Primitive Society and the First State Formations on the Territory of Ukraine

Міністерство освіти і науки України

ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА імені ПЕТРА ВАСИЛЕНКА

Навчально-науковий інститут бізнесу і менеджменту

Кафедра ЮНЕСКО «Філософія людського спілкування» та соціально-гуманітарних дисциплін

А. С. Лапченко

PRIMITIVE SOCIETY AND THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE. PRINCELY PERIOD OF UKRAINIAN STATE FORMATION

Первісне суспільство та перші державні утворення на території України. Княжий період українського державотворення

Текст лекцій до вивчення дисципліни «Історія української державності»

для здобувачів першого (бакалаврського) рівня вищої освіти денної форми здобуття освіти зі спеціальностей 051 економіка, 071 облік і оподаткування, 072 фінанси, банківська справа та страхування, 073 менеджмент, 075 маркетинг, 242 туризм.

Харків 2021

Міністерство освіти і науки України

ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА імені ПЕТРА ВАСИЛЕНКА

Навчально-науковий інститут бізнесу і менеджменту

Кафедра ЮНЕСКО «Філософія людського спілкування» та соціально гуманітарних дисциплін

А. С. Лапченко

PRIMITIVE SOCIETY AND THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE. PRINCELY PERIOD OF UKRAINIAN STATE FORMATION

Текст лекцій до вивчення дисципліни «Історія української державності»

Затверджено рішенням Науково-методичної ради ННІ БМ ХНТУСГ Протокол № 10 від 20.05.2021 р.

Харків 2021

УДК 94(477)(042.4) Л 24

Схвалено на засіданні кафедри ЮНЕСКО «Філософія людського спілкування» та соціально-гуманітарних дисциплін Протокол № 10 від 12 травня 2021 р.

Рецензенти:

В. В. Швець, канд. іст. наук., старший викладач кафедри державної служби, публічного адміністрування та політології Черкаського національного університету ім. Б. Хмельницького;

І. В. Скубій, канд. іст. наук, доцент кафедри ЮНЕСКО «Філософія людського спілкування» та соціально-гуманітарних дисциплін Харківського національного технічного університету імені Петра Василенка.

Лапченко А. С. Л 24 Primitive society and the first state formations on the territory of Ukraine. Princely period of Ukrainian state formation = Первісне суспільство та перші державні утворення на території України. Княжий період українського державотворення : текст лекцій до вивчення дисципліни «Історія української державності» для здобувачів першого (бакалаврського) рівня вищої освіти денної форми здобуття освіти зі спец. 051 економіка, 071 облік і оподаткування, 072 фінанси, банківська справа та страхування, 073 менеджмент, 075 маркетинг, 242 туризм / А. С. Лапченко ; Харків. нац. техн. ун т сіл. госп ва ім. П. Василенка. – Харків : [б. в.], 2021. – 21 с. (текст англ. мовою).

Авторський текст лекцій викладу матеріалу певних розділів дисципліни «Історія української державності» у вигляді презентації розроблено відповідно до навчальної програми. Мета тексту лекцій конкретизується у таких цілях як освітня, розвиваюча, виховна. Навчальне видання призначене здобувачам першого (бакалаврського) рівня вищої освіти денної форми здобуття освіти зі спец. 051 економіка, 071 облік і оподаткування, 072 фінанси, банківська справа та страхування, 073 менеджмент, 075 маркетинг, 242 туризм.

УДК 94(477)(042.4)

Відповідальний за випуск: Н. І. Моісєєва, д-р екон. наук, доц., зав. кафедри

ST The purpose and objectives of the discipline

The purpose of the discipline "History of Ukrainian statehood" is to study the basic patterns of state-building processes in ethnic Ukrainian lands. Given the need to understand the origins of statehood, the difficult path that the Ukrainian people overcame in the struggle for their own state, the specifics of state-building processes, the discipline aims to study the history of state-building traditions in Ukraine, the struggle to preserve, restore and gain their own state. The main tasks to be solved in the process of studying the discipline are: - comprehensive study of state-building processes in the Ukrainian lands; - analysis of the influence of external factors on the process of formation of Ukrainian statehood; - revealing the origins of the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their own state: to trace the causes, motives, tasks, driving forces, the main stages of the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their own state and its consequences; - identification of factors that stood in the way of establishing Ukrainian statehood; - disclosure of the peculiarities of the formation of Ukrainian statehood, the specifics of the geopolitical situation of Ukrainian lands; - analysis of prospects for the development of Ukraine as a state at the present time. The study of the discipline should contribute to the education of patriotic and moral and ethical beliefs of the specialist, involvement in the millennial history of the Ukrainian people. As a result of studying the course, students must: Know: - basic theoretical provisions, important key issues of all topics of the program; - general patterns of historical development; - the origins of the Ukrainian nation and its place in human processes; - important issues from all periods of Ukrainian history; - complex and contradictory phenomena, processes in the history of socio- political life of Ukraine in connection with global processes; - processes of building a modern independent Ukrainian state; - activities of prominent figures of Ukrainian history; - be well versed in historical sources and the latest scientific literature.

