Some i a s o a sia io G eek -
a a io E Á E MA COS I s i u o e i o ogía - CSIC Ma i
O e o e ima y u c io s o e ua c i icism is o e ec e ge esis o e o s e « ue» ea i g ca o y e isco e e w e e « a se» is u maske Simi a y i e Se uagi is o e use c i ica y i is esse ia o s a y u maski g e co u io s mis ea i gs o mis a sia io s a ie wi i e com e io o a G eek- e ew I e o e A ioc e e e i e is o ica ooks is a e ce e o o u i y o go oug e w o e a s a io ocess a e ec e mos commo mis akes e mai i icu ies me y e a s a o s a e mec a isms em o- ye o o e come em I is Iike ooki g a e e e se si e o e wea e gi i g a i sig i o e ig eg ee o i e a a o ma co es o e ce e wee e G eek a s a io a e e ew a- e e i mos o e is o ica ooks A e same ime i o e s
o e cia eí a e e i Co g eso e a I e a io a O ga i a io o Se ua- gi a Cog a c S u ies (IOSCS ei e 3 e u io e a a io i o csic es « a c i ica es ua c o sco e e o se o i qua o caccia í a so » c G CO I I r v r d E d t ( o i o 199 1 7 O i wo s o c amous e e i ie A E OUSMA « e ua c i icism is e scie ce o isco e i g e o i e s a e a o e o í g i » c A E ousmA « e A ica io o oug o e ua C i ieism» r d n f th Cl l A t n 1 (19 7-
S f r d ( ágs 3 1-3 CSIC ISS 37- 9
S f 64:2 (2004) SOME PFITALLS OF TRANSLATION GREEK 343 342 NATALTO FERNÁNDEZ MARCOS S f G 4.2 (2004) Antiochene text we have adopted a middle road. We adhere to the the opportunity tu appreciate the limits of the formal equivalence formal equivalence when it looks plausible after a scrutiny of the and, in some cases. to get a glimpse into the presumed Vorlage of sentence in both languages. We believe that by using this procedure the translators. we are ensuring that the reader can make the best use of the Index For the Greek, our edition of the Antiochene text has been used without going clown the path of the subjectivity of the presumed as the basis of the analysis, and for the Hebrew the text of the Bi- equivalences. It is common knowledge that the abuse of presumed blia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) 2. We are aware that the Maso- equivalents, while they 'may be tempting, can lead to suggestions retic Text (MT) is not identicai to the Hebrew Vorlage of the trans- that can be analysed in different ways by scholars, thus producing Iators. We use it in the comparison for practica' reasons, since it is different reconstructions. Nevertheless, in some cases and as an aid the only complete Hebrew text available for those books. Moreover, to the reader, the presumed equivalent preceded by the abbreviation it should be emphasized that the MT agrees to a large degree with leg (= legit) is suggested between brackets 5 the Vorlage of the translators, as can be inferred from a look at the In our search for the correct correspondence, the meticulous study Index in which the formal, extant equivalent, is of first concern. of both the Hebrew and the Greek texts leads us tu some further One may wonder why priority is not given to Qumran texts of Sa- considerations. In some cases it is extremely difficult tu decide muel. The fact is, that apart from the fragmentary character (ca. 8% whether the extant Masoretic text reflects a new equivalent for the of the text of Samuel) and occasional agreements with the Antio- extant Greek or whether, in fact, the Greek is being translated from chene text, there is hule evidence tu define the textual affiliation of a different Vorlage. Indeed, our knowledge of the Hebrew and Ara- the Qui-luan fragments inaic as welI as of the Alexandrian Greek is limited, and I subscribe Much has been written recently oh the use of formal or presumed tu the sound statement of R. Smend that «Eine Konkordanz muss in equivalents in an index or concordance. E. Tov and T. Muraoka der Gleichsetzung, soweit eine solche überhaupt durchführbar ist, so have cliverseiy criticized the Hatch Sz. Redpath' s procedure, because mechanisch wie müglich verfahren und das Urteil der Zukunf über- these scholars adhered very closely tu the formal, almost mechani- lassen» 6. This appreciation is also valid for an Index. Both extre- cal equivalence in their Concordance 4. For the Index of the
hist as Abraharn Tromm did in his Concordance published in Amsterdam 1718 (Abr h r tnnz C n rd nt Gr r n l t N. FERNÁNDEZ MARCOS and J. R. BUSTO SA IZ, with the collaboration of M.a [Amstelodami et Trajecti ad Rhenum SPOTTORNO DfAZ-CARO and S. P. COWE, El t xt nt n d l bl Gr l We hope that a mine of useful information has be.en added through the new n, TECC 50, 53, 60 (Madrid 1989-1996), and K. ELLIGER and W. RUDOLPH (eds.), Greek words and new Hebrew equivalents_ preceded by an asterisk in the Index. bl br St tt rt n (5th corrected ed., Stuttgart 1997). Likewise We suggest the presumed reading in a number of obvious equivalences «However, insufficient evidence was found to affirm any link between L and signaled with an obelus by Hatch and Redpath: co:)xuciRim; 'dry' in 1 Sam 23:14.15 4QSarn', except for L's dependence upon LXX, which 'vas jo turn dependen' upon does not translate 1z-02, but is a doublet of the unknown geographie name 4QSam'»: cf. E. D. HERBERT, «4QSam" and its Relationship tú the LXX: An f3oppEz.c; is a stereotype cquivalent for vn: hence, it can be presumed that in 2 Chr Exploration in Stemmatological Analysis». in I C n r f th Int rn t n l 14: 9 the translator rcad nnos instead of nnn; in 1 Sam 13:7 it can be presumed Or n z t n f r S pt nt nd C n t St d . C br d , , SCS 45, ed. a e a s a o ea c -13 y1 as a iei e o i y (oi 3- a3aí o■ Ec i s ea o e B. A. TAYLOR (Atlanta, GA 1997) pp. 37-55: p. 49. su s a i e e e ews (13 y? E. TOV, h xt Cr t l U f th S pt nt n bl l r h (2" ed. R. S ME Gr h h S r h br l h r lnd x z r W h t d l S r h Icrusalcm 1997) pp. 91-100; T. MURAOKA, br Ar nv Ind x r th S pt nt (Berlin 1907) p. x. K d l th t h dp th C n rd n (Grand Rapids, MI 1998) p. 8. SOME I A S O A S A O G EEK 3 5 A A IO E Á E MA COS S f 64 2 ( S f 64: ( mes s ou e a oi e e i c usio o e ew wo s amo g e e s e as a o e se e ce as Io c i oÇ u is ea i g
