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University of Malaya SEMIOTIK RIFFATERRE DALAM PANTUN KANAK-KANAK AIDA QAMARIAH BINTI ISHAK AKADEMI PENGAJIAN MELAYU UNIVERSITI MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR of Malaya 2018 SEMIOTIK RIFFATERRE DALAM PANTUN KANAK-KANAK AIDA QAMARIAH BINTI ISHAK TESIS DISERAHKAN SEBAGAI MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN BAGI IJAZAH DOKTOR FALSAFAH AKADEMI PENGAJIAN MELAYU UNIVERSITI MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR of Malaya 2018 UNIVERSITI MALAYA PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama : AIDA QAMARIAH BINTI ISHAK No. Matrik : JHA 140010 Nama Ijazah : DOKTOR FALSAFAH Tajuk Tesis (“Hasil Kerja ini”): SEMIOTIK RIFFATERRE DALAM PANTUN KANAK-KANAK Bidang Penyelidikan: SEMANTIK Saya dengan sesungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: (1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil Kerja ini; (2) Hasil Kerja ini adalah asli; (3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa-apa petikan, ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau kepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam Hasil Kerja ini; (4) Saya tidak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuan sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain; (5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemua dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hakcipta Hasil Kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya (“UM”) yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hakcipta di dalam Hasil Kerja ini dan apa- apa pengeluaran semula atau penggunaan dalam apa jua bentuk atau dengan apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari UM; (6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. ………………………………. Tarikh: …………………………. Tandatangan Calon UniversityDiperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui of di hadapan, Malaya ………………………………. Tarikh: …………………………. Tandatangan Saksi Nama Jawatan ii SEMIOTIK RIFFATERRE DALAM PANTUN KANAK-KANAK ABSTRAK PKK merupakan salah satu daripada jenis pantun Melayu. PKK dicipta dengan bentuk dan makna yang ringkas, seiring dengan meningkatnya usia kanak-kanak, tahap perkembangan kognitif, kematangan serta fitrah kanak-kanak yang amat gemar akan bahasa yang mudah dan berirama. Makna dalam PKK dapat disimpulkan dalam bentuk peribahasa, kiasan bahasa dan kata-kata yang pendek, tegas, tetapi luas dan dalam maknanya. Walau apapun jenis pantun yang tercipta, pantun tetap unggul sebagai simbol artistik masyarakat Melayu dan juga lambang kebijaksanaan berfikir. PKK mendukung maksud yang sukar difahami menghalang pembaca khususnya kanak-kanak untuk memahami makna yang hendak disampaikan. Hakikatnya, bukan semua kanak- kanak dapat menguasai pantun dengan mudah apatah lagi bagi kanak-kanak yang memiliki latar belakang bahasa Melayu yang masih rendah. Gaya bahasa dalam PKK sangat ketara penggunaan bahasa sasteranya berbanding puisi Melayu moden kerana banyak menggunakan kata-kata kiasan dan kata-kata yang jarang digunakan dalam pertuturan seharian. Berlandaskan permasalahan kajian, unsur bahasa yang menjadi wadah dalam penciptaan PKK perlu dilihat melalui pendekatan semiotik bagi menemukan pusat makna dalam PKK. Analisis semiotik yang digunakan adalah model semiotik yang diasaskan oleh Michael Riffaterre. Teori SR (1978) dilihat sebagai pendekatanUniversity yang sesuai berdasarkan ‘langkah of kerja’ Malaya yang jelas melalui empat aspek pemaknaan iaitu pertama; ketidaklangsungan ekspresi, kedua; pembacaan heuristik dan pembacaan hermeneutik, ketiga; matriks, model dan varian-variannya serta aspek keempat; hipogram. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi PKK mengikut tema menggunakan unsur matriks, model dan varian-variannya. Pemilihan tema dibuat berdasarkan cakupan tema merujuk Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah yang iii dilaksanakan melalui Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Bahasa Melayu. Kajian ini juga menganalisis aspek ketidaklangsungan ekspresi dan hipogram, dan seterusnya menilai aspek pembacaan heuristik dan hermeneutik untuk memaknai PKK. Hasil penyelidikan menunjukkan makna semiotik PKK dapat dijelaskan melalui kemampuan melihat penyatuan bahasa pantun yang mendukung sistem semiotik tingkat pertama dan kedua. Analisis PKK melalui unsur matriks, model dan varian-variannya boleh menjadi petunjuk yang jelas untuk mengklasifikasi tema dalam PKK hingga menjurus pada sistem semiotik tingkat pertama yang disampaikan dalam pantun. Hasil penyelidikan juga menunjukkan pembacaan heuristik mampu menemukan makna dalam PKK melalui pengkajian struktur bahasa dengan mengintrepetasikan