Be able: - have factual material on the history of Ukrainian statehood from ancient times to the present; - evaluate the events and activities of people in the historical process from the standpoint of universal values; - be able to independently obtain historical information on the topic, work with primary sources, literature, prepare a speech for a conference, write scientific student papers; - to synthesize the acquired knowledge into the appropriate worldview and high political culture; - creatively apply the acquired knowledge of the history of Ukrainian statehood in everyday activities, for orientation in socio-political life, evaluation of social phenomena, events; - have an active civic position based on democratic beliefs, humanistic and ethical values; - independently comprehend the patterns of historical development; - be able to work in an international context. Program learning outcomes in accordance with the matrices of OP: to have humanities, natural sciences and professional knowledge; formulate ideas, concepts for use in professional activities. Aware of the value of protecting the independence, territorial integrity and democratic order of Ukraine. Know the main historical stages of development of the subject area.

Topics

№ Name topics Content module 1. "Ethnosocial and state-building processes in Ukraine from ancient times to the twentieth century." Introduction to the course "History of Ukrainian statehood". Topic 1 Primitive society and the first state formations on the territory of Ukraine. Princely period of Ukrainian state formation. State-building processes in the Ukrainian lands during the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Commonwealth in the XIV - XVI Topic 2 centuries. Ukrainian national struggle (mid-seventeenth century). Cossack-Hetman state. Revival of the idea of Ukrainian national self-determination and Topic 3 statehood in the XIX century. New trends in the socio-political life of Ukraine in the early twentieth century. Content module 2. "On the way to the revival of Ukrainian statehood (XX - early XXI century.") Topic 4 The idea of Ukrainian statehood in socio-political life during the revolutionary events of 1917 - 1921. Topic 5 Soviet form of statehood in Ukraine under totalitarianism (1921- 1939) Topic 6 Ukraine and the Second World War: a new paradigm Topic 7 Ukrainian Soviet Republic: post-war period, times of "thaw" and stagnation. Topic 8 State-building processes of the first years of independence. Ukraine's progress in the XXI century: economy, politics, society. Agrarian-industrial complex of Ukraine: formation, reform, prospects of development. ORICAL SCIEN

TOPIC 1. Introduction to the course "History of Ukrainian statehood". Primitive society and the first state formations on the territory of Ukraine. Princely period of Ukrainian state formation.

Information on the earliest history of Ukraine is derived from archeological records and from general descriptions of the early Slavs by Greek, Roman, and Arab historians. Ukrainian national historiography has traditionally divided Ukrainian history into the following periods: (1) the so- called Princely era of Kyivan Rus’ and the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia; (2) the period of the Lithuanian-Ruthenian state; (3) the period of the Cossacks and the Hetman state; (4) the national and cultural revival of the 19th century; (5) the Ukrainian nation-state of 1917–21 [see Struggle for Independence (1917–20)]; (6) the interwar occupation of Ukrainian territories by four foreign powers; (7) the consolidation of most Ukrainian ethnic territory into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic; and finally, after 1991, (8) independent Ukraine. Because more than one political state often ruled Ukraine's territories simultaneously and, at times, several Ukrainian governments coexisted (eg, those of the Hetman state and of Right-Bank Ukraine), dealing with Ukraine's history presents many difficulties. Furthermore Western Ukraine experienced a historical development separate from that of central and eastern Ukraine, resulting in the evolution of the historical-political entities of Galicia, Volhynia, Bukovyna, and Transcarpathia. The only denominator unifying all of Ukraine's lands and state formations has been the Ukrainian people and its linguistic, social, cultural, and religious specificities. The Stone Age. The oldest traces of human existence in Ukraine, dating from the early Paleolithic Period (ca 900,000 BC) of the Stone Age, were discovered near Korolevo on the Tysa River in Transcarpathia (Korolevo