ew equi a e s w ose mea i g is we ou si e e se a ic ie _ esu s om a- o e ic co usio e wee e gu u aIs y a a o e G eek wo 7 a e sys ema ic e c usio o a ew e ew co seque y ca o e i oke as a sou wi ess o c a ge e equi a e ecause i is o a es e i o e a s o e Se uagi ea i g o e M a makes se se e eque occu e ce o e e goo um e o ew equi a e s ma ke wi a as e isk i ou e essio oS ai oc i e G eek i e as co i u e o I e a es s o e ic ess a a ie y o e a s a io ma i es- co sO i a e is ea i g i e G eek a smissio e oug se e a ew ausi e co es o e ces ese equi a- is is us a sam ie o e ki o e ua c i icism a ca e e s a e acki g i e a c e a Co co a ce e i ecause ma e wi e ai o e I e a w ic is a i o a ig o- e A ioc e e G eek e ms a e o y a es e i e eu e oca o i- o io o C 111111 11 a s ac a co c e e a es w e e a a mos ca o a oc y a ooks (some o e wi ou e ew o age o s e eo y e equi a e e is eco e o wi s a i g e c i ica ecause ey a ea i e ee ewis a s a o s w ose e ew u geme is mo e i icu o e e cise i o e a es ( o w ic equi a e s a e o eco e i is Co co a ce Mo eo e a c e a s a o ike e v r t o e me a o ica o s y is ic e a o ow e G eek e o e co ices t n , Al x n equi a e ce a mo e es ecia y i e e s w e e e a ay o dr n a S n t us e Si i e e i io (15 7 u ey equi a e s is ig y i e si ie o i s a e E I o co es o s ig o e e A ioc e e e w ic is e y i e e om ese ma- o o ess a e e ew wo s a a (3á ei a s a es usc i s i e is o ica ooks eig ee i e e e ew o ms A ca e u use o e I e a ows e use o aw ce ai co c u- I s a ow mo e o a y o i e i y e i co ec ea i gs o sio s i e a io o e i e e o ems o e ua c i icism e e G eek a i io es ecia y o e A ioc e e e i o e o s e eo y e co es o e ce e wee wo e ms i e ew a G eek ig ig e ge ui e ea i g I wi ea wi e a s a io o- ay ea o e es o i g o a i e e ea i g om a o e M cesss a e e a smissio i a e e se o e goi g ack om o e assage i ques io us i C 33 7 c oW as ee a e a eog a ic e o s o a smissio (i e -G eek co u io s i o uce i e G eek a s a io o e M aki g i o oug e i e e oca i a io e o me y e a s a o a accou a 99% o e ocu e ces o c519 a e ee egu a ; c e i e c a ge o co usio o simi a Ie e s i e e ew o - a s a e y a i 5 i ca e e uce i aI co i e e a e age o some a ia ea i gs su o e y a i e e o age G eek a s a o o is assage a so ea i5i as was e case i o e as case e Qum a agme s o Samue o e a wi ow e o e a cie e sio s a co seque y i ca e es o e as a owa s ac ua ea i gs o e G eek co i me y a e a ge ui e ea i g i s ea o e u ious a u ce ai ❑ 15 y o M e ew o age i e e om O e co a y i 1 C 17 1 we come ac oss a i e e e c i ica a o ama M ea s «a w a is my ouse a you a e
oug me us a (c5 - 1 11 ?» e e ice G eek a i io i e - s As Mu aoka o se es « is o ious y i i-a ise o a em o es a is mec a ica a e s o co es o e ce e wee G eek e ses a ose o e cw» MU AOKA « a s a io ec iques a eyo » i l n r p t v n 7 c a s a io may e i ioma ic o me a io ica o may co es o o th r n l t n hn f th S pl nt, c s SO AMO a S SI I Á i e e o age o may co cea a co e e c í ica] o em ( e si ki - Gü i ge 1 13- 50-64:2 ( SOME PITFALLS OF TRANSLATION CREER 347 346 NATALIO FERNÁNDEZ MARCOS Sef 64:2 (2004) chene added tu the reading of the current Septuagint resulting in the A. INNER-GREEK CORRUPT1ONS following sentence: Kcri buoíricrav aireó) i.c(popetv 1,tcyc5Inv 1CC). airccr? K7,a15crtv p.E.0 v. In a text conceived for public Using the parent text as a control, some Greek corruptions can be 1K uaa reading it is essential that it has meaning. OD several occasions the detected that have contaminated a part of or the entire manuscript doublets of Antiochene fulfil this function by completing the sense tradition. A few examples taken from the Antiochene text, shared or clarifying the context by means of an alternative reading attached occasionally by the whole Greek tradition, will suffice tu illustrate tu the reading of the majority. The same phenomenon of a doublet this phenomenon: or alternative reading based un a paleographic, inner-Greek, corrup- — A1,-'& the regular equivalent for the Hebrew -c9 `goat'. tion can be detected in the Antiochene text of 2 Chr 21:19: kai. o6-k- However, in 2 Chr 31:6 we come across a formal equivalent of cdyciSv ¿310h10-EV ar 6 7,,a5; aUtoíi ¿mpopáv Kat K7a6c5tv Kata for the Hebrew 1:l'fp in the sequence «the titile of cattle and sheep, K 1113C51 W rca.rIpatv cuitoii. Again, this alternative reading has and the "tithe of the d d t d th n that had been consecrated to succeeded in the text transmission because it fits the context of the Lord their God» 9. In ah l probability the whole Greek tradition mourning for Asa' s death. has been corrupted from á.7icov tu aiyv. However, following the — In 2 Chr 34:22 the MT speaks of «the prophet Huldah, the wife manuscript tradition we have restored aiyo5v as did A. RahIfs in bis of Shallum... son of