DOCSLIB.ORG

Forest Typology of Broadleaf Forests from Sierra Maestra, Eastern Cuba

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forest Typology of Broadleaf Forests from Sierra Maestra, Eastern Cuba ARTICLES Lazaroa ISSN: 0210-9778 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/LAZAROA.51054 ForesttypologyofbroadleafforestsfromSierraMaestra,EasternCuba OrlandoJ.Reyes 1 Received: 28January2015/Accepted:23March2016 Abstract. AphytosociologicalstudyoftheforestsfromSierraMaestraisconducted,followingthemethodologyof theZurich-MontpelierSchool.TheyaretransformedintoaforesttypologyusingthestandardsoftheInstituteofAgro- ForestryResearch.Ingeneral,35typesand/orsubtypesarepresented.Fromthisgroup,themostabundantonesbelong tosemi-deciduousmicrophyllforest,followedbythosefrommangrovesandmountainrainforest,respectively. Silviculturaltreatmentsareneeded;amongthem,theprotectionforestsarethosefoundabove800maslandman - groves. Keywords: Forests;foresttypology;SierraMaestra;EasternCuba. [es]TipologíaforestaldelosbosqueslatifoliosdelaSierraMaestra,CubaOriental Resumen. UtilizandolametodologíadelaEscuelaZürich-Montpellierserealizaunestudiofitocenológicodelos bosquesdelaSierraMaestra,elcualestransformadoenunaTipologíaForestalusandolosnormasdelInstitutode InvestigacionesAgro-Forestales.Engeneral,sepresentan35tiposy/osubtipos,deloscualeslosmásabundantes pertenecenalosbosquessemideciduosmicrófilos,siguiéndolelosmanglaresylapluvisilvamontana.Seprecisanlos tratamientossilvícolas,entreloscualesconstituyenbosquesdeprotecciónlosqueseencuentranporencimadelos800 msnmylosmanglares. Palabras clave: Bosques;Tipologíaforestal;SierraMaestra;CubaOriental. Introduction 2012).ThisshowsthesignificancetheCuban stategivestoforests. Forestsprovidemanygoodsandservicesto TheCubanforestareahasincreasedsignifi - humanity,mainlyrelatedtotheconservation cantly:froma13.4%ofdegradedforestsin ofbiodiversity,soilandwater.Inthecurrent 1959(RussóMilhet,2015),toa26.2%in2009 situationofclimatechangetheyalsoworkas (Alvarez& al .,2012)and28.6%in2014 carbonsinks,soitisessentialtheirconserva - (CITMA,2014;Parada&Torranzo,2014)in tionandsustainableuse.ThenumberofCuban relationtothesurfaceoftheCubanarchipelago. forestformationsdependsontheclassification Whilestudyingnature,itisimportantto recognizethesetofecologicalconditions used:Bisse(1988)identified16forestforma - (oecotope)thatareexpressedinthecharacte- tionslocatedthroughoutthecountry;while risticsofthevegetationanditsfloristiccom - Reyes(2011-2012)found23,forEasternCuba position.Foresttypologyisofgreatsignifi - (withsixsub types)and11,forSierrra cancewhentheresultsofsuchinterrelationship Maestra,withfoursubtypes(Reyes,2006). constituteinaparticulartypeofforest. TheforestrylawinCubacategorizedCuban Therefore,itisconsideredasforesttypology forestsasproducers,forconservationand thestudyofforestcommunitiesinitsrelation protective.The46.1%oftheCubanforest to environmentalconditions;sincethey heritageareprotectiv eareas,whilethe32.3% establish thequalityandproductivepotential arefortimberproduction(Alvarez& al ., oftheforeststations(sites).Alvarez&Varona 1 EasternCenterofEcosystemsandBiodiversity(BIOECO),MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(CITMA),José A.SacoNr.601,esq.Barnada,SantiagodeCuba,[email protected] Lazaroa 37 2016: 43-103 43 44 Reyes O.J. Lazaroa 37 2016: 43-103 (1988)consideredasaforestsitetoalledaphic, ecosystemvalues,whichcontributetoforest clim aticandbioticfactorsthatdeterminethe typingandplanning. persistenceandintensityofbiomassproduc tion (grossprimaryproductivity)ofcertainfo rest community,beitnaturalorcreatedbyman. Materials and Methods Therearetwobasicmethodsforstudying forestsitesdependingontheenvironmental Natural conditions of the study area situation:withemphasisontheoecotope (Kopp,1965;Thomasius,1965;Schwanecke, SierraMaestra(Figure1)isaverycomplex 1970)orprioritizingvegetation(DelRisco, area,geologicallyspeaking.There,the 2000a,b;DelRisco&Samek,1984).The Palaeocene-Eocenevolcano-sedimentaryrocks methodthatprioritizestheoecotopeisrecom - oftheCobreGrouppredominate,mainly mendedinareaswherethevegetationhasbeen