6 archeological site) and near Medzhybizh on the Boh River in Podilia (Medzhybizh archeological site). Archeological evidence indicates that by the Upper Paleolithic Period (40,000–15,000 BC) almost all of Ukraine was inhabited by clans of hunters and gatherers. During the Mesolithic Period (10,000–7,000 BC) Ukraine's inhabitants engaged in fishing, had domesticated dogs, and used the bow and arrow; the first tribal units then appeared. During the Neolithic Period (7,000–3,000 BC) primitive agriculture and animal husbandry arose, as did pottery and weaving. These activities developed further during the Copper Age and Bronze Age. The Copper Age and Bronze Age. The Trypilian culture (first discovered in 1896), which existed from 4,000 to 2,000 BC in the Dnipro River and Dnister River basins of Right-Bank Ukraine, was the most advanced culture during this period on the territory of Ukraine. Many other synchronous cultures evolved from the late 4th to the early 1st millennium BC. The steppe and forest-steppe in Left- Bank Ukraine were inhabited by the agricultural-pastoral tribes of the Pit-Grave culture, Catacomb culture, Serednii Stih culture, Marianivka culture, Timber- Grave culture, and Bondarykha culture. Right-Bank Polisia and parts of the forest-steppe were the home of the Middle-Dnipro culture and Bilohrudivka culture. The tribes of the Corded Pottery culture, Funnel Ware culture, Globular Amphora culture, Trzciniec culture, and Lusatian culture inhabited Volhynia and parts of Podilia. The Komariv culture, Vysotske culture, and Noua culture evolved in the Dnister Basin, and the Stanove culture, in Transcarpathia. The Iron Age. During the Iron Age, significant changes occurred in the material culture of Ukraine's inhabitants, particularly in agriculture, metallurgy, and commerce. In the early 1st millennium BC Iranian peoples—Cimmerians— appeared on the territory of the Dnipro River and Boh River basins in southern Ukraine. Archeological evidence shows that they, like the tribes of the indigenous Timber-Grave culture, Bilohrudivka culture, Bondarykha culture,

7 and Chornyi Lis culture, had iron implements. In the 8th century BC, the Cimmerians were displaced by the Scythians, tribes of nomadic horsemen from Central Asia that intermingled with and assimilated the indigenous peoples and founded an empire that lasted until the 2nd century AD. The Scythians' political and economic hegemony in the region was established after they repulsed the invasion of King Darius of Persia in 513 BC. From the 7th century BC, Greek city-states founded trading colonies on the northern Pontic littoral. With time these towns became independent poleis (see Ancient states on the northern Black Sea coast), which interacted and traded with the other peoples of the region, particularly the Scythians, Taurians, Maeotians, Sindians, and Getae. In the late 5th century BC, the Hellenic towns on the Kerch Peninsula of the Crimea and Taman Peninsula united to form the Bosporan Kingdom. In the 1st century BC the Hellenic states were annexed by the Romans and remained under Roman rule until the invasions of new nomadic peoples: the Sarmatians, Alans, and Roxolani, Iranian-speaking tribes from Central Asia that had appeared in the Pontic steppes in the 4th century BC and had conquered most of the Scythians' territories by the 2nd century BC; and the Goths, Germanic tribes that arrived in the late 2nd century AD from the Baltic region and conquered the Sarmatians and other indigenous peoples. In the 3rd century the Goths waged war against the Romans and took most of their colonies on the Pontic littoral. Gothic rule collapsed in 375 under the onslaught of the Huns; most of the Goths fled west beyond the Danube River, and only a small number remained in the Crimea. The Hunnic invasion of Europe initiated what is known as the great migration of peoples from the East. After the Huns, the Ukrainian steppes were invaded by the Volga Bulgars in the 5th century, the Avars in the 6th, the Khazars in the 7th, the Magyars in the 9th, the Pechenegs and Torks in the 10th and 11th, the Cumans in the 11th and 12th, and the Mongols in the 13th.

