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Hybridizace Druhů Rodu Abies S Důrazem Na Získání Euro

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Hybridizace Druhů Rodu Abies S Důrazem Na Získání Euro ČESKÁ ZEMĚDĚLSKÁ UNIVERZITA V PRAZE Fakulta lesnická a dřevařská KATEDRA GENETIKY A FYZIOLOGIE LESNÍCH DŘEVIN HYBRIDIZACE DRUHŮ RO DU ABIES S DŮRAZEM NA ZÍSKÁNÍ E URO- AMERICKÝCH HYBRIDŮ DISERTAČNÍ PRÁCE Autor: Ing. Petr Škorpík Školitel: prof. Ing. Milan Lstibůrek, MSc., Ph.D. 2015 Prohlašuji, ţe jsem disertační práci na téma „Hybridizace druhů rodu Abies s důrazem na získání euro-amerických hybridů“ vypracoval samostatně s pouţitím uvedené literatury a na základě konzultací a doporučení školitele. Souhlasím se zveřejněním disertační práce dle zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. o vysokých školách v platném znění, a to bez ohledu na výsledek její obhajoby. Ve Vídni dne Podpis autora Úvodem mé práce bych především velice rád poděkoval prof. Ing. Jaroslavu Koblihovi, CSc. za jehoţ odborného vedení vznikla většina této práce a svému nynějšímu školiteli prof. Ing. Milanovi Lstibůrkovi, MSc., Ph.D. za odborné vedení při pracech na dokončení disertační práce a doktorského studia. Téţ děkuji Ing. Janu Stejskalovi, PhD., který mi poskytl cenné rady a v neposlední řadě i fyzickou pomoc během nezbytných prací spojených s kontrolovaným kříţením. Děkuji své rodině a všem přátelům za trpělivost a podporu v mém studijním snaţení. Práci bych rád věnoval své mamince. OBSAH Anotace ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Annotation ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Úvod ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Cíle práce ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Rozbor problematiky ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Rod Abies .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Hybridizace ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Pěstování a trh vánočních stromků ........................................................................................................ 18 Popis zkoumaných druhů ................................................................................................................................ 21 Abies cephalonica Loud. ............................................................................................................................... 21 Abies cilicica (Ant. ex Kotschy) Carr. ...................................................................................................... 25 Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir. ........................................................................................................................... 29 Abies koreana Wils. ....................................................................................................................................... 35 Abies numidica(Lann. Ex Carr.) ................................................................................................................ 39 Materiál a metodika ........................................................................................................................................... 42 Semenné sady .................................................................................................................................................. 42 Kontrolované opylení................................................................................................................................... 44 Vyhodnocení úspěšnosti křížení ............................................................................................................. 45 Rok 2011 ........................................................................................................................................................... 49 Rok 2012 ........................................................................................................................................................... 50 Rok 2013 ........................................................................................................................................................... 52 Výsledky ................................................................................................................................................................. 53 Výsledky z roku 2011 ................................................................................................................................... 53 Výsledky z roku 2012 ................................................................................................................................... 56 Výsledky z roku 2013 ................................................................................................................................... 61 Diskuse .................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Souhrn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Seznam použité literatury a informačních zdrojů ................................................................................ 75 Přílohy ..................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Seznam příloh.................................................................................................................................................. 95 1 ANOTACE Práce je zaloţena na kontrolovaném opylení různých druhů jedle ve smyslu mezidruhové hybridizace. Cílem tohoto postupu je vyšlechtění hybridního materiálu pro specifické potřeby lesního hospodářství a produkci vánočních stromků. Ke konkrétním šlechtitelským cílům v tomto směru patří odolnost vůči limitním ekologickým podmínkám (např. sucho), odolnost vůči chorobám, škůdcům atd. Předkládaná práce navazuje na dosavadní hybridizační program rodu Abies rozvíjený na školícím pracovišti a na jeho spolupráci s americkým pracovištěm (North Carolina State University Raleigh). Pro hybridizační práce jsou vyuţívány především mediteránní druhy daného rodu (A. cilicica, A. cephalonica, A. numidica), druhy asijské (např. A. koreana) a druhy americké (především A. fraseri). Jako mateřské stromy jsou vyuţívány hybridy A. cilicica x A. cephalonica s označením CZ1, CZ2 a A. koreana x (A. cilicica x A. cephalonica). Některá hybridní potomstva vykazují nejen zvýšený stupeň rezistence vůči například houbovým chorobám, ale také rychlejší růst v mladším věku, který je projevem heteroze. Často se také odlišují svým habitem či tvarem jehlic. Tito jedinci pak mohou nalézt vyuţití ať uţ jako okrasné dřeviny, vánoční stromky, nebo produkční dřeviny v oblastech silné antropogenní zátěţe. Úspěšnost kříţení se kaţdoročně hodnotí na základě rentgenových snímků osiva. V roce 2011 byla nejúspěšnější kombinací CZ2 x NC26 s 18% plných semen. V roce 2012 to byly kombinace CZ1 x NC25 a CZ1 x NC76 s 7% plných semen, následovány kombinací CZ2 x NC25 s 6% a v roce 2013 pak F2 generace klonu CZ1 s 8% plných semen. Hodnocení růstu mladých semenáčků z kříţení v roce 2007 poukázalo na výrazný výškový růst potomstev [A. koreana x (A. cilicica x A. cephalonica)] x NC PC. Morfologie jehlic těchto zkoumaných hybridů vykazovala variabilitu v délce jehlic, jejich šířka nebyla pro rozlišení jednotlivých kombinací signifikantní. Klíčová slova: mezidruhová hybridizace, hybridní osivo, rod Abies, morfologie jehlic 2 ANNOTATION The experimental work is based on the control pollination of various fir species. Its aim is to establish hybrid progenies for specific needs of forestry and Christmas trees industry. Specific breeding objectives are in this sense hardiness and resilience to various environmental factors (such as draught) and resistance to pests and diseases etc. In this work guidelines of long – term research of Department of Genetics and Physiology of Forest Trees are followed. Current activities are connected to a traditional hybridization program within genus Abies, which has been recently extended by our cooperation with an American partner (North Carolina State University Raleigh). This experiment is in the long run based on bilateral international cooperation between Czech Republic and USA. Hybridizations include Mediterranean fir species (A. cilicica, A. cephalonica, A. numidica), Asian species (Abies koreana) and North American species (Abies fraseri). Hybrids A. cilicica x A. cephalonica (clones CZ1 and CZ2) and A. koreana x (A. cilicica x A. cephalonica) were used as a mothers. Some of the offspring in addition to increased resistance feature also a remarkable heterosis effect at younger age and different growth habit and shape of needles. All this may in the future offer a wide range of applications, both for crops under strong anthropogenic pressure with changing climatic conditions, but also crops grown for the production of Christmas
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