DOCSLIB.ORG

Factors That Affected the Tunisian Industrialization Movement in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Factors That Affected the Tunisian Industrialization Movement in The Factors that affected the Tunisian industrialization movement in the era of Ahmed Bey (r. 1837-1855) A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History of the College of Arts and Sciences by Ali Eltarhuni 2015 M.A. University of Benghazi August 2005 Committee Chair: Elizabeth Frierson, Ph.D. Abstract The Tunisian industrial movement began in the era of Ahmed Bey, crowned ruler of the Ottoman province of Tunis in 1837. Throughout his reign, Ahmed Bey faced a series of exceptional challenges: the ruling class in Tunisia felt the direct external dangers that surrounded them and threatened their security, as Algeria was occupied by France and the Ottomans re-controlled Tripoli. Ahmad Bey loved independence, aggrandizement, and greatness; he was convinced that Tunisia must take advantage of progress, civilization, and military power following the modern European example. This meant that his reform had a solid ground to stand on it, but it would face difficulties and grow in a tough environment. Under those conditions, Tunisian affairs mandated a rapid and uprising “reform thought” that would secure wealth and military power in a short time. The strategy of Ahmad Bey at first was to build a strong modern army that would keep Tunisia safe and enhance his own power. Hence, he built a military school and brought highly qualified European officers and administrators to run it, and then he sent students to European schools to learn various disciplines and skills, while at the same time exposing them to the European culture. The outcome of the strategy favored the reform movement, as it produced an intellectual insemination and in few years served as a vehicle of change. Eventually, none of Ahmed Bey’s reforms met with unequivocal success. This study examines the modern industrialization reform during the era of Ahmad Bey. It analyzes both external and internal factors that motivated for reform and the effect of pressure from Europe as well as the replication of the European models of modernity. The evaluation elaborates on the successes and failures of the economic, administrative, and political reforms, plus it explains the extent of their effects on the Tunisian budget. ii iii Content Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..… 6-13 Chapter One: External Factors. ……….………………………………………….…….... 14-35 1. The Impact of Europe...………….……………………….…………………………...14 a. The Role of Consuls and European Communities………………………………....15 b. The Journeys of Tunisians to Europe……………………………………………....20 c. Translation of European Books to Arabic Language……………………………....24 d. The Magnitude and Extent of the European Civilization……………………….….25 2. Ottoman Empire and Its Impact: …………………………………………………...…28 a. The Journeys of Official Delegates between Istanbul and Tunisia .……………….29 b. The Role of Ottoman Regulations ...……………………………..………………...30 3. Egypt and Its Impact …………………………………………………………………..31 a. The Journeys of Tunisians to Egypt ……………………………...……………...…32 b. Modern Books Written by Egyptian Reformists………………………..………….33 c. The Magnitude and Extent of the Egyptian Influence………………...……………34 Chapter Two: Internal Factors. ………………………………………………………….…36-56 1. The Policy of Ahmad Bey…………………………………………………………..…36 2. The Impact of Ahmad Bey’s Cabinet on Tunisian Finance and Economy…………….42 3. Administration Sector……………………………………………………………….…49 4. Reformist Thought.………………………………………………………………….…52 a. Executive Pragmatic Thought…………………………………………………..…..52 b. Planned Reform Thought……………………………………………………..….....54 Chapter Three: Traditional Industries. ………………………………………………….….57-71 iv 1. Remarkable Traditional Industries in Tunisia ………………………………………….57 a. Chechia Industry…………………………………………………………………….58 b. Textile Industry……………………………………………………………….……..60 c. Mills, Olive Presses, and Their By-Products……………………………………..…61 d. Tanning and Leather Products………………………………………………………63 e. Other Traditional Industries…………………………………………………………65 2. Handicraft Regulation…………………………………………………………………...68 Chapter Four: Modern Industry. ……………………………………………………………..72-89 1. Military Industries ………………………………………………………………………72 a. Weapons Industry………………………………………………………….….……..72 b. Gunpowder Industry …………………………………………………….…….….…74 c. Ship Industry ………………………………………………………….……….....…76 2. Civil Industries ……………………………………………………….…………………79 a. Mineral Extraction (Mining) ……………………………………….………….…..…79 b. Textile Factory ……………………………………………………….……….….…..82 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….…..……90 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………..