Hasrah, keeper of the wardrobe (ti,n2n manual edition. The reason why this new reading, so alien to the origi- In the target language Shallum is no longer the keeper of the nal meaning of the Hebrew, succeeded in the text reception, is that wardrobe but 'a prophet Huldah... (po?,,i5co-csooicsav aç ¿ 7 áC it makes sense also in the Greek chain of words joined to the cattle ('that observes the commands'!). Already Montfaucon 11 detected and sheeps: Kai cti). roi fivsyKav IttE,¿Ka-ca uóuzcov Kcd Troofkurow the corruption of the original reading cs-coMcq, restored by A. Kai rui5 i-cetroi a iy(Táv, Ka i iyfcrnav Tó Kupíw E ? ctúró5v. Rahlfs, against the é. O (5 g of the manuscript tradition. The Ando- — The Antiochene reading of 2 Chr 16:14 must be characterised chene text, following his tendency tu incorporate as doublets alter- as an inner-Greek corruption: Kat 1K.2,..auo-av at:yrci) K2,-al50-tv native readings, retains the corrupted reading of the current viEyet7,..riv for the Hebrew n5m n w 5iwi ('and they made a Septuagint and introduces a correct transIation of the Hebrew, very great fire in bis honor'). Kaí En, and KailkstÇ correspond better restoring Shallum (Sellem) as keeper of the wardrobe (il,tatto- to the meaning of the Hebrew root en'w, while ic7aí En/ translates' T157,. g): icc i aopstíeti Xs2LKIaÇ... ItpeiÇ "02,,5av rijv azpopfuttv regularly the root nn. However, the paleographic confusion yuvaiKa 72 r uio OEKt6¿ nio6 Adlp I 13 i ec u ac Koq 1 Ita.ciouniv / IKauGav and K7a13o-tv / Kat3o-tv, easy tu detect in the cursive Greek writing, provoked the new reading in the Antiochene As Montfaucon realized. instead of (,oullocsoucrov Tet; ¿vro'Aeu; the original branch of manuscripts w. The fact that the new reading makes sense reading should be cpuX.Oe-crov-L-oc, retÇ aTókb.c,, and thesc words should refer not Lo in the context of the verse lead to its consolidat ion within the Greek Huldah but to Shallurn, her husband: cf. E. SCHLEUSNER, Novus Thesaurus philologico-criticus sive lexicon in LXX et reliquos interpretes graecos ac scriptores tradition. In fact it is a doublet or alternative translation that Antio- apocryphos Veteris Testamenti (Lipsiae 1820) sub voce '2 This terin is the right Greek translation in the parallel passae of 2 Kings 22:14. 9 The English translation of the Hebrew, when no otherwise said. is taken from Did the author of the Antiochcne text take Toit illartoTt5)...axo; from this parallel B. M. METZGER and R. E. MURPHY (eds.), The Oxf rd Ann t t d bl th th passaae? There is no trace of Hexaplaricieading Lo 2 Chr 34:22; Fields reference Apocrypha (New York 1989). points Lo alio exemplaria, in fact the reading of the Cornplutensian Polyglot which follows the Lucianic thanuscript 108: cf. F. FIELD, Origenis Hexaplortan quae super- 1° Interestingly, the correct alternativc reading ieo áicwovi.v ai:Yró'y sunt 1 (Oxford 1875 = HicIdesheim 1964). 11C^(W,./1V has been preserved exclusively in the Alcalá polyglot Bible.
3 A A IO E Á E MA COS S f ( S ( SGM I A S C A S A IO G EEK 3 9
i i u e cyc ou a ci k -co e ea i g o I i as emi i e i e a s a io ocess a e i s e e o e cou e o e wo a ici io y e a sia o ( oi i g o e a ici io e a ic e o a guages a sIa io is a ki o ea i g a co c e e y e Se - e o owi g wo ge e a e a em a assi g i e e a io i e uagi is e f r t nt rpr t t n o a u oca ise e ew e I a ge a guage a o a y co i u e o e succcess o e is a ki o e o ma ce o e co so a a e ike a sco e o use co u ea i g ¿ o Ç i s ea o o - o C Ç a musica me a o o ou i se e a cases i is c ea a e — W e e quee o S e a isi s ki g So omo s e co em- a s a o s we e o owi g a i e e ea i g a i io o a e ege- a e a a mi e a is wis om a amo g o e i gs i is ica e ice u i ma y o e cases e e o uc ca e a a y- a ace s e was ama e y e c o i g o is se a s a y is se sim y as a mis ea i g cu ea e s (1 "= 1 Ki gs 1 5 e cu e Se uagi a s a es — I 1 Sam 31 e e ew wo a co is ea wice as is a o e se e ce ei i a u "O caS o15 i o i oúc o i o óouÇ 913 see e e ew se e ce «See I wi cu o you a m a aú oi5 i e ac co es o e ce wi e mea i g o e oo i e a m o you a ces o s ami y» ecomes i G eek Ka h ph l, gi e o i k owe e i A ioc e e we come ac oss ó ¿ o7 o s 5 - co ó (-5 ¿ ia c oo Ka 5 cy ¿ a o o Kou
- i ia uuó cu o 5 Kai coi Ç Eú o 5 ouÇ a iy o i C is c o i g a is a óS - 1 eu uc s I is e ea i g o A ioc e e wi ou a ia s wi a — I 1 Sam 15 9 e i e e oca i a io us e co usio o mea i g a i e e om e o igi a I is o ausi e o imagi- simi a co so a e Iea s o a ew i e se se se i e a ge a gua- e a a eog a ic co usio a e e e] o e e ew e wee ge qui e i e e om e a e e Sau a e eo e s a e » e egu a equi a e o o i o óoÇ a -s e s e eo y e Agag a « e es o e s ee a e am s ( a a equi a e o Eú oi - o; owe e a e e e o e G eek a s- a was a ua e» e u a o am o am is ea a missio e o e ic co u io y simi a o ou cia io o o i e e e y e w o e G eek a i io as e u caA co = e ms ue o e e ome o o i acism o i es a easo a e e u a o e a a io e ea i g a so makes se se a is co so i a e i — I 1 Sam 1 e e ew 7 - («A esse e e a smissio o e A ioc e e ami y o ma usc i s 13 ook a o key wi ea » is a s a e i A ioc e e KO i 1 3E Iscscsai ó o Ka i ¿ EÉO 1KE a éO yó €o I co I a o a- i i y is se e ce a ose om e ou e a sia io o a si g e A I E E EA I G O E CO SO A A E wo i wi i e e oca i a io as o key ( i o a as a measu e (i A ioc e e u i i es is ecou se o ou e i e - e ume ous assages c a ac e ise as t r i e I e o i- e a io i o e o so e e ac i ogy o e e ew; e ma- e some i o ma io o misIea i g a s a io s cause y a i - o i y e o e Se uagi u e s oo i as yó oo u o y A io- e e ea i g o e e ew e a occasio a y y omo o ic c e e makes a i icu se e ce i e ew e ici I e es i g y a sia io I e asi e a i is a y ica e ome o a occu s e O a i e ai s e A ioc e e ea i g Et p t I