By the 2nd century BC, Ukraine's forest-steppe regions, Polisia, and part of the steppe were inhabited by the agricultural proto-Slavic tribes of the Zarubyntsi culture; Western Ukraine was populated by the tribes of the Przeworsk culture. By the 2nd century AD, the tribes of the Cherniakhiv culture populated large parts of the Ukrainian forest-steppe. Most scholars consider the territory bounded by the middle Dnipro River, the Prypiat River, the Carpathian Mountains, and the Vistula River to be the cradle of the ancient Slavs. By the 4th century AD, the Eastern Slavs of Ukraine had organized themselves into a tribal alliance called the Antes, whose domain stretched from the Dnister River to the Don River. In the early 6th century the Antes established relations with the Byzantine Empire, against which they also waged war in the Balkans. Their state lasted until the 7th century, when it was destroyed by the Avars and most of the Antes fled north to resettle in the upper Dnipro Basin. By the 6th century AD, the ancestors of the Ukrainians were divided into several tribal groups: the Polianians on the banks of the Dnipro River around Kyiv; the Siverianians in the Desna River, Seim River, and Sula River basins; the Derevlianians in Polisia between the Teteriv River and Prypiat River basins; the Dulibians, later called Buzhanians and Volhynians, in the Buh River basin; the White Croatians in Subcarpathia; the Ulychians in the Boh River basin; and the Tivertsians in the Dnister River basin. These tribes had ties with the proto- Belarusian Drehovichians, the proto-Russian Radimichians, Viatichians, and Krivichians, and the Baltic tribes to the north; the Bulgarian Kingdom (see Bulgaria) and the Byzantine Empire to the south; the Khazar Kaganate and the Volga Bulgars to the east; and the proto-Polish Vistulans and Mazovians, Great Moravia, and the Magyars to the west. They also traded with more distant lands via international trade routes: the route ‘from the Varangians to the Greeks’ linking the Baltic Sea and Black Sea mostly via the Dnipro River and thus joining Scandinavia with Byzantium (see Varangian route); the east-west route from the

Caspian Sea to Kyiv and then to Cracow, Prague, and Regensburg, thus joining the Arab world with central and western Europe; and the route linking the Caspian and Baltic seas and thus the Arab world with Scandinavia. Because they lived along or at the crossroads of these important trade routes, the proto- Ukrainian tribes played an important economic and political role in eastern Europe. The tribes shared a common proto-Slavic language and pagan beliefs. They built their agricultural settlements around wooden fortified towns. Kyiv was the capital of the Polianians; Chernihiv, of the Siverianians; Iskorosten (Korosten), of the Derevlianians; Volyn (Horodok on the Buh River), of the Dulibians; and Peresichen, of the Ulychians. The Polianians were the most developed of the tribes; according to the Rus’ Primary Chronicle, their prince, Kyi, founded Kyiv in the late 6th century. Kyiv's strategic position at the crossroads of the trade routes contributed to its rapid development into a powerful economic, cultural, and political center. The tribal princes, however, were not able to transform their tribal alliances into viable states and thus protect their independence. In the early 8th century, the Polianians and Siverianians were forced to recognize the supremacy of the Khazar Khaganate and to pay tribute. In the mid-9th century, the warlike Varangians from Scandinavia invaded and conquered the tribal territories, and established the foundations for Kyivan Rus’ state with its capital in Kyiv. The Princely era. The leading role in this state until its demise some five centuries later was played by the princes (whence the name of this period). The Primary Chronicle states that the Eastern Slavs had invited the Varangians to rule over them. This source was later used to substantiate the so-called Normanist theory of the origins of Kyivan Rus’. The Riurykide dynasty that ruled Rus’ and other East European territories until 1596, originated with the Varangian Prince Riuryk of Novgorod. The most outstanding Varangian ruler

