et en encadrement. Un immense merci… Je tiens à remercier profondément Pascal DEGRAEVE, co-directeur de thèse, pour sa disponibilité et sa rigueur. Les compétences scientifiques qu’il a également su me transmettre de jour en jour m’ont permis de mener bien ce projet. Bien qu’ayant passé la majeure partie de mon temps à Saint-Etienne, il a su me guider à distance et a été présent à chaque étape clé de ma thèse. Je remercie Gilles ASSEZAT, ingénieur d’étude, pour tout ce qu’il m’a appris en mécanique des procédés, Nadia OULAHAL et Sophie GALLAND, les enseignantes- chercheuses de BioDyMIA, pour leurs conseils et leurs aides précieuses concernant l’étude de l’activité antimicrobienne des matériaux actifs. Mes remerciements s’adressent à Eliane ESPUCHE et Fabrice GOUANVE pour m’avoir acceptée chaleureusement au sein de leur équipe. Je tiens également à les remercier iii pour leur disponibilité et leur réactivité. Le travail que j’ai effectué avec eux m’a donné l’occasion d’approfondir mes connaissances. Je ne peux oublier de remercier Corinne JEGAT et Sandrine MOJA, pour la confiance qu’elles m’ont confiée pour l’enseignement en chimie et biologie. Mauricette, Lydaw, Odile, les techniciens à l’UJM, qui m’ont aidé pour le bon déroulement des travaux pratiques. Je tiens également à remercier Barbara BURGEL du service prêt entre bibliothèque qui m’a commandé une bonne partie des articles cités dans ce manuscrit, et mes deux stagiaires qui m’ont aidé à réaliser les essais scientifiques. Cette longue période passée au laboratoire restera un souvenir inoubliable grâce aux nombreuses personnes qui sont devenues aujourd’hui mes amis. Je remercie « les grands » Célinou, Tarik, Domenico, Rémi et « les jeunes » Alix (&Lolo), Fanny, Marie, d’avoir rendu (et de continuer à rendre) si agréable ces année à Saint-Etienne. Merci beaucoup Dalila et Benj M. pour les sorties sympas pendant les congrès. Un très grand merci à Melinda, pour les discussions qu’on a eues ensemble sur tout et rien, pour ses encouragements pendant la dernière ligne droite de cette thèse. Un profond merci à mes parents. Sans eux, l’achèvement de si longues études n’aurait pas été possible, à mes sœurs, Ecem et Gözem. Je remercie enfin Reda. Merci pour ta présence, ton soutien et ta patience pendant les moments difficiles de la rédaction. Merci, merci, merci… « Teṣekkürler, büyüyorum sizinle… » iv 1 INTRODUCTION GENERALE 2 Introduction Générale L’Homme a toujours eu besoin de protéger son aliment. C’est sans doute cet instinct qui a mené inconsciemment à l’utilisation de l’emballage alimentaire. Les premiers hommes se sont servis de feuilles, de peaux d’animaux et de coquilles de noix pour protéger, cacher et porter leur nourriture. En 1856, le premier plastique, à base de cellulose, est mis au point. Il s’agit du celluloïd qui sera suivi plusieurs années plus tard en 1889 par la galalithe, premier plastique artificiel à base de lait. Ensuite, en 1907 le premier polymère synthétique, la bakélite, a été développé. D’autres polymères synthétiques ont suivi et depuis, leur exploitation dans des domaines variés n’a cessé de croître. De nos jours, malgré les qualités multiples de ces matériaux synthétiques (aptitude à la mise en forme, excellentes propriétés mécaniques et barrières), l’industrie alimentaire envisage d’utiliser des emballages comestibles (ou non) et biodégradables à base de glucides ou de protéines. Ces polymères, qui ont finalement les mêmes origines que les emballages naturels primitifs, ont des propriétés parfois assez proches de celles des polymères synthétiques. Ce retour vers ces matières naturelles est lié d’une part à des enjeux économiques et environnementaux, d’autre part à la nécessité de développement de nouveaux produits et aux changements dans les modes de consommation. Dans ce contexte général, de plus en plus de travaux de recherche visent à développer des films comestibles d’emballages (figure 1a). Parmi ces travaux publiés, une bonne partie (figure 1b) se focalise sur les films comestibles innovants. Dans le cas présent, ces films ont des fonctionnalités antimicrobiennes grâce à des agents actifs incorporés dans les formulations filmogènes. L’utilisation de tels films pourrait présenter de nombreux avantages: • L’amélioration de la qualité des aliments • La limitation de l’utilisation des ressources fossiles • La réduction de l’impact environnemental 3 (a) (b) Figure 1 : Nombre de travaux de recherche publiés par an (a) sur les films comestibles et (b) sur les films comestibles antimicrobiens pendant 20 dernières années (interrogation de Web of Science le 01/ 09/2014). En revanche, un des principaux freins à leur fabrication en grande quantité et à leur commercialisation provient de la technologie généralement proposée, la voie ‘humide’, solution qui consiste à laisser s’évaporer une solution diluée filmogène pour obtenir un film fin. Cette méthode facile à mettre en œuvre à l’échelle du laboratoire est en revanche très coûteuse à échelle industrielle car elle est très lente et grande consommatrice de solvant (principalement de l’eau). Dans le cas du travail présenté ici, une technologie de transformation des caséinates par voie fondue, mise au point dans une précédente thèse, a permis de s’affranchir de ce frein. En effet, la voie fondue est la voie privilégiée pour l’élaboration de matériaux rigides ou souples (films) d’emballage à l’échelle industrielle. Les objectifs principaux de cette thèse consistent à : V développer des films d’emballages actifs antimicrobiens à base de caséinate de sodium par des procédés de transformation en voie fondue : extrusion bi-vis et extrusion- gonflage pour ensuite caractériser leur efficacité antimicrobienne et leurs propriétés mécaniques. V comparer les propriétés de sorption d’eau et de barrières aux gaz des films à base de caséinate de sodium préparés par voie humide et par voie fondue. 4 Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, des expériences ont été conçuespour comprendre dans un premier temps comment le couple procédés/formulation influence les propriétés classiques des films et l’activité enzymatique résiduelle du lysozyme, un conservateur incorporé dans les formulations avant mise en forme par extrusion. Dans un second temps, les propriétés antimicrobiennes des films formulés avec du
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