1 n t p t p r l t
Ms o ooke-Mc ea as s i a o e co u io c a io - i e s e e a e o e a a ic emai s o is assage wo a e mi usc es ( 3 a sa e e o e y e ea i g e ou e ; oi ; oí o e ou ; Kai Oi ; 1 e OI a i ca e co su e i e pp r l o ou e i io o e Eú oO ouc - c IEI Or n Il x pl r n. d l . A ioc e e e quo e i o e 350 A A IO E Á E MA COS Se". ( Sef ( SOME I A S O A S A IO G EEK 351 — In 2 Sam 14:17 the Hebrew word nnlx, `resting-place' is ing `they fashioned their borders', a different reading translated by the entire Septuagint tradition by Goo-ila., reading accepted as ebiendation to the MT by some modem dictionaries 17. m `offering', and changing the sense of the Hebrew sentence «the word of my lord the king will set me at rest» into the new The homophonic translation may also explain some unusual equi- 1-8‘,9101yro.) &fi Toi3 Kupíou !Jou Toi5 f3at7o 81Ç valences in the Index. In these examples there is no reason for pos- Ouo- av. tulating a paleographic confusion at the level of the Hebrew lan- guage. However the similar phonetics of the Hebrew and Greek — The same source of confusion can be detected in 2 Chi- 10:10: word may have influenced the selection of terms in the translation w5y 5pn nnN, where Antiochene reads the preposition 51 as 5.5.1 proceSs in passages such as 2 Chr 33:6 v yíj BEvEvvól.t for the He- `yoke' and translates accordingly: Kai di) vis)v kot5cptcsov Cucó Tot5 brew m i- («in the valley of the son of Hinnom»), or 2 Chi 30:10 CuyoiT) ijuáv in contrast with the current Septuagint kai (7i.") él(pEÇ -ccD ópEt 'Ecppátjtt cti Mavctuol'i for the Hebrew cr)--Ibt-yiN3. nv.).,ni («in the country of Ephraim and Manasseh»). A phonetic An alternative reading of the consonantal text may produce a connection exists between 5) and yfi, riN and CípoÇ in Hebrew and double interpretation that Antiochene incorporates willingly into the Greek that might reasonably explain these uncommon translations. textual chain, as in 1 Kings 18:44, where the MT 'out of the sea', There may also be an underlying, diffuse conscience among Helle- has been translated twice by Antiochene: í55coo ¿erró 0c/Ieto-nrK nistic Jews that Hebrew and Greek had something in common — The different vocalization of the MT may result in the inter- In 2 Chr 12:11 the guard of Rehoboam, whenever he went into the pretation of some proper names as common names or verbs, with a house of the Lord, would come along bearing the shields of bronze, sense fas from that of the original. In 1 Kings 6:3 (= MT 5:32a) it is «and would then bring thern back to the guardroom» ( -5 ia i stated that in the building of the temple «Solomon's builders and c - The verse has been diversely interpreted by the Greek Hiram's builders and the Giblites did the stonecutting» (15 tradition. It is clear that the word `guardroom' was not transparent I 5 c m "32.1 IntD V) ' u), translated by Antiochene: irni'fivEy- for the translators 19 They resolve the difficulty with a puzzling KCCV O uioi 1i M Ka 1 U O XEtpetpt, tccti: ¿vOcf,7Lov translation; the majority text of the Septuagint reads Kai ctiyroi5g («and Solomon's sons and Hiram' s sons brought the stoneS ¿Tuto-tp¿yov-LEÇ C IÇ CuceivTricstv 'zjav Trapatp8zóvuov. But the and fashioned their borders»). The majority text of the LXX reads hornophonic translation appears clear enough in the double sentence aEKricsav ('did the stonecutting') instead of iivEykav, and puts of Antiochene that includes E -1 U á I C O rcupwrpEzóvuov, a the simple verb 1f3aIctv instead of ¿v¿3a2,ov. But, what is more i mportant, the transIator read with different vocalization sons' 1? Cf. D. J. A. CLINES (ed.), The Dfctionaiy al" Classic& Hebrew, vol. 11 (Sbeffield not `builders' ()A-2), and interpreted the proper name in the 1995). Translation of proper names is very frequent in Antiochene. But, oc- casionally. they are interpreted as common names: cf. ¿v O __ EK O 1Kik for 'at plural `Giblites' 1 as a h ph l of 5n, `circumscribe', probably read- Qir Harcsee in 2 Kings 3:25. is H. B. RosÉN, L'hébrea el ses rapparts avec le monde classique. E.ssai d'évaluation calan-elle (Paris 1979) pp. 25-46 and F. I E La Bible d'Alexandrie. 15 MT: «A little cloud O bigger than a person's hand is rising out of the sea» (n5v 18 L'Ecclésiaste (Paris 2002) pp. 55-57. n'in). The Old Greek ecvetyoucm -Uicop probably read ono n5vn. Antiochene con-Bates both readings and obtains a meaningful sentence. 19 Of an unknown orig-in it means 'guard-charnber' for the outrunners: cf. L. KO I E and W A IMGA E The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon afilie Old 1 People from Gebal called Byblos by the Greeks. Tes-lamen! [translated by M. E. J. RICHARDsoN] (Leiden - Boston - KOln 1999). 35 A A IO E Á E MA COS S f ( S f ( SOME O A ES O " A S A IO G EEK 353 guess a s a io i uce y e o e ic simi a i y o e Ç wi u A ioc e e i e e s Ka ó i óowi o Oi a; w ¿ ( ow s a c a e a i se a o e us i s ea o e e ew is i e e a io is co i me y e ea i g o e O a i
- equi a e o e se uagi a á á o Ç a oug e o ma equi- a smi e y uci e o Cag ia i nt f nz v n t n C r , 0 .