……..93 v Introduction The Tunisian industrial movement began in the reign of Ahmed Bey, the Ottoman appointed ruler of Tunisian province, in 1837. Ahmed Bey began his career as an Ottoman officer and utilized European manpower and ideas to modernize his realm. Like Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Ottoman Sultans of the time, Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) and Abdulmecid I (r. 1839 -1861), Ahmed Bey implemented an strategic plan that used European ideas, manpower, and finance to modernize his territory in a way James Gelvin describes as “defensive develop-mentalism”.1 This study examines the modern industrialization reform during the era of Ahmad Bey. It analyzes both external and internal factors that motivated the reform, and the effect of pressure from Europe as well as the replication of the European models of modernity. The evaluation elaborates on the successes and failures of the economic, administrative, and political reforms; it also explains the extent of their effects on the Tunisian budget. This topic will demonstrate the importance of the industrialization movement and its contemporary and future benefits; this subject has not previously been studied in detail or with precision. Most of the scholarly studies done about this era of Tunisian history were focused on agriculture and trade over the long term, despite the many stacks of documents on this topic in the national archives of Tunisia. The research questions investigated in this study are enumerated as three points. First, what were the factors that led to the industrialization movement and affected its development? Second, what were the goals and achievements of industrialization 1 James Gelvin, The Modern Middle East: A History (Oxford, 2004), 71. 6 policies? Third, what were the roles of Europeans in this movement? Fourth, what types of industries were in Tunisia before the start of reforms? Fifth, how did the Tunisian budget affect the reforms? And sixth, in what ways did industrialization succeed and in what ways did it fail? The first chapter focuses on the European impact, as it was a significant external factor. It discusses the role of European consuls and communities, the journeys of Tunisians to Europe, and the translation of European books to the Arabic language. It also examines the extent of the influence of the European civilization, the Ottoman Empire, and Egypt on Tunisia. The second chapter deals with internal factors, such as Ahmed Bey’s politics, the administrative system, and the emergence of reformist thought in Tunisia. Chapter three highlights traditional industries and their contribution to the Tunisian economy. Chapter four surveys Tunisia’s modern industry that was divided into a military industry and civil industry. The analyses in this chapter present a case study about the textile factory dar al-malf, which was considered an important industrial achievement for its period of time. The data for this case study largely come from the Tunisian National Archives; the principal documents include the letters of its director, Mr. Faussie, that describe the situation of the factory and its component parts. Also included are other letters from European engineers that showed the role of European design in the factory as well as the situation of Tunisian workers in the production process and their financial and professional status. Primary sources for this research are predominately from the Tunisian National Archive with printed materials in the Arabic Language that go back to the nineteenth 7 century. The noted historian and public official Ahmad ibn Abi al-Diyaf (1804-1874), well known as Ben Diyaf, wrote a six-volume history attached with two bibliographical volumes under title “Ithaf ahl al-zaman bi akhbar muluk tunis wa ‘ahd al-aman” (Presenting Contemporaries with the History of the Rulers of Tunisia and the Fundamental Pact), which has been partially translated and edited by L. Carl Brown: “Consult Them in the Matter: A Nineteenth-Century Islamic Argument for Constitutional Government” (University of Arkansas, 2005). The sources can be divided into three types. The first type is as described above; the second type is the correspondence among political authorities, treaties, agreements, and contracts; and the third type is the correspondence with engineers, consuls, and other foreigners. More than half of these documents were written in Arabic, and they contain important information from a variety of sources that are unique. The archival documents are indispensable for determining the reality of day to day events, but useful manuscripts and printed materials found in the Tunisian National Library enhanced this research. The first is the aforementioned work by Ben Diyaf, and the second is a five-volume work by Muhammad Bayram al-Khamis titled “Safwat al- I’tibar bi Mustawda al-Amsar wa al-Aqtar” (A Consideration of the Treasury of Cities and Districts) that is described by
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Barbary Pirates Peace Treaty