andesitesandtuffs(Mendez et al .,1994). destroyed,whiletheotherisappliedinsta - Relativelylargegranitesintrusivesoccurin tionswheretheexistingvegetationexpresses isolatedareasofthesouthernslope(around thepotentialofthatoecotope.Inthiswork,the Potrerilloriver,PinardelasCanas,LaFrancia, secondmethodisappliedbecauseitiscon - NimaNima,Juraguá-ElOlimpo,etc). ductedindevelopedvegetation,which, Likewise,theformationsMayaRiverand althoughitisoftensecondary,alsoexpresses Jaimanitasprevailinthecoastalareas(Com. theenvironmentalconditions,including CubanoHúngara,1976). Figure1. MainforeststypesinSierraMaestrarange(Cuba) From1500masl,theleachedyellowish acidstohighlyac idic(pHH 2O4.0-5.5)and ferralliticsoilpredominates.Accordingto theSvalueissmallerthan7cmol(+).kg -1 Renda(1989),thepHintheupperhorizonsis (Renda,1989;Renda& al .,1981b). fromacidtoveryacidic;itreachesvaluesof Sialliticbrownandfersialliticreddish- 4.45to5.3inwaterand3.5to4.15inClK. brownsoilsdominatethelowandpre-mountain Thesumofbasic cations(ChangeBases areas.Thesialliticbrownsoils(withoutcarbo- Capacity,CCB,Svalue)isverylow,generally nate)haveavariabledepth:theyusuallyhave rangingbetween1. 44and 5.02cmol(+).kg -1 . anSvaluerangingfrom13to18cmol(+).kg -1 Thecationexchangecapacity(CIC,Tvalue) onthesouthside,andfrom24to50cmol variesfrom2.5to18.75cmol(+).kg -1 .There (+).kg -1 (rarely)inthenorth,wheregen erally areverylowcontentofcalcium,magnesium havehighersaturation.Thesialliticbrown andpotassium.Beneaththissoil,toabout600 soils(withcarbonate)areabundantinthe ma.s.l,thesoilsaremainlyleachedredferra- northside,andtheyarericherandmoresatu - llitic,fromdeeptoverydeep,andoften ratedthantheabove.CCBisusuallybetween derivedfrom ferralliticweatheringcrustin 47and78cmol(+).kg -1 andtheCICranges moreorlessstableplaces.Theyarefrom from49to80cmol(+).kg -1 (Renda& al ., Reyes O.J. Lazaroa 37 2016: 43-103 45 1980,1981a,1981b,1982).Thefersiallitic Thecoastalandpre-coastalstrip,inthe reddish-brownsoilsoftenerodedandusually southofSierraMaestra,isoneofthemost withrockyoutcropsandstonesintheprofile, climaticallyextremeareasofCuba.Inthe haveanapproximatedSvalueof13cmol eastofSantiagodeCuba’sBay,theweather (+).kg -1 onthesouthernslope(Renda& al ., isbixeric.Theaveragerainfallhardlygoes 1980-81).Inthenorth,the yaresomewhatri- beyondthe700mmayear.Exceedingthe cher,whereintheCCBrangesfrom21to43 100mm,therainiestmonthsareMay, cmol(+).kg -1 .Theyaremainlyobservedin SeptemberandOctober;whilethedriest rocksfromtheCobreGroup. monthsareDecember,MarchandJuly,in Overthegranitoids,thereareusually whichrarelyexceed30mm.Therainydays gr ayishbrownsoils,sometimessandyand areusuallylessthan40peryear.Tothewest poor.TheirpHgoesfromslightlyacidicto ofthebay,rainincreasesgraduallytoabout acidic,withanSvalueof4to5cmol(+).kg -1 1200mminfrontofPicoTurquino,where inthefirsthorizon,andevenlowerbelowit. mountainsplungestraightintothesea.From Incoastallimestoneterraces,thevery thispoint,rainthengraduallydecreasesup shallowredsoils(rendzine)occupythefrac - to800mmnearCaboCruz. turesandcrevicesofthedogtoothrock.Ared TheairmeantemperatureinGranPiedra ferrallitics oilisobservedincoastalterraces, (1100masl)is18.4ºC;theaverageminimum limestonehillsandcumulativeplainsfrom is15.7ºCandtheaveragemaximum,22.4ºC. SierraMaestra’swesternmost.It’sCCBinthe OntopofPicoRealdelTurquino,theairmean firsthorizonis19cmol(+).kg -1 andtheT temperaturereachesaboutde13ºC valueis24.3cmol(+).kg -1 .Bothvalues (Montenegro,1991a).Onthenorthside, decreaseinthelowerhorizons(Renda& al ., aroundthe500and700masl,themeanannual 1981c). temperatureis20-22ºCintheupperparts InthehigherareasofSierraMaestra,it and22-24ºCinthelowest(Lapinel,1989). rainsbetween1600and2000mm,withaless Bycontrast,themeanannualtemperaturein rainyseasonfromNovembertoApril(Trusov thecoastalzonerangesfrom24-26ºC,with & al .,1983).Itisnoteworthythatcloudcon - anaveragemaximumof30-32ºC,andan densationisproducedbetween800and1200 averageminimumof22-24ºC(Montenegro, masl(horizontalprecipitation,moistshade, 1991b).Thedecreaseintemperatureper100 lowclouds).Hence,whenitoccurs,a100%of mofelevationinwesternSierraMaestrais relativehumidi tyisreached;sometimesit 0.62ºC,and0.66ºCinthenorthernand runsbythestem( BoytelYambú,1972).On southernsidesrespectively(Montenegro, average,inGranPiedra(weatherstationat 1991b). 