secara referensi kepada tanda linguistik. Seterusnya pembacaan hermeneutic, kesinambungan dari pembacaan heuristik yang melibatkan banyak kod di luar bahasa serta menggabungkannya secara integratif mampu membongkar makna keseluruhan pantun sebagai sistem tanda. Kajian ini juga dapat meletakkan pantun sebagai suatu teks sastera yang berkesinambungan baik di peringkat sebelum mahupun selepas pantun tersebut tercipta sehingga boleh ditransformasikan kepada teks-teks sastera yang lain. Implikasi kajian ini menampakkan kesesuaian tema KSSR untuk diterapkan dalam PKK yang boleh menjadi wadah pengajaran bahasa sekali gus memperkembangkan bidang yang dikaji iaitu pantun Melayu dan menampakkan kepelbagaian fungsi teori SR sebagai alat untuk mengkaji puisi moden dan tradisional. Kajian ini memperoleh penemuan baharu berkaitanUniversity pengaplikasian pembacaan heuristik of dan Malaya hermeneutik dalam PKK sebagai medium yang membantu untuk meningkatkan tahap penguasaan bahasa khususnya penguasaan terhadap aspek semiotik dalam pantun melayu. Kata kunci: Pantun kanak-kanak, Semiotik Riffaterre, makna, pembacaan heuristik, pembacaan hermeneutik iv SEMIOTIC RIFFATERRE IN CHILDREN PANTUN ABSTRACT Children Pantun (CP) is one type of Malay ‘pantun’. CP is created with simple meanings and pattern, inline with children’s age, level of cognitive development, maturity and their nature who like a simple and rhyme language. Meanings in CP can be summarised into proverbs, similes and short and brief sayings, with vast and profound meaning. Regardless of how ‘pantun’ is created, it remains as an artistic symbol of Malay culture and wisdom. CP with ambiguous meanings prevents readers particularly children to comprehend the predetermined meaning. In reality, not all the children can grasp the meaning of ‘pantun’ dexterously, especially to those who have a Malay background. Based on research problem, the language element which becomes the medium of creating CP can be seen through semiotic approach to meet the central meaning in CP. The semiotic analysis used is a model by Michael Riffaterre. SR Theory (1978) is regarded as an appropriate approach based on clear ‘work procedure’ via four meaning aspects. Firstly, unpremeditated expressions. Secondly, heuristic and hermeneutic reading. Thirdly; matrix, models and variants and last but not least is hypogram. This study aims to classify CP based on themes using matrix, models and variants. The theme selection is referred to the Primary School Curriculum Standard which is being applied through Curriculum Standard Document and Malay Language Assessment.University This research also analyses unpremeditatedof Malaya expressions and hypogram, and subsequently applying heuristic and hermeneutic reading aspects to interpret CP. Findings showed that the semiotic meaning of CP can be clarified through the ability to see the unity of language in ‘pantun’ which supports the first and second level of semiotic system. Significantly, CP analysis via matrix, models and variants can be a definite guide to classify themes in CP that draws to the first level of semiotic system which can be delivered in ‘pantun’. Furthermore, findings also demonstrated that the v application of heuristic reading is effective in understanding meaning in CP through the study of language structure by interpreting, referring to linguistic symbols. Moreover, the application of hermeneutic reading, a continuation from heuristic reading that involves abundant codes outside the language and combines them integratively could unload the whole meaning of ‘pantun’ as a symbol system. This study hopes to set ‘pantun’ as a sustainable literary text either before or after ‘pantun’ is created which can be transformed to other literary texts. The implications of this research reveals the KSSR themes can be applied in CP as a medium to teach language, as well as expanding the research of ‘pantun’ Melayu and exhibits multiple functions of SR Theory as a tool to study modern and traditional poems. This research gains a new discovery related to the application of heuristic and hermeneutic reading in CP as a means that supports in improving level of language proficiency, especially in understanding all the meaning and semiotics in Malay ‘pantun’. Keywords: Children pantun, Semiotic Riffaterre, meanings, heuristic reading, hermeneutic reading University of Malaya vi PENGHARGAAN Setinggi kesyukuran dipanjatkan kehadrat Ilahi di atas limpah kurnia kasihNya, tesis ini dapat disempurnakan. Sesungguhnya, pengalaman dalam menyiapkan kajian ini amat mencabar dan bermakna dalam kehidupan. Semoga kajian ini boleh memberikan manfaat
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