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The Economic Integration of a Late Roman Province Egypt From The Economic Integration of a Late Roman Province Egypt from Diocletian to Anastasius By Irene Soto Marín A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the Study of the Ancient World New York University May, 2018 __________________ Prof. Roger Bagnall © Irene Soto Marín All Rights Reserved, 2018 DEDICATION Para Mami y Papi iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In a doctoral dissertation, this section is particularly daunting to write, as there are so many people to thank who have guided one throughout the several years it takes to complete this important rite of passage. I counted around 17 institutions in 7 different countries and triple the number of individuals I wish to thank. Overwhelmed with gratitude, here I go. First and foremost, my dear Doktorvater. You once cited Ecclesiastes in a book I helped you edit, “of writing many books, there is no end…” and, at the risk of sounding too sentimental, I could write an entire PhD thesis on the “Bagnall golden lessons” I have continued to learn since I was 19. For now, I can only and simply say: Thank you! Your guidance has changed my life. I have been blessed with an incredibly supportive advisory committee who has looked at various iterations and stages of my chapters and offered invaluable advice. Prof. Sebastian Heath, Dr. Gilles Bransbourg, Prof. Andrew Meadows, and Prof. Raffaella Cribiore. I could not have asked for a more encouraging committee; whether I was in an oasis in Egypt, a Parisian restaurant, a historic college in Oxford, or in the storerooms of an ancient art museum, our academic conversations provided constant stimulus (and worldwide coverage!) I would not have been able to even conceptualize and execute such an interdisciplinary study of Late Antique Egypt without my education at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, who also provided me with wonderful research facilities, sponsored many research trips, and provided the opportunity to participate in multiple aspects of scholarship such as excavations, exhibitions, and the planning of workshops and conferences. My classes with Prof. Rod Campbell were of particular influence to develop my background in economic theory as well as those with Prof. Sebastian Heath, who has taught iv me so much about ceramics and digital humanities in the last 7 years and who represented a continuous source of encouragement throughout my graduate school. The research and writing of this dissertation was undertaken in no less than 7 countries whose institutions allowed me to study different collections and bibliographic material. Starting chronologically, I would like to first thank my Amheida family and excavation team led by Prof. Roger Bagnall and Prof. Paola Davoli at the excavations at ancient Trimithis in the Dakhleh Oasis of Egypt, where I was first introduced to the joy of quantifying ceramics in 2008. This archaeological experience at such a young age marked the beginning of my intellectual history in the field of the ancient world. Thanks again to Prof. Andrew Meadows, Dr. Gilles Bransbourg, and Dr. Peter Van Alfen at the American Numismatic Society for allowing me to be a part of the Eric P. Newman Graduate Seminar in Numismatics in 2013, where I first developed my fascination for coins and coin molds in fourth-century Egypt; Prof. Andrea Jordens and Prof. Rodney Ast at the Institute of Papyrology, University of Heidelberg, where I spent the summer of 2013 using the papyrological library; Dr. Jean-Yves Empereur for kindly hosting me at the Centre des Etudes Alexandrines in Alexandria, Egypt during the summer of 2015 and for granting me access to the storerooms at Shallalat where I conducted a portion of my ceramics research, sponsored by NYU’s Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertation Research Grant; Prof. Pascale Ballet and my time at the excavations in Buto in the Egyptian Delta during the summer of 2015, where I learned about Late Antique amphorae; furthermore, my time as a NYU Polonsky Digital Humanities Fellow during the summer 2016 developed my training in using digital tools for the compilation of the coin database, which was further refined and analyzed with the help of Ana Cristina Caldas Donato at the Universidad Cenfotec in San José, Costa Rica. v I am incredibly grateful for my time in NYU Paris with the Dean’s Global Research Initiative Fellowship in 2016-2017, which allowed me to spend two semesters in Paris conducting research at the Cabinet des Médailles at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and the Collège de France, and also provided a wonderful writing space in the heart of Saint Germain. My time in NYU London under the GRI Dissertation Writing Workshop during the summer of 2017 allowed me to continue writing and conduct research with Dr. Chris Howgego at the University of Oxford and the Ashmolean Museum and with Dr. Sam Moorehead at the department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum. I owe much of my research and training in Egyptian textiles to Prof. Thelma Thomas