1100masl)thereare239daysayearaffected AtthetopofSierradelaGranPiedra, byhorizontalprecipitation,ofwhich163days relativehumidityreacheshighlevels havedensefog,fromoctobertomayoccur20 throughouttheyear,fromjustover87%to daysormorepermonth(Montenegro,1990). about92%amongthedifferentmonths.At InthehigherpartsofwesternSierra 13:00h,ithasaminimumbetween80and Maestra,above1500masl,theinfluenceof 86%,andamaximum,at07:00h,from88to suchhorizontalprecipitationsisalmostdaily. 92%(Montenegro,1990). Themeanannual Airsaturation,however,isalmostlittle,even relativehumidityinCarsodeBaireisfrom withdensefog,whichisformedlowerdown 80to85%(Montenegro,1991c)andin andgoesupwiththewind.Theseconditions Contramaestre(bottom,northside),isof52 produceahightensiononthefoliage,which to60%.Inthecoastalarea,themeanannual mayturnitintomicrophyllandthedecompo - relativehumidityvariesfrom75and80%, sitionfromwitheredleavesisveryslow themeanannualat13.00hisfrom70to (Reyes&Fornaris,2011). 75%,andat07:00h,itisfrom80to85% InCarsodeBaire(northside),around500to (Lapinel,1989;Montenegro,1991c).In 700masl,themeanannualrainfallvariesfrom SantiagodeCuba(lowerpart,southern around1200mminthelesselevatedareasupto slope)itvariesbetween47and60%.At morethan1600mminthehighest(Gagua& 13:00h,suchhumidityincreaseswithalti - al .,1989).TheaveragerainfallinLaTabla(600 tudefromthebottomupto1400masl, masl)is1634mm,varyingfrom1216to2320
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biosphere Consulting 14908 Tilden Road ‐ Winter Garden FL 34787 (407) 656 8277
    Biosphere Consulting 14908 Tilden Road ‐ Winter Garden FL 34787 (407) 656 8277 www.BiosphereNursery.com The following list of plants include only native wetland and transitional species used primarily in aquascaping, lakefront and wetland restoration. Biosphere also carries a large number of upland species and BIOSCAPE species, as well as wildflower seeds and plants. The nursery is open to the public on Tuesday through Saturday only from 9:00 A.M. until 5:00 P.M. Prices are F.O.B. the nursery. * Bare root plants must be ordered at least two (2) days prior to pick-up. PRICE LIST NATIVE WETLAND AND TRANSITIONAL SPECIES HERBACEOUS SPECIES *Bare Root 1 Gal. 3 Gal. Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia) .50 2.50 --- Bulrush (Scirpus californicus & S.validus) .50 --- 8.00 Burrmarigold (Bidens leavis) --- 2.00 --- Canna (Canna flaccida) .60 2.00 --- Crinum (Crinum americanum) 1.50 3.00 10.00 Duck Potato (Sagittaria lancifolia) .60 2.00 --- Fragrant Water Lily (Nymphaea odorata) 5.00 --- 12.00 Hibiscus (Hibiscus coccinea) --- 3.00 8.00 Horsetail (Equisetum sp.) .80 2.00 --- Iris (Iris savannarum) .60 2.00 --- Knotgrass (Paspalum distichum) .50 2.00 --- Lemon Bacopa (Bacopa caroliniana) --- 3.50 --- Lizards Tail (Saururus cernuus) .60 2.50 --- Maidencane (Panicum hemitomon) .50 2.00 --- Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) .50 2.00 --- Redroot (Lachnanthes carolinana) .60 2.00 --- Sand Cord Grass (Spartina bakeri) .50 3.50 --- Sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) .60 3.00 --- Softrush (Juncus effusus) .50 2.00 --- Spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa) .70 2.00 ---
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Succession on Burned Areas in Okefenokee Swamp Following the Fires of 1954 and 1955 EUGENE CYPERT Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge U.S