a e ce is eyo ou o ou e a s a o ea u i g i s ea o e 7 1 ocks om M I is e am e e wo mos eque i e c a - ges o simi a e e s co cu nr a i C I E C A GE O SIMI A E E S — I Sam 1 i is s a e «acco i g o e c ea ess o my
a s e [ e o ] ecom e se me» ( 5 - 11 a s a e A o e sou ce o mis ea i g a s a io s ies i e co usio o i e a y y e cu e Se uagi as a e KaE a ó i a si mi a e e s o g ou s o e e s e I e o i es a mi e o E19 1/ io I a ¿3o K- ¿ I o owe e A ioc e e gi es a i - i o ma io o u usua equi a e ces goi g ack e e ua y o a e e i e e a io o e se e ce gay y c7 sao a I - mis ea i g o some co so a s i e ea y squa e sc i I is a 5(5 - E ea i g e i s wo as i a A simi a g a ic co - acci e o ea i g o co yi g; i e i s case i a ises i e usio u e ies e A ioc e e e 5o aa óÇ i Sam 5 cou se o e a s a o s eci e i g o e o age; i e seco o acsi uk soo á u a +1 5 C Ú O5 o e e ew i e ec s a o age a ea y a a ia ce wi e M I is o o e 1» y - › 5 1 e c u e a a ge mi e e ua i e e ce u e ies some o ese — I 1 Sam 1 Sau says o a Is ae «You s a e o o e a ia s u i ge e a i ca e s a e a e a eog a ic si e a I a my so o a a wi e o e o e si e» ( . co usio a e e e o e e ew sc i is e mos ausi e In n2Y tn . e w o e G eek a i io a smi s i o cases e Ia a io e mos eque i e c a ge o simi a e e s occu s "k 3ou7 Eía ea i g 2 1 i s ea o n v. I e es i g y e A io- e wee c e e e a s as a ou e a ew se e ce wi e co ec se se
acco i g o e M Ka E E Eao a óÇ e 7aó •YuEiÇ — I 1 Sam 3 15-1 1 -19 e ci y w e e a i emai s - É. CY ,E0 0 E E .C. v A wa ¿ye; Kci s áus a E i i e i e wi e ess o i o es is a s a e ¿ oÇ e a e a i e ea i g i ag eeme wi M is o su - sys ema ica y i A ioc e e y Ka í o ious y ea as i o e y a y e a a ic wi ess a we a e o a y ea i g wi — I 1 Sam 19 13 1 e u ce ai e ew e essio s a ea y co ec io a ea y k ow o ose us 1 e ou e , a s a e commo y as e o goa s ai ( u ga e p ll nz ea i g 3ou" E a i og ase o e i e c a ge o 1/1 ge e a e p l pr r nz , is i e e e i e w o e G eek a i io as a ew se e ce As is we k ow a e o e A ioc e e e
- - i uca a i7Co y ea i g e i s e co as co sis s o oi i g ou e ea i gs wi sma e ac io a e ouc es — I 1 Sam 3 Sau we o ook o a i a is me o c a i y e mea i g so a a e i o ma a o e ese e o5y 7 ususa y a s a e as «i e i ec io o e ocks o a ia s ca e e ici o u ic ea i g e Wi Goa s» e ma o i y e o e Se uagi ea s e mis ea i g o o e g a ica y e e s ike i
óc ey uo E35a ¿ a is a a s i e a io ( v r nt b . / / o/1 - - 9/1; e e s wi simi a o e ics ike e si i- a s o e gu u a s , y is a so e ec e i e ° I e a a ie ass¿we o I Ki gs 1 (= M e a o i y e o e -- Se uagi a s i e a es e i a A ioc e e cico 5c 1 ose us Ar . I 1 5 YG a a ¿Si Ka ai e ; c i C e ¿i Ka
35 A A IO E Á E MA COS Sef Sef ( SOME I A S O A S A IO O EE 355
Index. These phenomena have been recently dealt with by T. Mu- CEtv and, in my opinion, its confusion with is less probable. In raoka, E. Tov and A. Gelston The examples abound, especially in any case, it-is just an example of how the presumed equivalents can the transmission of the proper llames and other transliterated words. be seen differently by diverse scholars. Herewith a handful of illustrations: The different reading based on paleographic confusion may affect not only isolated consonants but also a group of letters, the phe- Reference MT Presumed Reading Antiochene nomenon of rnetathesis included:
1 Kimis 12:16 7-1N-i ((jai) r n I UKEW — In 1 Sarn 8:16 the Hebrew reads «He will take your male and femaIe s'aves and the best of your young men ( Y ii - m úne- 2 Kings 10:11 »5 r) '155ro TOibç á yr ratv..lov-caÇ nos optimes in the Vulgate) and donkeys», while the Greek tradition 2 Kings 16:18 7trila Osp..k?tov interprets: ¿on1ouÇ Kai -ref.Ç 3o157aÇ iiruó7w Kai 'cric
. Yn - civ 2 Kingis 21:9 nyn (hipli.) [36Caicvo Poux62aa 6n..6.)v á ( íaeCi K-ai i ç Ó OUç iii116)v. In view of the 1 Chr 4:10 779-r yvéipcs-tc regular equivalence between 1171 and l3o0Kóktov, it can reasonably 1 Chr 12:33 (cial) Pon0Eiv he presumed that the transIator read o o — In 1 Chr 22:9 the king Jehu searched for Ahaziah, «who was In 1 Kings 21:38 (MT 20:38), the prophet waited for the king of captured while hiding in Samaria» e 3 o Israel along the road, «disguising himself with a bandage over his But the Greek tradition interprets unanimously: iceni xcetaal3ov eyes» (i)))9-59 1 5 91171" The entire Greek tradition reads this n rr v iatogueltEvov vIcwapefá. Hatch and Redpath insert an part of the sentence Kai Ica-csEl¿o-ato hv TE7,ctu6Jvt ToiiÇ ócp0a2- obelus of uncertainty by icumEneTtavov as equivalent of ptoi)Ç atina. Hatch and Redpath give as the Hebrew equivalent of However, given the regular equivalences of kpi5l3Etv, xpi52t-ustv for kata&giv the hithpael