10 of Kyivan Rus’ was Prince Oleh (Oleg), who succeeded Riuryk in Novgorod ca 879. In 882 he killed Askold and Dyr and took power in Kyiv, which became the capital of his realm. He then conquered most of the East Slavic tribes, thus becoming the undisputed ruler of a vast and mighty state. After consolidating his power and eliminating the influence of the Khazars on his territory, Oleh undertook an expedition against Constantinople, forcing it to sue for peace and to pay a large indemnity in 907. In 911 he concluded an advantageous trade agreement and laid the basis for permanent trade links between Kyivan Rus’ and the Byzantine Empire. The efforts of Prince Oleh's successor Prince Ihor (Igor, 912–45) to gain control of the northern Black Sea littoral led to war with Byzantium and to a new treaty with Constantinople: the trade privileges obtained by Oleh were significantly curtailed. Throughout his reign, Ihor tried to consolidate the central power of Kyiv by pacifying the rebellious neighboring tribes. The Derevlianians, who fiercely defended their autonomy, captured and killed Ihor during one of his attempts to extort tribute from them. Prince Ihor's widow Princess Olha (Olga, 945–62), who was possibly a Slav, ruled Rus’ until her son Sviatoslav I Ihorovych came of age. During her reign the Slavic members of her court gained ascendancy. Olha converted to Christianity by 957. She established direct contacts with Constantinople and links with West European rulers. Sviatoslav I Ihorovych (962–72), known as ‘the Conqueror,’ expanded the borders and might of Rus’. He waged a successful war against the Volga Bulgars and destroyed the Khazar Khaganate. The elimination of the Khazars had negative consequences, however: it opened the way for the invasion of Kyivan Rus’ by new Asiatic tribes. Sviatoslav expanded the frontiers of his realm to the Caucasus Mountains and then conquered the Bulgarians (967–8), establishing Pereiaslavets on the Danube River. Threatened by his encroachments,

Constantinople declared war on Sviatoslav. After initial victories in Macedonia, Sviatoslav was defeated and forced out of Bulgaria in 971. On his way back to Kyiv with a small retinue, he was ambushed by Pecheneg mercenaries of the Byzantines near the Dnipro Rapids and died in battle. Yaropolk I Sviatoslavych (972–80) ruled over Kyiv after his father's death. He wanted to unite the entire kingdom under his rule and succeeded in killing Oleh Sviatoslavych, but his brother Volodymyr escaped and hired Varangian mercenaries, with whose help he killed Yaropolk. Volodymyr the Great (980–1015) thus united under his rule the lands acquired by his predecessors and proceeded to extend his territory. He waged an ongoing struggle from 988 to 997 with the Pechenegs, who were constantly attacking Rus’ towns and villages, and built a network of fortresses to protect Kyiv. After his conquests, Volodymyr the Great ruled the largest kingdom in Europe, stretching from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sea of Azov and Black Sea in the south and the Volga River in the east to the Carpathian Mountains in the west. To administer his scattered lands, he created a dynastic seniority system of his clan and members of his retinue (druzhyna), in which the role of the Varangians was diminished. To give his vast domain a unifying element Volodymyr adopted Byzantine Christianity as the state religion, was baptized, and married Anna, the sister of the Byzantine emperor Basil II. The official Christianization of Ukraine in 988 had important consequences for the life of Kyivan Rus’ (see also History of the Ukrainian church). The unity of the state and the authority of the grand prince were strengthened. Byzantine art, architecture, literature, and teaching were introduced and adopted by the princes, boyars, and upper classes. Many churches and monasteries were built, and the clergy became a powerful cultural and political force.

During his reign, Volodymyr the Great began minting coins stamped with the symbol of a trident. (During the struggle for independence (1917–20) and again since 1992 the trident has served as Ukraine's national emblem.) Towards the end of his life, Volodymyr's sons Sviatopolk I and Yaroslav (by then prince of Novgorod the Great) rebelled against his authority. When Volodymyr died in 1015, a bitter struggle for hegemony ensued among his sons, which lasted till 1036 when Yaroslav established control over most of the Kyivan state. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019–54) the Kyivan state attained the height of its cultural development. Yaroslav the Wise paid much attention to the internal organization of his state. He built fortifications to defend his steppe frontier. He promoted Christianity, established schools, and founded a library at the Saint Sophia Cathedral (in 1036 to commemorate his victory over the Pechenegs). During Yaroslav's reign the Kyivan Cave Monastery was founded in 1051; it became the pre-eminent center of monastic, literary, and cultural life in Kyivan Rus’. Yaroslav had the customary law of Rus’ codified in the Ruskaia Pravda in order to regulate economic and social relations, which were becoming more complex. An important development that occurred during his rule was the rise of an indigenous, Slavic political elite in the Kyivan state that included such figures as Yaroslav's adviser Dobrynia, Dobrynia's son Konstantyn (Yaroslav's lieutenant in Novgorod), and Vyshata Ostromyrych (the governor of Kyiv). Thenceforth the role of the Varangians was limited, even as mercenaries. Yaroslav's influence spread far and wide because he arranged dynastic alliances with nearly all the reigning families of Europe. Before his death in 1054, Yaroslav the Wise divided his realm among his five remaining sons. Yaroslav maintained the principle of seniority introduced by his father, according to which the eldest son inherited Kyiv and the title of grand