    Barbary Pirates Peace Treaty AllenIs Hernando still hinged vulval secondly when Alden while highlightpromissory lividly? Davidde When enraptures Emilio quirk that his exposes. mayoralties buffeted not deprecatingly enough, is Matthew null? Shortly after president now colombia, and mutual respect to be safe passage for all or supplies and crew sailed a fight? Free school at peace upon terms of barbary pirates peace treaty did peace. Also missing features; pirates in barbary powers wars. European states in peace treaty of pirates on and adams feared that his men managed to. Mediterranean sea to build a decade before he knew. From the treaty eliminating tribute? Decatur also meant to treaty with the american sailors held captive during the terms apply to the limited physical violence. As means of a lucrative trade also has been under the. Not pirates had treaties by barbary states had already knew it will sometimes wise man git close to peace treaty between their shipping free. The barbary powers wars gave jefferson refused to learn how should continue payment of inquiry into the settlers were still needs you. Perhaps above may have javascript disabled or less that peace. Tunis and gagged and at each one sent a hotbed of a similar treaties not? Yet to pirates and passengers held captive american squadron passed an ebrybody een judea. President ordered to. Only with barbary pirates peace treaty with their promises cast a hunt, have detected unusual traffic activity from. Independent foreign ships, treaty was peace with my thanks to end of washington to the harbor narrow and defense policy against american.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
    Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
    [Show full text]
  • Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber (Eds.) Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances RP 5 June 2015 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2015 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the authors. SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (Updated English version of SWP-Studie 7/2015) Table of Contents 5 Problems and Recommendations 7 Jihadism in Africa: An Introduction Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 13 Al-Shabaab: Youth without God Annette Weber 31 Libya: A Jihadist Growth Market Wolfram Lacher 51 Going “Glocal”: Jihadism in Algeria and Tunisia Isabelle Werenfels 69 Spreading Local Roots: AQIM and Its Offshoots in the Sahara Wolfram Lacher and Guido Steinberg 85 Boko Haram: Threat to Nigeria and Its Northern Neighbours Moritz Hütte, Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 99 Conclusions and Recommendations Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 103 Appendix 103 Abbreviations 104 The Authors Problems and Recommendations Jihadism in Africa: Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances The transnational terrorism of the twenty-first century feeds on local and regional conflicts, without which most terrorist groups would never have appeared in the first place. That is the case in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Syria and Iraq, as well as in North and West Africa and the Horn of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Collapse of the Soviet Union on Libya Foreign Policy
    The impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on Libya foreign policy during the period from 1991 to 2003 By Jumah F. Dakheel A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of The Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2014 School of Arts and Humanities I Abstract One of the most notable events in world politics in the second half of the 20th century was the Soviet Union’s fall in December 1991 which profoundly changed the outlook of the global political scene and the balance of power among its key actors. This thesis studies the impacts and significance of the Soviet demise on Libyan foreign policy between 1991 and 2003. Libyan foreign policy was transformed; the thesis asks how, why and when this occurred and how the changes in foreign policy were managed. While so doing, a set of questions are raised concerning the emerging context and developments in world order which seemed to compel Libya to change its behaviour, changing its relations with the West in general and the United States in particular. Three major questions are explored in detail in this thesis. The first question relates to how and why Libya aligned with the Soviet Union. The second question addresses how and to what extent these developments in international order appeared to have affected Libya’s foreign policy behaviour. Finally, the third question sheds light on the reasons and attitudes that led to these changes in Libya’s foreign policy orientations. This is also to engage with an important literature on the scope of foreign policy of small states.