of -yDr) with a question mark. Muraoka 3 put the hithpael of z'un, and, likewise, the regular equivalence of this root between double brackets signifying that the equivalent fatpcdctv for the hithpael of -1 it can be presumed that the given by Hatch and Redpath is implausible. He pointed with an translator read arrow to the ("al of i as the true equivalent that should repIace that of Hatch and Redpath. However, 1 think it is more plausible Moreover, the confusion of final 1 and final ci leads to a quite that the translator read in this passage the (jai of regularly different interpretation in the Greek of 1 Sam 28:14, when the translated in the Septuagint by 5Eiv, ia e 5Ei The confusion of woman medium evokes Samuel's spirit to Saul. To SauFs question in the Hebrew script is frequent and- also between the sibilants concerning Samuel's appearánce, the woman answers according to the MT: «An oId man is coming up; he is wrapped in a robe» titiVo, While '0)29 in ¿jai is regularly translated by alpEtv, tyquí- (0, 5)vn IOY i n59 However. Antiochene translates with the rest of the Greek witnesses CívSpa ópOtov ával3aívovta &rue) iq MU AOKA «A New Inclex to 1-laten and Redpatri», ETL 74 (1998) pp. 257- 276; E. Tov, «Interchanges of consonants between the Masoretic Text and the Vorla2e of the Septuagint», in Sha'arei Tainion, eds. M. FISIIBANE and E. Tov (Winona Lake 1992) pp. 255-267, and A. GE,LSTON, «Some Hebrew Misreadings in Only the manuseripts AN followed by a fe,‘, cursives transmit ópflpio,-; 'of the the Septuagint of Amos». VT 52 (2002) pp. 493-500. morning' or matutinus: cf. A. E. OOKE N. MC EA and H. St. J. ACKE AY
3 MU AOKA Ilebrew/Aramaie Index, p. The Old Testament in Greek. Par! 7, I and 11 Samuel (Cambridge 1927). 35 A A IO E Á E MA COS S f ( Se ( SOME I A S O A S A IO O EE 357
y IÇ a a 3s 11 o 5 u7„o a "O e oÇ is a háp x o e Se ua- ai a e aK- Ç pó. As a ma e o ac a ea i g u e ies e gi i is assage e e a a ic wi esses e ese e y oi A ioc e e - a s a io I is a so o a e a eÚ a Ca w ic com- o co ea acco i g o e M c Eo- i o u ó O oÇ is use mo y a s a es e e ew 11 i e Se uagi o igi a e as a y Symmac us o e a s a io o Ge 1 7 e ma s c ea- ou e ea i g o is e y wo io 5 I is assage o Ge esis Sym ac us i se s a e a a- So e i ems o me a esis i e a s i e a i o o e ames o y o e e yi g o a y o a e ege ica a i io a em a- a e e o owi g A 3o Ce o n lv (1 C 1 19 ; A3a í o si es e mos ecu ia ea u e o e uma ei g i co as wi , n ( Sam 3 5 ; Ac a Eí o y ( Sam 3 5 ; eo ya á a ima s is u ig s a ce a a i io a ca e ace ack o o mi (1 C 1 a e EÇ o is ( Ki gs 19 1 9 us i Ma y a o e a i ic sou ces I co as i 1 Samue 1 i seems a e o igi o e G eek ea i g is o e ege ica I e ie e a mos o e comme e e ome a ca e e ai- u a eog a ic e e g is a s a e y á o o i e wo e as is ea i gs u i g e ocess o a s a io ue o e i - occu e ces o e i e ( sa 1 1 a 1 5 Mo eo e i is co ec esci e i g o e e ew o age Co seque y ey a e we a es e wi e mea i g o s a u ig e ec i o seco a y c a ac e a isi g om a acci e o e a s issio os i ica e ew as we as i A amaic a Akka ia 7 I a y e i i e co yi g o e e ew e i se o o uce y a case a e ege ica a i io may a e i ue ce is e sio si ce mis ea i g o e a s a o I ca o e e c u e owe e a acco i g o e Mi as w e e s i i s o ea eo e a e e oke some o iese a ia s co cea a ge ui e ea i g om e e e wo o y e ki gs a ea u ig ase i s ; e o e e so s ise ee i s is is o ou w y e woma ecog- ACES O A I E E O AGE ise Samue 1 I is commo k ow e ge a e A ioc e e e is oo e i e Me a esis ca e e ec e i some u usua a s a io s u i is e ew o o y as a o e Se uagi a i io u a so ue o es ecia y isi e i e a s i e a io o o e ames e ac a i i co o a es a se o e a a ic co ec io s acco -
I C 3 Kcci 5 yayE "Cá a 1 15 É u í o e M i g o e M Some imes i is e e c ose o e M a e es
e ec s a i e e ea i g om e e 11 i C o e Se uagi a i io Mo eo e S ock ea i e a o a i h ph l, a s e eo y e e essio o «make ass oug i e» I Sam e a o ima io s o e e ew i A ioc e e we e o e a a ic
13 i is sai a «coa s o i e ame o » ( - 1 w e cu e a s a es i e a y ¿Eica 5 - ic a e ecKEÇ cu óÇ owe e A ioc e e i e e s e w o e se e ce as 1 7 Oo
9 ess ausi e i my o i io - is e co ec u e i S o 9‘ as me a esis o 1 71 W i C 9 ase o e A ioc e e o ucia ic e o e Se uagi ai IK ICYC ó EÓ5 ó á e co o ¿ gi ey i 31ac oc ei e o ó 9S S IIC EYE occu s i a seque ce o ca a i ies a ou ce «i isas e comes u o os swo c i ó c W WE E S S pt nt . I G n (Gü i ge 197 u geme = o es i e ce o ami e» a was a s a e y A ioc e e 5 ¿77 1 1 C A SA ESE S n n h n th nt r h ( Ma c es e 1991 - 1 (1; Ka ia io c í a ecK c OCC OI Og” 1 ; e ma o i y e o e Se uagi ea s i oic acco i g o e M i s ea o áic íÇ e egu a cqui- 7 C SCII EUS E Ar v h . t , su yace ó Oio ; a K MCCA E - S l, A (Ca e Ci y Y 19 19 McCa e e e s e ea i g o e a e o (±1c (c is a ia w i e e egu a a s a io o i99 ooc is O G eek as mo e ge ui e i c ak ua óc Gi e e s e eo y e co es o e ce o ( ese wo wo s I a e co si e c c -í c a seco a y a ia esu i g om a i e -G eek co u io om S W A A EI KE «1 Samue e o e as a amme o Wi c es » Agai is a ia ea i g succee e a co so i a e i e e a smis- .ISO 6 (197 3-17 9 si o ecause i was i se e i a seque ce o ísas e s a ma c se se