    Plant Succession on Burned Areas in Okefenokee Swamp Following the Fires of 1954 and 1955 EUGENE CYPERT Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and 'Wildlife Waycross, GA 31501 INTRODUCTION IN 1954 and 1955, during an extreme drought, five major fires occurred in Okefenokee Swamp. These fires swept over approximately 318,000 acres of the swamp and 140,000 acres of the adjacent upland. In some areas in the swamp, the burning was severe enough to kill most of the timber and the understory vegetation and burn out pockets in the peat bed. Burns of this severity were usually small and spotty. Over most of the swamp, the burns were surface fires which generally killed most of the underbrush but rarely burned deep enough into the peat bed to kill the larger trees. In many places the swamp fires swept over lightly, burning surface duff and killing only the smaller underbrush. Some areas were missed entirely. On the upland adjacent to the swamp, the fires were very de­ structive, killing most of the pine timber on the 140,000 acres burned over. The destruction of pine forests on the upland and the severe 199 EUGENE CYPERT burns in the swamp caused considerable concern among conservation­ ists and neighboring land owners. It was believed desirable to learn something of the succession of vegetation on some of the more severely burned areas. Such knowl­ edge would add to an understanding of the ecology and history of the swamp and to an understanding of the relation that fires may have to swamp wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. National Vegetation Classification: Advancing The
    U.S. National Vegetation Classification: Advancing the Description and Management of the Nation’s Ecosystems Use of the NVC hierarchy to scale the GAP/LANDFIRE National Ecosystems Map Legend Don Long (U.S. Forest Service), Anne Davidson (GAP, BSU) Todd Earnhardt (GAP , NSCU) Alexa McKerrow (U.S. Geological Survey) . Background Methods Results A national inventory of the existing vegetation across the There are 551 natural vegetation classes represented in the 6 Classes 13 Subclasses 22 Formations U.S. has been central to the missions of both the GAP/LANDFIRE National Terrestrial Ecosystems Map for the a Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools conterminous U.S. The crosswalk allows for the Project (LANDFIRE) and the National Gap Analysis Program aggregation of the mapped classes into the hierarchical b (GAP). Over the past several years these two programs structure of the USNVC; specifically, the ecological systems a. Forest & Woodland a. Temperate & Boreal Forest & Woodland a. Temperate Flooded & Swamp Forest b. Desert & Semi-Desert b. Warm Desert & Semi-Desert Woodland, b. Warm Desert & Semi-Desert Scrub & have come together to collaborate on the next generation are crosswalked to the middle and upper levels of the Scrub & Grassland Grassland highly detailed existing vegetation maps for the U.S. This USNVC. Relationships between the two classification 51 Divisions 112 Macrogroups 240 Groups collaboration leverages the mapping and inventory to systems developed by NatureServe ecologists were used to meet needs for both fire and fuels management, as well link the mapped Ecological Systems to the Group level of as for wildlife habitat conservation planning. the USNVC.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article: Life History and Host Range of Prochoerodes Onustaria, an Unsuitable Classical Biological Control Agent of Brazilian Peppertree
    Biocontrol Science and Technology ISSN: 0958-3157 (Print) 1360-0478 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbst20 Research article: life history and host range of Prochoerodes onustaria, an unsuitable classical biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree E. Jones & G. S. Wheeler To cite this article: E. Jones & G. S. Wheeler (2017) Research article: life history and host range of Prochoerodes onustaria, an unsuitable classical biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree, Biocontrol Science and Technology, 27:4, 565-580, DOI: 10.1080/09583157.2017.1325837 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2017.1325837 Published online: 16 May 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 24 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cbst20 Download by: [University of Florida] Date: 13 July 2017, At: 08:24 BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2017 VOL. 27, NO. 4, 565–580 https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2017.1325837 Research article: life history and host range of Prochoerodes onustaria, an unsuitable classical biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree E. Jonesa,b and G. S. Wheelera aUSDA/ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA; bSCA/AmeriCorps, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The life history and host range of the South American defoliator Received 13 January 2017 Prochoerodes onustaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) were examined Accepted 26 April 2017 to determine its suitability as a classical biological control agent of KEYWORDS the invasive weed Brazilian Peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia,in Schinus terebinthifolia; the U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Keel, S. 2005. Caribbean Ecoregional Assessment Cuba Terrestrial
    CARIBBEAN ECOREGIONAL ASSESSMENT Cuba Terrestrial Report July 8, 2005 Shirley Keel INTRODUCTION Physical Features Cuba is the largest country in the Caribbean, with a total area of 110,922 km2. The Cuba archipelago consists of the main island (105,007 km2), Isla de Pinos (2,200 km2), and more than one thousand cays (3,715 km2). Cuba’s main island, oriented in a NW-SE direction, has a varied orography. In the NW the major mountain range is the Guaniguanico Massif stretching from west to east with two mountain chains of distinct geological ages and composition—Sierra de los Organos of ancient Jurassic limestone deposited on slaty sandstone, and Sierra del Rosario, younger and highly varied in geological structure. Towards the east lie the low Hills of Habana- Matanzas and the Hills of Bejucal-Madruga-Limonar. In the central part along the east coast are several low hills—from north to south the Mogotes of Caguaguas, Loma Cunagua, the ancient karstic range of Sierra de Cubitas, and the Maniabón Group; while along the west coast rises the Guamuhaya Massif (Sierra de Escambray range) and low lying Sierra de Najasa. In the SE, Sierra Maestra and the Sagua-Baracoa Massif form continuous mountain ranges. The high ranges of Sierra Maestra stretch from west to east with the island’s highest peak, Pico Real (Turquino Group), reaching 1,974 m. The complex mountain system of Sagua-Baracoa consists of several serpentine mountains in the north and plateau-like limestone mountains in the south. Low limestone hills, Sierra de Casas and Sierra de Caballos are situated in the northeastern part of Isla de Pinos (Borhidi, 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Vision Cracks the Leaf Code
    Computer vision cracks the leaf code Peter Wilfa,1, Shengping Zhangb,c,1, Sharat Chikkerurd, Stefan A. Littlea,e, Scott L. Wingf, and Thomas Serreb,1 aDepartment of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; bDepartment of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; cSchool of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; dAzure Machine Learning, Microsoft, Cambridge, MA 02142; eLaboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; and fDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013 Edited by Andrew H. Knoll, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved February 1, 2016 (received for review December 14, 2015) Understanding the extremely variable, complex shape and venation species (15–19), and there is community interest in approaching this characters of angiosperm leaves is one of the most challenging problem through crowd-sourcing of images and machine-identifi- problems in botany. Machine learning offers opportunities to analyze cation contests (see www.imageclef.org). Nevertheless, very few large numbers of specimens, to discover novel leaf features of studies have made use of leaf venation (20, 21), and none has angiosperm clades that may have phylogenetic significance, and to attempted automated learning and classification above the species use those characters to classify unknowns. Previous computer vision level that may reveal characters with evolutionary significance. approaches have primarily focused on leaf identification at the species There is a developing literature on extraction and quantitative level. It remains an open question whether learning and classification analyses of whole-leaf venation networks (22–25).