    [Show full text]
  • Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation
    Images of the Past: Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David M. Bond, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Sabra J. Webber, Advisor Johanna Sellman Philip Armstrong Copyrighted by David Bond 2017 Abstract The construction of stories about identity, origins, history and community is central in the process of national identity formation: to mould a national identity – a sense of unity with others belonging to the same nation – it is necessary to have an understanding of oneself as located in a temporally extended narrative which can be remembered and recalled. Amid the “memory boom” of recent decades, “memory” is used to cover a variety of social practices, sometimes at the expense of the nuance and texture of history and politics. The result can be an elision of the ways in which memories are constructed through acts of manipulation and the play of power. This dissertation examines practices and practitioners of nostalgia in a particular context, that of Tunisia and the Mediterranean region during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Using a variety of historical and ethnographical sources I show how multifaceted nostalgia was a feature of the colonial situation in Tunisia notably in the period after the First World War. In the postcolonial period I explore continuities with the colonial period and the uses of nostalgia as a means of contestation when other possibilities are limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction Improvement of Potential PV Production Pattern, Imagery Satellite‑Based A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Prediction improvement of potential PV production pattern, imagery satellite‑based A. Ben Othman1,3, K. Belkilani1,2* & M. Besbes1,2 The results obtained by using an existing model to estimate global solar radiation (GHI) in three diferent locations in Tunisia. These data are compared with GHI meteorological measurements and PV_Gis satellite imagery estimation. Some statistical indicators (R, R2, MPE, AMPE, MBE, AMBE and RMSE) have been used to measure the performance of the used model. Correlation coefcient for the diferent stations was close to 1.0. The meteorology and satellite determination coefcient (R2) were also near 1.0 except in the case of Nabeul station in which the meteorology measurements (R) were equals to 0.5848 because of the loss of data in this location due to meteorological conditions. This numerical model provides the best performance according to statistical results in diferent locations; therefore, this model can be used to estimate global solar radiation in Tunisia. The R square values are used as a statistical indicator to demonstrate that the model’s results are compatible with those of meteorology with a percentage of error less than 10%. Knowledge of local solar radiation is essential for many applications. Despite the importance of solar radia- tion measurements, this information’s source is not available due to the high cost of the sensors and it needs of continuous maintenance and calibration requirements 1–3. Te limited coverage of radiation values dictates the need to develop models to estimate solar radiation based on other more readily available, data 4–8.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence, Protection and Commerce
    This file is to be used only for a purpose specified by Palgrave Macmillan, such as checking proofs, preparing an index, reviewing, endorsing or planning coursework/other institutional needs. You may store and print the file and share it with others helping you with the specified purpose, but under no circumstances may the file be distributed or otherwise made accessible to any other third parties without the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. Please contact [email protected] if you have any queries regarding use of the file. Proof 1 2 3 3 4 Violence, Protection and 5 6 Commerce 7 8 Corsairing and ars piratica in the Early Modern 9 Mediterranean 10 11 Wolfgang Kaiser and Guillaume Calafat 12 13 14 15 Like other maritime spaces, and indeed even large oceans such as the 16 Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean was not at all a ‘no man’s sea’ – as 17 the sea in general appears, opposed to territorial conquest and occupa- 