DOCSLIB.ORG

SI Appendix the Oldest Modern Therian Mammal from Europe And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SI Appendix the Oldest Modern Therian Mammal from Europe And SI Appendix The oldest modern therian mammal from Europe and its bearing on stem marsupial paleobiogeography RomainVulloa,b,1, Emmanuel Gheerbrantc, Christian de Muizonc, Didier Néraudeaub Table of contents • Part I. List of characters studied. • Part II. Character matrix. • Part III. TNT analysis, cladograms, and characters at nodes. • Part IV. References. Part I List of characters studied (mostly molars) All characters are additive, except when mentioned. 1. Molar cusp shape: sharp, gracile (0), low but still acute (1), or inflated, robust, low, bulbous (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 2. Protocone: lacking (undifferentiated from the lingual cingulum) (0), incipient (very small) but inflated with protocristae and functionnal (1), or well developed, with large protofossa (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). Kielantherium : upper molars features are based on the new material reported by Lopatin and Averianov (1). 3. Stylar shelf: wide (0), very wide (1), or narrow (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). Character non additive. 4. Protocone development: mesio-distally narrow and compressed (0) or well-developed (both mesio-distally and labio-lingually) and uncompressed (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 5. Height of the protocone relative to the paracone and metacone (whichever is highest of the latter two): protocone markedly lower (less than 70%) (0), protocone of intermediate height (70%~80%) (1), or protocone near the height of paracone and metacone (within 80%) (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 6. Stylar cusp C: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 7. Stylar cusp D: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 8. Paraconule and metaconule: absent or weak (0) or present and well developed (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). Prokennalestes: well developed paraconule, but weak metaconule. Deltatheridium conules weak to absent (deltatheroidan ancestral morphotype = conules probably absent; e.g., ref. 2). 9. Postprotocrista: labial extension of the postprotocrista at the distal base of the metacone: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 10. Height and size of the paracone and metacone: paracone noticeably higher and larger at the base than metacone (0), paracone slightly higher and larger than metacone (1), or paracone and metacone subequal in size or paracone lower than metacone (2). Arcantiodelphys (1-2). 11. Metacone and paracone bases: merged (0) or separated (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). In Asiatherium, the paracone and metacone are fused in M1-2/, but separated in M3-4/. 12. Postmetacrista length: long (0), very long (1), or absent or short (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). 13. Postmetacrista sharpness and height: low and blunt (0) or high and salient (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 14. Mesiodistal position of the protocone: more or less centrally placed (lingually between the metacone and the paracone) (0), lingual to the paracone but not significantly procumbent (1), or noticeably anterior (lingual to at least paracone apex) and procumbent (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). 15. Lingual cingulum: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 16. Talonid morphology: small heel (0) or multicusped basin (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 17. Trigonid height relative to talonid height: twice or more (0), less than twice (1), or subequal (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 18. Antero-posterior compression of the trigonid of the m1: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 19. Paraconid keel or cusp e: present (0) or absent (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 20. Paracristid: presence of a widely V-shaped notch (0) or presence of a deep carnassial notch (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 21. Relative height and size of the paraconid and metaconid: paraconid distinctively higher than the metaconid (0), paraconid and metaconid subequal in height or paraconid slightly smaller than metaconid (1), or paraconid much smaller than metaconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 22. Labio-lingual position of the paraconid relative to the metaconid (based on the lower second molar): paraconid lingual as the metaconid (0) or paraconid distinctly shifted labially (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 23. Relative height of the protoconid: protoconid high (0) or protoconid low (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 24. Lingual crests in the trigonid of anteriormost lower molars: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 25. Lingual crests in the trigonid of posterior lower molars: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 26. Metaconid-protoconid relative position: metaconid distal to protoconid (0) or metaconid aligned transversely with protoconid (protocristid transversal) (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 27. Cristid obliqua: contact below the metaconid (0), contact below the protocristid notch (1), or contact below the protoconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 28. Hypoflexid: very deep (0), deep (40~50% of talonid width) (1), or absent or shallow (>65%) (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 29. Postmetacristid: present (0) or absent (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). Deltatheroidans: 29(0) (Cifelli and Muizon, 1997) 30. Talonid width relative to trigonid width: very narrow (<40% trigonid width) (0), narrow (40- 70% trigonid width) (1), or subequal to wider (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 31. Hypoconulid: in median position (0), approximated to the entoconid (1), or twinned with the entoconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 32. Entoconid size (anterior molars): absent (0), smaller than (1), or subequal to hypoconulid (2), larger than hypoconulid (3). Arcantiodelphys (2). 33. Hypoconid labial face: angular (compressed mesio-distally) (0) or basically rounded (uncompressed) (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 34. Postcingulid: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 35. Abrasion (horizontal wear facet): absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 36. Grinding wear facet 9: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 37. Number of lower molars: four (0), four but last molar reduced (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). Only three lower molars were illustrated and reported in Sinodelphys szalayi by Luo et al. (3), by contrast to the four upper molars described in the same species. Such a disparity in upper and lower molars number is very unusual, and mechanically unlikely (disocclusion of molars). Our observation of the cast of Sinodelphys suggests that there are four lower molars, and four or three lower premolars. The lower tooth homologous of the P2/ seen in Sinodelphys (smallest premolar in the taxon) is unobserved either because it is truly absent or because it is unpreserved (with location in the large diastema figured by Luo et al. (3: fig. 1 D). 