13 prince, while the other sons were to respect the eldest and help him administer Kyivan Rus’. In the event of the death of the eldest son, his place was to be taken by the next eldest, and so forth. The seniority principle did not survive the test of time, however. As the sons and their offspring prospered in the lands they inherited, their interests conflicted with one another and with the interests of state unity. Internecine strife developed, provoking the eventual collapse of the Kyivan state. The last of Yaroslav the Wise's sons on the Kyivan throne, Vsevolod Yaroslavych (1078–93), directly ruled the principal lands of Kyivan Rus’: Kyiv principality, Chernihiv principality, Pereiaslav principality, Smolensk principality, Rostov principality, and Suzdal principality. In the last years of his reign, Vsevolod's realm was administered by his son Volodymyr Monomakh of Pereiaslav. Vsevolod Yaroslavych was succeeded in Kyiv by his nephew Sviatopolk II Iziaslavych (1093–1113), whose reign was distinguished by his continuous wars with the Cumans. With his cousin, Volodymyr Monomakh, Sviatopolk undertook successful expeditions against the invaders in 1103, 1109, and 1111. The Cuman menace and ongoing wars among the princes were the subject of the 1097 Liubech congress of princes near Kyiv. Called at the initiative of Volodymyr Monomakh, the princes altered the principle of patrimony. It was decided that sons had the right to inherit and rule the lands of their fathers, thus annulling the seniority system created by Yaroslav the Wise, and that Kyivan Rus’ would be subdivided into autonomous principalities, whose rulers would, nonetheless, obey the grand prince in Kyiv. The consensus reached at Liubech was short-lived. Conflicts among the princes once again began pitting the Rostyslavych branch (sons of Rostyslav Volodymyrovych), Monomakh branch, and Sviatoslavych branch (descendants of Sviatoslav II Iaroslavych) of the Riurykide dynasty against Davyd

Ihorovych and Sviatopolk II Iziaslavych. To settle the conflicts and organize campaigns against the Cumans, the Vytychiv congress of princes (1100) and Dolobske council of princes (1103) were held. When Sviatopolk II Iziaslavych died, the common people responded to the social and economic oppression of his regime with the Kyiv Uprising of 1113. The alarmed boyars turned to Volodymyr Monomakh to restore order and to ascend the Kyivan throne. The popular Monomakh (1113–25) began his reign by amending the Ruskaia Pravda (see Volodymyr Monomakh's Statute). He was the last of the grand princes who strove to curtail the internecine wars among the princes in order to maintain the unity and might of Kyivan Rus’. As before, Monomakh concentrated on combating the Cumans, whom he drove back to Caucasia and the Volga River early in his reign, renewing short- lived Slavic expansion into the steppe. During Monomakh's reign, Rus’ flourished culturally. Many churches were built, the Kyivan Cave Patericon was begun, and the writing of chronicles, hagiography, and other literature thrived. Before his death Monomakh wrote his famous testament, Poucheniie ditiam (instruction for [My] Children), a work of literary value in which he instructed his sons how to be strong and just rulers. Volodymyr Monomakh was succeeded by his eldest son Mstyslav I Volodymyrovych (1125–32), who inherited the lands of Kyiv, Smolensk, and Novgorod the Great; the remaining lands of Kyivan Rus’ were distributed among his brothers. Mstyslav's authority stemmed from his ability to organize the princes in combating the Cumans' renewed invasions. Like his father, he maintained ties with the rulers of Europe. The political and social institutions of Kyivan Rus’. From the 10th to the 12th century the Kyivan state underwent significant sociopolitical changes. Volodymyr the Great was the first ruler to give Kyivan Rus’ political unity, by way of organized religion. The church provided him with the concepts