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Inventory and Analysis National Core Field Guide
    National Core Field Guide, Version 5.1 October, 2011 FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS NATIONAL CORE FIELD GUIDE VOLUME I: FIELD DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES FOR PHASE 2 PLOTS Version 5.1 National Core Field Guide, Version 5.1 October, 2011 Changes from the Phase 2 Field Guide version 5.0 to version 5.1 Changes documented in change proposals are indicated in bold type. The corresponding proposal name can be seen using the comments feature in the electronic file. • Section 8. Phase 2 (P2) Vegetation Profile (Core Optional). Corrected several figure numbers and figure references in the text. • 8.2. General definitions. NRCS PLANTS database. Changed text from: “USDA, NRCS. 2000. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 January 2000). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. FIA currently uses a stable codeset downloaded in January of 2000.” To: “USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 January 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. FIA currently uses a stable codeset downloaded in January of 2010”. • 8.6.2. SPECIES CODE. Changed the text in the first paragraph from: “Record a code for each sampled vascular plant species found rooted in or overhanging the sampled condition of the subplot at any height. Species codes must be the standardized codes in the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS database (currently January 2000 version). Identification to species only is expected. However, if subspecies information is known, enter the appropriate NRCS code. For graminoids, genus and unknown codes are acceptable, but do not lump species of the same genera or unknown code.
    [Show full text]
  • HANDBOOK of Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION
    HANDBOOK OF Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION 1284_frame_FM Page 2 Thursday, May 23, 2002 10:53 AM HANDBOOK OF Medicinal Herbs SECOND EDITION James A. Duke with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin Judi duCellier Peggy-Ann K. Duke CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Peggy-Ann K. Duke has the copyright to all black and white line and color illustrations. The author would like to express thanks to Nature’s Herbs for the color slides presented in the book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duke, James A., 1929- Handbook of medicinal herbs / James A. Duke, with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke.-- 2nd ed. p. cm. Previously published: CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1284-1 (alk. paper) 1. Medicinal plants. 2. Herbs. 3. Herbals. 4. Traditional medicine. 5. Material medica, Vegetable. I. Duke, James A., 1929- CRC handbook of medicinal herbs. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Medicine, Herbal. 2. Plants, Medicinal.] QK99.A1 D83 2002 615′.321--dc21 2002017548 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships in the Order Ericales S.L.: Analyses of Molecular Data from Five Genes from the Plastid and Mitochondrial Genomes1
    American Journal of Botany 89(4): 677±687. 2002. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ORDER ERICALES S.L.: ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR DATA FROM FIVE GENES FROM THE PLASTID AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES1 ARNE A. ANDERBERG,2,5 CATARINA RYDIN,3 AND MARI KAÈ LLERSJOÈ 4 2Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; 3Department of Systematic Botany, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and 4Laboratory for Molecular Systematics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Phylogenetic interrelationships in the enlarged order Ericales were investigated by jackknife analysis of a combination of DNA sequences from the plastid genes rbcL, ndhF, atpB, and the mitochondrial genes atp1 and matR. Several well-supported groups were identi®ed, but neither a combination of all gene sequences nor any one alone fully resolved the relationships between all major clades in Ericales. All investigated families except Theaceae were found to be monophyletic. Four families, Marcgraviaceae, Balsaminaceae, Pellicieraceae, and Tetrameristaceae form a monophyletic group that is the sister of the remaining families. On the next higher level, Fouquieriaceae and Polemoniaceae form a clade that is sister to the majority of families that form a group with eight supported clades between which the interrelationships are unresolved: Theaceae-Ternstroemioideae with Ficalhoa, Sladenia, and Pentaphylacaceae; Theaceae-Theoideae; Ebenaceae and Lissocarpaceae; Symplocaceae; Maesaceae, Theophrastaceae, Primulaceae, and Myrsinaceae; Styr- acaceae and Diapensiaceae; Lecythidaceae and Sapotaceae; Actinidiaceae, Roridulaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Clethraceae, Cyrillaceae, and Ericaceae. Key words: atpB; atp1; cladistics; DNA; Ericales; jackknife; matR; ndhF; phylogeny; rbcL. Understanding of phylogenetic relationships among angio- was available for them at the time, viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Woody Plant Propagation Via Dormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings
    Woody Plant Propagation Via Dormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings Jim Schmidt - NCBG Native Plant Certificate Candidate What are Dormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings? • Veg. Prop vs. Seed Grown • Types of Cuttings (soft, semi, hard) • Dormant? WHY DORMANT CUTTINGS? • Take advantage of slow period at the garden • Reduce summer workload • Reduce production time by speeding up rooting and subsequent growth HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THIS? • Select Species/Cultivars • Select Rooting Medium • Select Rooting Hormone(s) • Take Cuttings • Stick Cuttings • Place Cuttings in a Rooting Chamber • Transplant Rooted Cuttings Step 1: Select Cuttings – 30 Species/Cultivars were selected • 17 Broadleaf Evergreens Agarista populifolia Ilex opaca ‘Maryland Dwarf’ Leucothoe axillaris Ilex glabra (red tip) Ilex x attenuata Leucothoe racemosa ‘Greenleaf’ or ‘Topel’ Ilex glabra ‘Shamrock’ Illicium floridanum Lyonia lucida Ilex myrtifolia Kalmia carolinianum Magnolia virginiana var. virginiana Ilex opaca Kalmia latifolia Myrica cerifera Ilex opaca ‘Croonenberg’ Osmanthus americanus Step 1: Select Cuttings (Cont.) – 30 Species/Cultivars were selected • 13 Deciduous species Aronia arbutifolia Hydrangea quercifolia Quercus michauxii ‘Snow Queen” Cyrilla parviflora Hypericum frondosum Quercus minima Cyrilla racemiflora Itea virginica Rhus aromatica ‘Saturnalia’ Euonymous americana Quercus lyrata Viburnum rafinesquianum Hydrangea quercifolia Selection Basis – Availability of Physiologically Suitable Plants • Stock plants in future – Reported success in the literature (Dirr, etc…)
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report
    A Guide to Caribbean Vegetation Types: Preliminary Classification System and Descriptions Written by Alberto E. Areces-Mallea, Alan S. Weakley, Xiaojun Li, Roger G. Sayre, Jeffrey D. Parrish, Camille V. Tipton and Timothy Boucher Edited by Nicole Panagopoulos A Guide to Caribbean Vegetation Types: Preliminary Classification System and Descriptions Copyright © 1999 The Nature Conservancy. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Cover by Margaret Buck Production by Nicole Panagopoulos The mission of The Nature Conservancy is to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................. 1 Executive Summary .............................................................................. 3 Chapter One .......................................................................................... 9 Vegetation Classification and Vegetation Mapping of the Caribbean Islands—A Review Background .......................................................................................... 9 General Classification Systems Applicable to Caribbean Tropical Vegetation ......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny Within the Anacardiaceae Predicts Host Range of Potential Biological Control Agents of Brazilian Peppertree ⇑ G.S
    Biological Control 108 (2017) 22–29 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Phylogeny within the Anacardiaceae predicts host range of potential biological control agents of Brazilian peppertree ⇑ G.S. Wheeler , P.T. Madeira Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 3225 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA highlights graphical abstract Phylogenetic signal of plant species may predict host range of biocontrol agents. We calculated phylogenetic distances between species with combined ITS1 and trnL-F. Host range of recommended agents decreased steeply with phylogenetic distance. Phylogenetic distance had greater influence on recommended than rejected species. Phylogenetic distance can predict of host range and can assist in test plant lists. article info abstract Article history: Predicting the host range of a biological control agent prior to release is one of the most important steps Received 30 November 2016 in the development of new agents. Knowing which species are most at risk of this non-target damage Revised 23 January 2017 improves the predictability of these tests. To predict safety, the potential agent is exposed to a subset Accepted 31 January 2017 of the entire flora that represents valued native, agricultural and ornamental plant species. The list of Available online 2 February 2017 plants includes those species that are the closest relatives to the target weed. To identify these species, molecular phylogenies can be useful tools that potentially identify the most vulnerable plant species. Keywords: While conducting biological control research of the invasive weed Brazilian peppertree, Schinus tere- Phylogenetic distance binthifolia, we conducted nuclear ITS1 and chloroplast trnL-F analysis of agricultural, commercial and Schinus terebinthifolia Anacardiaceae native plants that are related to the weed.
    [Show full text]