and Dr. Jennifer Chi, who graciously allowed me to be an active part of the exhibition at ISAW during the spring of 2016 “Designing Identity: The Power of Textiles in Late Antiquity.” Jennifer’s determination, leadership skills, and generosity with her time to guide me, served as a role model for me throughout my years at ISAW. Dr. Marie-Louise Nosch at the Center for Textile Research in the University of Copenhagen kindly allowed my participation in a conference in Copenhagen during the fall of 2017 and even provided much- needed recent bibliography. Many scholars have also provided very useful and stimulating advice: Dr. Karsten Dahmen at the Münzkabinett in Berlin; Prof. Michael McCormick, Dr. Hans- Christoph Noeske, Prof. Paul Erdkamp, Prof. Federico De Romanis, Dr. Clementina Caputo, Dr. Michael A. Speidel,and Dr. Roberta Tomber. My time at the University of Basel, working with Prof. Sabine Huebner, has revitalized me and given me a new inspiration for writing. I could not think of a better way to end graduate school than with a new and exciting position full of research avenues and scholarly adventures. vi Of course, none of this research and intense writing would have been possible without the support of my family and friends. I have been blessed with five wonderful friends in college and grad school who have been of utmost intellectual and emotional support: Caroline, Lucia, Jen, Lisa, and Andrew. We did it! My dearest and long-time friends Annette, Sabina, Iris, and Maud, thank you for the unconditional support and love! Serena, Eugenio, Matthias, Nate, Megan, Luigi, and Jenny: I adore you all so much! Ahora si, en español porque es del alma. Papi y Mami, ¡gracias por todo! Les debo mi vida y los amo. Andrés y Tataman, gracias por escucharme y hacerme reír cuando estoy estresada y por tener tanta paciencia. Raquel, mi alma gemela y mejor amiga, parte de mi!, Kiki, do you know the muffin man? Li, mi hermana. Rom, Dani, Fede -gracias por mantenerme acompañada durante mis largas horas de aislamiento escribiendo. ¡Pura Vida a todos! vii ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the extent of economic integration between the province of Egypt and the rest of the Roman Empire during the fourth and fifth centuries by analyzing numismatic, ceramological, papyrological and textual data. The numismatic analysis rests on the compilation of a database of 30,000 bronze and gold coins which revealed the nature of Egypt’s currency during the fourth century CE. The patterns observed in the mint analyses showed that the majority of small denomination coinage was minted in outside mints throughout the Empire and in coin molds throughout the province, not in Alexandria. Furthermore, the high percentage of outside mints does not match patterns in the rest of the Mediterranean, where mostly local mints provide the bronze currency. The low impact of Alexandrian coinage makes it clear that Egypt had a positive balance of trade, and that it was able to absorb much more coinage than it was providing. The amphorae analysis, which measured the rate of imports and exports during the fourth century CE, showed that during the late third and early fourth century, Egypt produced and consumed its own wine, importing negligible quantities. After the 350s CE however, although Egypt continues a high production and consumption of its wine, it starts importing a substantial amount, namely wine from Gaza. This post 350s integration matches the coinage hoard patterns. The textile chapter shows the literary and papyrological evidence available for the trade of Egyptian textiles as well as the challenges of quantifying it. Nonetheless the chapter demonstrates the centrality and importance of the textile industry as one of the main exported products from Egypt, which probably drove much of its economic output into other provinces. While much analysis and research remains to be undertaken, it is evident that Egypt is unlike any province in the Roman Empire. The province connected Rome to India, viii the East, and Sub-Saharan Africa, it was able to produce large quantities of agricultural products for the rest of the Empire, and it was a well-connected province thanks to the Nile. The historical and multidisciplinary approach of this dissertation helps to explore new methodological approaches for the study of the ancient economy, as well as placing Egypt front and center in the analysis of the Roman economy. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT viii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF TABLES xv CHAPTER 1 1 1.1 Introduction: Egypt in the Study of the Roman Economy 1 1.2 The Ancient Economy- A Brief Historiographical Overview 3 1.3 Defining Economic Integration and Market Economies 10 1.4 The Influence of Taxed Grain on Egyptian Trade 11 1.5 The Economic Role of Alexandria During Late Antiquity 17 1.6 Indian Ocean Trade 20 1.7 The Structure of the Dissertation 21 1.8 Why the Fourth Century CE? 22 CHAPTER TWO 25 2.1 Egypt's Monetary Supply: Formal, Informal, and External Sources 25 2.2 Using Roman Coins as Evidence 27 2.3 Hoards vs.
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