15 of territorial and hierarchical organization; Byzantine notions of autocracy were adopted by him and his successors. The grand prince maintained power by his military strength, particularly through his druzhyna or retinue. He ruled and dispensed justice with the help of his appointed viceroys and local administrators—the tysiatskyi, sotskyi, and desiatskyi. Members of the druzhyna had a dual role: they were the prince's closest counselors in addition to constituting the elite nucleus of his army. Its senior members, recruited from among the ‘better people’ or those who had distinguished themselves in combat, soon acquired the status of barons called boyars. The prince consulted on important state matters with the Boyar Council. The viche (assembly) resolved all matters on behalf of the population and it became particularly important during the internecine wars of the princes for the throne of Kyiv. The privileged elite in Kyivan Rus’ was not a closed estate (see Estates); based as it was on merit, its membership was dependent on the will of the prince. The townsfolk consisted of burghers—mostly merchants and craftsmen—and paupers. Most freemen were yeomen, called smerds. A smaller category of half- free peasants were called zakups. The lowest social strata in Kyivan Rus’ consisted of slaves. The disintegration of the Kyivan state. During the reign of Mstyslav I Volodymyrovych's successor and brother, Yaropolk II Volodymyrovych (1132– 9), widespread dynastic rivalry for the crown of the ‘grand prince of Kyiv and all of Rus'’ arose between the Olhovych house of Chernihiv and the Monomakhovych clans. These internecine wars continued for a century, during which time the throne of Kyiv principality changed hands almost 50 times. As a result of the wars, Kyiv's primacy rapidly declined. In 1169 Prince Andrei Bogoliubskii of Vladimir, Rostov, and Suzdal sacked Kyiv and left it in ruins. Thereafter the title of grand prince of Kyiv became an empty one, and

16 the autocratic rulers of Vladimir were a constant threat to the Ukrainian principalities of southern Rus’, as were the Cumans. From the mid-12th century, Kyiv principality, Polatsk principality, Turiv-Pynsk principality, Volodymyr-Volynskyi principality, Halych principality, Chernihiv principality, and Pereiaslav principality developed as politically and economically separate units. In 1136 Novgorod the Great became a sovereign mercantile city- republic tied to the Baltic cities of the Hanseatic League and the Slavic hinterland and controlled by a boyar oligarchy. Galicia assumed the leading role among the Ukrainian principalities during the reign of its prince Volodymyrko Volodarovych (1124–53). The reigns of his son Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153–87), who extended the territory of Halych principality to the Danube River Delta, and grandson Volodymyr Yaroslavych (1187–99) were marked by frequent struggles with the powerful Galician boyar oligarchy. Volhynia gained prominence under the reign of the Monomakhovych dynasty beginning in the 1120s. After a half-century of individual, fragmented autonomy, the appanage Volodymyr- Volynskyi and Lutsk (Lucheske) principalities and the Berestia land were reunited under the rule of Prince Roman Mstyslavych (1173–1205). In 1199 Roman was invited by the Galician boyars to become the ruler of Halych principality. The historical fate of Transcarpathia, which until the late 10th century was ruled by the Kyivan state, was different. After the death of Volodymyr the Great, the Hungarian king, Stephen I, took advantage of the internecine struggles that arose in Rus’ to annex Transcarpathia; except for a few short periods, it remained part of Hungary until 1918. The other western borderlands, Bukovyna and Bessarabia, were part of Kyivan Rus’ from the

10th century, and it was only after the demise of the Principality of Galicia- Volhynia that they became part of Moldavia. The Galician-Volhynian state (1199–1340). As the ruler of the newly created Principality of Galicia-Volhynia, and particularly after he conquered the lands of Kyiv principality in 1202, Roman Mstyslavych reigned over a large and powerful state, which he defended from the Yatvingians and Cumans. When he died the boyar oligarchy took control in Galicia. Prince Leszek of Cracow and King Andrew II of Hungary exploited the succession crisis and civil strife: Leszek occupied most of Volhynia, and Andrew placed his son Kálmán on the throne of princely Halych in 1214 as ‘King of Galicia and Lodomeria.’ In 1221 Mstyslav Mstyslavych of Novgorod the Great, to whom the boyars had appealed for help, defeated the Hungarians, occupying the Galician throne until 1228. By 1230 Danylo Romanovych and Vasylko Romanovych were able to consolidate their rule in Volhynia, and in 1238 they drove the Hungarians, to whom Mstyslav had restored Galicia in 1228, from Galicia. Yet the threat from the east continued. The Mongols entered Kyivan Rus’ and routed the united armies of the Rus’ princes under the command of Mstyslav Mstyslavych and Danylo Romanovych at the Kalka River in 1223. A large army of Mongols led by Batu Khan invaded Rus’ again in 1237, devastated the Pereiaslav principality and Chernihiv principality in 1239, sacked Kyiv in 1240, and penetrated into Volhynia and Galicia, where it razed most of the towns, including Volodymyr- Volynskyi and princely Halych in 1241. Danylo Romanovych, the outstanding ruler (1238–64) of Galicia- Volhynia, after defeating the Teutonic Knights at Dorohychyn in 1238, subduing the rebellious boyars in 1241–2, and defeating Rostyslav