8 A A IO E Á E MA COS Sef ( S ef 64:2 (20G4) SOME PITFALLS OF TRANSLATION GREEK 359 provenance 30 Thanks to the discovery of the Qurnran documents for manuscripts translate iccd. sio-fj2,0Ev 1a1 112JOi1 rti I IÇ Samuel this staternent has been confirmed. There are a few Antio- However, Antiochene renders: Kcd ¿KeteEu5Ev chene deviations from the MT that are supported by 4QSauf. CYCIKK ? n yfiv, a version that corresponds exactIy to the The relationship between the textual witnesses of the book of reading of 4QSarna to this passage, ni N pvn apvi Nin)) 33• The Samuel is very complex and, therefore, it is dangerous to make any Al x ndr n and the group of MN plus S OI e minuscles read kind of generalization. OD the other hand, only with the full publi- ¿xotuileli accorcling to the MT. Only Antiochene cation of the fragments and a thorough comparative study of ah l the uses koBE153Etv the frequent cquivalent for :DO in the Septuagint 34. witnesses can the net of relationship be ascertained. Provisionally, it — 2 Sam 22:43: «1 heat them fine like the dust of the earth» can be stated that 4QSama was not the Vorlage of the Antiochene (npnOtti NnN-1Dy.), has been translated in the current Septuagint: text; the lack of secondary agreements or conjunctive errors between Kcd ¿aavcr cdrcoi..) cin xvot3v But Antiochene translates the both texts do not allow such a close relationship to be established 31 sentence differently: Sta0kop7ut63 aúToi.)Ç dç xvoi5v rci zpócsmrov For our purpose it will suffice to point out some agreements of dc.v4tou. The Autiochene version is closer to the Qumran reading Antiochene with 4QSam1 leaving a full comparison of both witnes- (n-IN ).)D [53 "I ppnwrn) than to the MT 35 Interestingly, the ses for a further study. Vorlage of Antiochene was not identical to that of the Qumran — 1 Sam 5:9: «And it ocurred that after they had brought it [the fragments; it probably read rirm `wind' instead of ry-.t•N `wanderer', ark of God]» (171 11 71 nnN )n»), in the majority text of the Sep- the reading of the parallel passage in Psalm 18 (17):43. tuagint the translation is KfL ¿yEvOn r ci p. wc&Osiv cdrríiv. — In 2 Sam 23:1, the majority text of the LXX is close to the MT, However, in Antiochene we come across the foIlowing interpre- while the Antiochene version foIlows the reading of 4QSam': Oracle tation: cai y¿vc-co ¿v Tei) p.ETEHEiV iv ktPurcóv TupáÇ to-bq of David, son ofJesse, «and oracle of the man who was exalted on the yeeecdouÇ. This version makes expiicit the noun of the ark, anointed of the God ofJacob» ,n5N1-1,0)2 5 rpn -nAn oN)1), is translated literally by the pronoun in the Septuagint, but, what is rendered in the current Septuagint as Kat -rutc:rT5Ç &vi» Ziv &vas- more important, it mentions Gath (roi.)Ç yE0eafouÇ) as read in -clic:uy Kt5ptoÇ 7t xpluTáv eco8 'I6tx(5[3. However, the Antio- 4QSam" (nrn v nra.< 'ro'), but absent in MT 3 chene family of manuscripts translates rcto-c"CiÇ avi't p bv ecvo-rricsEv — 2 Sam 12:16: When the Lord struck the child that Uriah's wife c EÓÇ u ó oE ç IccmiS 3 a literal rendering of 4QSama: bore to David, the king fasted «and went in and lay all night on the np]y) ,nn5N) nwn 5N urpn C I 3 I is clear that Antiochene ground» (n u vn 51 Na.)). The t ll and bis group of read a Hebrew text similar to the fragment of Qumran, that is, 5N (es6Ç), instead of 51) (= ¿ni.) of the-rest of the Septuagirit tradition.
30 S. BROCK, The Recensions of the Septuagint Version of I Samuel (Torino 1996) pp. 167-169. 31 Cf. E. D. HERBERT, «4QSarn' and Jis Relationship tú the LXX: An Exploration. A. FINcKE, The Samuel ,Scrali, p. 202. The Ant ochene reading is supported by in Sternmatololical Analysis», p. 46. the Old Latin: dormivit in cilicio. 3 Cf. E. ULRICH; The Quntran Text of Samuel and Josephus. 1-ISM. 19 (Missouia, 34 E. U IC The 0 ( rCUI Text, pp. 100-101. MO 1978) p. 95 and A. FINCKE, The Samuel Scroll Fr0172 Oumran. 4QSanz' restored and compared to the Septuagint and 4Q.Sam'. STD.I 43 (Leiden - Boston - KOIn E. U IC The QUI r n Text, p. 104 and A. I CKE The Samuel Scroll, p. 261. 2001) p. 12. 6 E. U ICII The 0I r íl Text, p. 113 and A. I CKE The Samuel Scroll, p. 263.