18 tion of land, in a prominent way in Carl Schmitt’s opposition between 19 a terrestrian and a ‘free maritime’ spatial order.1 Large oceanic spaces 20 such as the Indian Ocean and smaller ones such as the Mediterranean 21 were both culturally highly saturated and legally regulated spaces.2 22 The Inner Sea has even been considered as a matrix of the legal and 23 political scenario of imposition of the Roman ‘policy of the sea’ that 24 had efficiently guaranteed free circulation and trade by eliminating 25 the pirates – Cicero’s ‘enemy of mankind’ 3– who formerly had infected the 26 Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia Minube Travel Guide
    TUNISIA MINUBE TRAVEL GUIDE The best must-see places for your travels, all discovered by real minube users. Enjoy! TUNISIA MINUBE TRAVEL GUIDE 1,991,000 To travel, discover new places, live new experiences...these are what travellers crave, and it ´s what they'll find at minube. The internet and social media have become essential travel partners for the modern globetrotter, and, using these tools, minube has created the perfect travel guides. 1,057,000 By melding classic travel guide concepts with the recommendations of real travellers, minube has created personalised travel guides for thousands of top destinations, where you'll find real-life experiences of travellers like yourself, photos of every destination, and all the information you\´ll need to plan the perfect trip.p. In seconds, travellers can create their own guides in PDF, always confident with the knowledge that the routes and places inside were discovered and shared by real travellers like themselves. 2,754,500 Don't forget that you too can play a part in creating minube travel guides. All you have to do is share your experiences and recommendations of your favorite discoveries, and you can help other travelers discover these exciting corners of the world. 3,102,500 Above all, we hope you find it useful. Cheers, The team at minube.net 236 What to see in Tunisia Page 2 Ruins Beaches 4 5 The Baths of Carthage Djerba Beach Virtu: The truth is that with an organized excursion you do lantoni: When I was at the beach I went to a club hotel not have much time for anything, and in my case I had a few ideally situated.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Complexity: Art and Design of Morocco and Tunisia 2011 2
    Patterns of Complexity: The Art and Design of Morocco and Tunisia Fulbright-Hays Seminar Abroad Curriculum Project 2011 Sue Uhlig, Continuing Lecturer in Art and Design at Purdue University Religious Diversity in the Maghreb From June 12 to July 21, 2011, I was one of sixteen post-secondary educators who participated in the Fulbright-Hays Seminars Abroad program to Morocco and Tunisia. During those six weeks, we were immersed in the culture of the two North African countries, visiting significant historical and cultural attractions, attending lectures daily, tasting regional cuisine, and taking Arabic language classes for the first two weeks. The topic of the seminar was “Religious Diversity in the Maghreb: Morocco and Tunisia,” so lectures were focused primarily on Islamic topics, such as Moroccan Islam and Sufism, with some topics covering Judaism. We were treated to two musical performances, one relating to Judeo-Spanish Moroccan narrative songs and the other by Gnawa musicians. Visits to Christian churches, Jewish museums and synagogues, and Islamic mosques rounded out the religious focus. The group was in Morocco for a total of four weeks and Tunisia for two. In Morocco, we visited the cities of: Rabat* Casablanca* Sale Beni Mellal* Fes* Azilal Volubilis Amezray* Moulay Idriss Zaouia Ahansal Sefrou Marrakech* Ifrane In Tunisia, we visited the following cities: Tunis* Monastir Carthage Mahdia* Sidi Bou Said El Jem La Marsa Sfax Kairouan Kerkennah Islands* Sousse* Djerba* * cities with an overnight stay For more information, you may contact me at [email protected]. I also have my photos from this seminar on Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/25315113@N08/ Background Being an art educator, teaching art methods classes to both art education and elementary education majors, as well as teaching a large lecture class of art appreciation to a general student population, I wanted to focus on the art and design of Morocco and Tunisia for this curriculum project.