Mykhailovych of Chernihiv and his Polish-Hungarian allies at Jarosław in 1245, prepared to overthrow the Mongol yoke. His attemps at forming a military coalition with the Papacy, Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania against the Mongols did not succeed, however, and in 1255 Danylo relied on his own forces to defeat the Mongols and their vassals between the Dnister River and Boh River and in Volhynia. But the massive Mongol offensive of 1259, led by Burundai, forced him to submit to the authority of the Golden Horde. The Principality of Galicia-Volhynia declined steadily under Danylo Romanovych's successors Lev Danylovych (1264–1301), Yurii Lvovych (1301–15), Lev Yuriiovych and Andrii Yuriiovych (corulers 1315–23), and Yurii II Boleslav (1323–40). After the death of Yurii II, rivalry among the rulers of Poland, Hungary, Lithuania, and the Mongols for possession of Volhynia and Galicia ensued. The Lithuanian duke Liubartas became the ruler of Volhynia and the Kholm region. The Polish king Casimir III the Great attacked Lviv in 1340, but it was not until 1349 that he was able to defeat the Galician boyars led by Dmytro Dedko and to occupy Galicia. Casimir's successor, Louis I of both Hungary (1342–82) and Poland (1370–82), ruled Galicia through his vicegerents, among them Władysław Opolczyk. In 1387, Louis's daughter Queen Jadwiga annexed Galicia and the Kholm region to Poland.

Questions for topic 1. Periodization of Ukrainian history. 2. Prehistory of Ukraine. Neolithic revolution. Tripillian culture. Greek city- colonies on the Black Sea seashore. 3. Birth of statehood on the territory of Ukraine. The formation, development and the decline of the ancient state Kievan Rus. The spread of the ethnonym "Rus" and "Ukraine". 4. Galicia-Volynian state as political center of Rus lands (zemli). 5. Transition of the Ukrainian lands under the rule of Lithuania and Poland (XIV -XVI century). Lublin Union 1569 and Brest Church Unia 1596. 6. Birth of the Cossack's movement: reasons and sources. Zaporozhian Sich. 7. Reasons, character, periodization of the National Democratic Revolution in Ukraine in the middle of XVII century. 8. Pereyaslav Council and "Bereznevi statti" (1654): content and its historical significance. 9. The crisis of Hetman state. The Ruin (1657-1687). 10. The colonial policy of Russia towards Ukraine. Liquidation of the Ukrainian statehood in the XVIII century. 11. Ukrainian lands in Austrian Empire: political and social-economical life. 12. National and cultural revival in Ukrainian lands at the end of XVIII - early XIX century.

Literature 1. Eugene Tiutko. Atlas of Ukrainian History. - Chicago, 1995. 2. Barford Paul. The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. - New York, 2001. 3. Plokhy Serhii. The Cossacks and religion in early modern Ukraine. - Oxford; New York,2001. 4. Hrushevsky Mykhailo. History of Ukraine-Rus'. - Vol. Eight: The Cossack Age, 1626 - 1650. - Edmonton, 2002. 5. Plokhy Serhii. The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus - Cambridge, 2006. 6. Subtelny Orest. Ukraine: A History. - 4 edition. - Toronto, 2009. 7. Magocsi Paul Robert. A history of Ukraine: the land and its people. - Toronto, 2010. 8. Poltava 1709. The battle and the myth / Ed.by Serhii Plokhy . - Cambridge, 2012. 9. Kohut E. Zenon. Historical dictionary of Ukraine. - Maryland, 2013.

Навчальне видання

ЛАПЧЕНКО Анастасія Сергіівна

PRIMITIVE SOCIETY AND THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE. PRINCELY PERIOD OF UKRAINIAN STATE FORMATION

Текст лекцій до вивчення дисципліни «Історія української державності»

(Англійською мовою)

Формат 60x84/16. Гарнітура Timеs New Romаn Папір для цифрового друку. Друк ризографічний. Ум. друк. арк._. Тираж ___пр. Харківський національний технічний університет сільського господарства імені Петра Василенка м. Харків, 61002, вул. Алчевських, 44