360 AIA IO E Á E MA COS Sef 64:2(2004) Sef ( 1 SOME I A S 1 A S A-11 G EEK 3 1
In two other cases, the reading underlying the whole Greek is cu ious ou e u ima e y relies on a different Vorlage with the tradition is witnessed in Qumran, not in the MT: 1 Sam 2:8-9 the reading 5-13s5, or on the extant MT read with metathesis of conso- use of Ei:)7oysiv in the Septuagint is transparent of the Qumran nants by the translator. Interestingly, the Old Latin retains only this reading a i 37 not of a different or corrupted MT. And in 1 Sam second interpretation of the Antiochene text: pueri pusilli exierunt 2:20 the current text of the Septuagint with ánotívEtv as well as de civitate el lapidabant illuin dicentes: Ascende calve, Ascende the Antiochene variant with tkvtano3t5óvat are supported by the calve. Qumran reading 5 » 3 instead of the D'y) of the MT. Aitoríverv and ávtairo8t5óvat are regular equivalents for the piel of ti5Y.) the Septuagint, while these two verbs are never used for cr.v../. E. CONCLUSIONS
These .agreernents between the Greek text, especially the Antio- oug e e s o a s a io a icu a y o e A ioc e e chene, and an extant, non-Masoretic. Hebrew, lead us to the conclu- e i e is o ica ooks I_ a e ie o oi ou some o e sion that, in all probability, severa l other deviations of Antiochene i a s a may a e occu e in the process of translation and are also rooted in the Hebrew. In this context I wouId like to point a smissio A awa e ess o iese mis a s a io s is e o y way out a series of doublets in the Antiochene text whose origin can o co ec y e a ua i g e G eek a ia s o e es o a io o e only be explained at the Ievel of the Hebrew, a Hebrew text dif- ge ui e e Some mis akes a e ee o uce suc as i e - ferent from the MT. Such cases also confirrn, from another pers- G eek co u io s oug e eque co yi g o e ma usc i s pective, that the Antiochene text is rooted in the Hebrew. A typical Se e a mis a s a io s a ose as a esu o a i e e oca i a io example will serve as an illustration: o e si e o e a s a o s O e a ia ea i gs we e o uce — In 2 Kings 2:23 while EIisha was going up on the way to y e co usio o simi a co so a s o g ou s o e e s; ese Bethel, «some small boys carne out of the city and jeered at him, a ia s o a e a i e ea i gs ca e e ai e o y a e leve] of the Hebrew. saying (15 i o -i 5 1 «Go away, bald-head! Go away, bald- A i a y i a ew cases a e a o -Maso e ic head!». The current Septuagint renders literally: ioi ructt5étput o age as ee e ec e i e e ew agme s o QSai paKpet .¿K 1Ç I iECOÇ KO KO É ea CO coircoi3 Kcti EI W ese ag eeme s o e a wi ow owa a e ua s age w e cf.6-u(D. Notwithstanding. Antiochene emphasizes that the boys not i e e e ew e s we e i ei cu a io e o age of the only mocked him but also threw stones at him: 20enect3ápia Septuagint (Old Greek) was one of them. MT is the only complete AK iK iç E 1 ECOÇ ca ¿ % OC ( a kÓ Kc Ka ¿ a Co Hebrew text available, but we must be avaro that the Greek tradition, when it deviates -from the_MT, may conceal another [ext. aó-co ic cyo 1 ? Avál3at, (pa2mKp, &vetPutvE, with a striking resernblance, but not identical to the MT. Some ( aka K ¿ The use of KU a ca í (Elv for the hihtpael o 5 is consolidated in the Septuagint. The use of Xteá(Eiv, scholars maintain that the Vorlage of the Septuagint in the books of Kins is older and probably more genuine than the MT. 2,10 4o?,..Eiv for al] the forms of 5 is aIso well attested among the Greek-Hebrew equivalences. Consequently, it can be deduced that There are numerous passages in the Index preceded by the mention of the mark aliter. These draw our attent ion to the specific 37 E. ULR1CII, The Qu'oran Text, p. 119 and A. FINCKE, The Samuel Scroll, p. 9. texts which should allow a continuous exercise of textual criticisrn Is E. ULRICH, The 011177ran Text, p. 72 and. A. FIN'CKE, The Samuel Scroll, p. 10. 3 A A 1 E YÁ E MA COS S f ( wi ai e e i e e a ou is osa a is i e k ow e ge a o e e y sc o a wi come o e same co c usio s i a g ea ma y o ese e -c i ica o ems
ESUME
En rít t xt l p rt nt d br r l én d l rr r v l l t r v rd d r ól d br d n r nd l f l , l n r , p r r rít nt l S pt nt pr nd bl d br r pr r l rr p n l rr r d tr d ón. nf ón d n índ r h br d l t xt nt n n l l br h tór n ón x l nt p r n l z r l pr d tr d ón d t t r l rr r á n t d p r I tr d t r . En l rtí l t d n l n j pl n r l ón l nt f nó n : rr p n nt rn l r tr d n v d t v d p r l nf ón ráf d l tr (p l r fí n d (f nét j nt p r n v l z ón d f r nt d l t xt n nánt . En v r t nál p r t v l br r n t xt b h br d t nt d l rét .
A A AS C A E Crít t xt l, té n d tr d ón, h br r .
SUM IA Y
In t xt l r t t p rt nt t d t t th n f t : tí th tr r d n nl r h d thr h th n n f th r n n . , n rd r t r t ll th S pt nt t . nd p n bl t f nd t f r t t n pt n nd tr n l t n . h n f Gr l br Ind x f th Ant h n xt n th t r l n x ll nt n t b rv th tr n l t n pr nd f nd t th t n rr r n d b th tr n l t r . A f x pl ll b nt d n rn n th f ll n : nn r Gr rr pt n nd l d n tr n l t n d b th r ph nf ón f l r l tt r (p l r ph r nd (ph n t , nd b d ff r nt r d n r v l z t n f th n n nt l t xt. In v r ] th n l p n nd t rd n n M r t br rl .
KEYWO S xt l r t , tr n l t n t hn , br nd Gr .