    [Show full text]
  • Doc.Rero.Ch Investigated (Bouchet Et Al
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Published in "Swiss Journal of Geosciences 111(3): 589–606, 2018" which should be cited to refer to this work. Distribution of benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the transitional environment of the Djerba lagoon (Tunisia) Akram El Kateb1 • Claudio Stalder2 • Christoph Neururer1 • Robin Fentimen1 • Jorge E. Spangenberg3 • Silvia Spezzaferri1 Abstract The eastern edge of the Djerba Island represents an important tourist pole. However, studies describing the environmental processes affecting this Island are scarce. Although never studied before, the peculiar Djerba lagoon is well known by the local population and by tourists. In July 2014, surface sediment and seawater samples were collected in this lagoon to measure grain size, organic matter content and living foraminiferal assemblages to describe environmental conditions. Seawater samples were also collected and the concentration of 17 chemical elements were measured by ICP-OES. The results show that a salinity gradient along the studied transect clearly impacts seagrass distribution, creating different environmental conditions inside the Djerba lagoon. Biotic and abiotic parameters reflect a transitional environment from hypersaline to normal marine conditions. Living benthic foraminifera show an adaptation to changing conditions within the different parts of the lagoon. In particular, the presence of Ammonia spp. and Haynesina depressula correlates with hypersaline waters, whilst Brizalina striatula characterizes the parts of the lagoon colonized by seagrass. Epifaunal species, such as Rosalina vilardeboana and Amphistegina spp. colonize hard substrata present at the transition between the lagoon and the open sea. Keywords Lagoon Á Djerba Island Á Foraminifera Á Transitional environment 1 Introduction (hypersaline conditions), depending on the hydrological balance (Kjerfve 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • 4. TUNISIA: CONFRONTING EXTREMISM Haim Malka1
    4. TUNISIA: CONFRONTING EXTREMISM Haim Malka1 ihadi-salafi groups thrived in Tunisia after the government Jof Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali fell in January 2011. They swiftly took advantage of political uncertainty, ideological freedom, and porous borders to expand both their capabilities and area of operations. By the end of 2012 two strains of jihadi-salafism had emerged in the country. The first, which grew directly out of the revolutionary fervor and political openings of the Arab uprisings, prioritized and promoted religious outreach to mainstream audiences, often through social activism.2 Ansar al Shari‘a in Tunisia was the largest and most organized group taking this approach. The second strain followed al Qaeda’s tra- ditional method, with organized bands of underground fighters who emerged periodically to launch violent attacks against secu- rity forces and the government. This strain was represented by Tunisian jihadi-salafists calling themselves the Okba ibn Nafaa Brigade who established a base in Tunisia’s Chaambi Mountains 1. Sections of this chapter are drawn from two previously published papers: Haim Malka and William Lawrence, “Jihadi-Salafism’s Next Generation,” Center for Stra- tegic and International Studies, October 2013, http://csis.org/publication/jihadi- salafisms-next-generation; and Haim Malka, “The Struggle for Religious Identity in Tunisia and the Maghreb,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2014, http://csis.org/publication/struggle-religious-identity-tunisia-and-maghreb. 2. For a detailed analysis of hybrid jihadi-salafism and efforts to combine extrem- ist ideology with social and political activism, see Malka and Lawrence, “Jihadi- Salafism’s Next Generation.” 92 Religious Radicalism after the Arab Uprisings 93 on the Tunisian-Algerian border and launched numerous at- tacks against security forces.3 The first model was primarily a political threat, while the second represented a security threat.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisie Tunisia
    TUNISIETUNISIA ROUTEUMAYYAD DES OMEYYADES ROUTE Umayyad Route TUNISIA UMAYYAD ROUTE Umayyad Route Tunisia. Umayyad Route 1st Edition, 2016 Copyright …… Index Edition Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí Introduction Texts Mohamed Lamine Chaabani (secrétaire général de l’Association Liaisons Méditerranéennes); Mustapha Ben Soyah; Office National du Tourisme Tunisien (ONTT) Umayyad Project (ENPI) 5 Photographs Office National du Tourisme Tunisien; Fundación Pública Andaluza El legado andalusí; Tunisia. History and heritage 7 Association Environnement et Patrimoine d’El Jem; Inmaculada Cortés; Carmen Pozuelo; Shutterstock Umayyad and Modern Arab Food. Graphic Design, layout and maps José Manuel Vargas Diosayuda. Diseño Editorial Gastronomy in Tunis 25 Printing XXXXXX Itinerary Free distribution ISBN Kairouan 34 978-84-96395-84-8 El Jem 50 Legal Deposit Number XXXXX-2016 Monastir 60 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, nor transmitted or recorded by any information Sousse 74 retrieval system in any form or by any means, either mechanical, photochemical, electronic, photocopying or otherwise without written permission of the editors. Zaghouan 88 © of the edition: Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí. Tunis 102 © of texts: their authors © of pictures: their authors Bibliography 138 The Umayyad Route is a project funded by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) and led by the Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí. It gathers a network of partners in seven countries
    [Show full text]