38. Number of lower premolars: five or more (0), four (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). 39. Number of upper molars: four (0), four but last molar reduced (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). 40. Number of upper premolars: five or more (0), four (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). Part II Matrix of characters analyzed Characters are treated as additive, except when mentioned. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 Peramus 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 1 - 0 0 0 0 0 Kielantherium 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Holoclemensia 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Prokennalestes 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1-2 0 1 0 1 1 Maelestes 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1-2 1 1 0 1 1 Sinodelphys 0 2 0 ? ? 0 1 ? ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 ? Deltatheridium 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0-1 0 1 0 0 0 Kokopellia 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 ? 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Arcantiodelphys 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1-2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Asiatherium 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0-1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Iugomortiferum 2 2 0 1 ? 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Adelodelphys 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 ? ? Sinbadelphys 0 2 0 1 ? 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Dakotadens 1 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Pariadens 0 2 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0-1 0 1 0 0 0 Didelphis 1-2 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Peramus ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 ? 0 0 - 2 0 0 2 Kielantherium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-1 ? ? Holoclemensia ? 2 1 0 ? 0 1 0 0 ? 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? Prokennalestes 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 ? Maelestes 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 Sinodelphys ? 1 0 1 ? ? ? 0 0 ? 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-2 0 1 0 1 Deltatheridium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 Kokopellia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1-2 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 ? ? Arcantiodelphys 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? Asiatherium 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1-2 1-2 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 Iugomortiferum ? 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 0 1 1 0 ? ? ? ? Adelodelphys ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? 1 1 ? 2 1 3 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? Sinbadelphys 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0-1 2 2 3 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? Dakotadens 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 3 1 0 1 0 ? ? ? ? Pariadens 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 ? ? ? Didelphis 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 Part III TNT Analysis (4) Matrix, 40 characters x 16 taxa.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Panciroli, Elsa, Benson, Roger B J and Butler, Richard J (2018) New
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Museums Scotland Research Repository Panciroli, Elsa, Benson, Roger B J and Butler, Richard J (2018) New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammal Palaeoxonodon ooliticus from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63. ISSN 1732-2421 10.4202/app.00434.2017 http://repository.nms.ac.uk/2048 Deposited on: 31 May 2018 NMS Repository – Research publications by staff of the National Museums Scotland http://repository.nms.ac.uk/ http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM.pdf SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL FOR New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammalian Palaeoxonodon ooliticus from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians Elsa Panciroli, Roger B.J. Benson, and Richard J. Butler Published in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2018, 63(X): xxx-xxx. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00434.2017 Supplementary Online Material SOM 1. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.1992.47.123 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_1.stl SOM 2. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.1992.47.123 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, dentition only, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_2.stl SOM 3. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.2017.37.1 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_3.stl SOM 4. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.2017.37.1 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, dentition only, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_4.stl SOM 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleobiology of Jurassic Mammals. George Gaylord Simpson
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Palaeobiologica Jahr/Year: 1933 Band/Volume: 5 Autor(en)/Author(s): Simpson George Gaylord Artikel/Article: Paleobiology of Jurassic Mammals. 127-158 P aleobiology o f J u r a ss ic M a m m a l s . By George Gaylord S im pson (New York). With 6 figures. Pag. Introduction . 127 Occlusion, food habits, and dental evolution 128 Multituberculata 133 Triconodonta 133 Symmetrodonta 137 Pantotheria 139 Environments and ecology 145 Stonesfield 146 Purbeck 147 Morrison 150 Conclusions 155 References 158 Introduction. Of the numerous problems relating to the rise of the Mammalia, some of the most important are paleobiological in nature. True understanding of the early history of mammals involves not only knowledge of their morphology, but also some conception of the conditions under which they lived, of their habits, and of their place in the Mesozoic faunas. Such a study involves three related lines of inquiry: first, the habits of the mammals themselves, so far as these can be inferred from their imperfect remains; second, the nature of the environ­ ment in which they lived; and third, their ecological relationships to the accompanying biota. This is almost a virgin field for research. The habits of a single group, the Multituberculata, have been dis­ cussed at some length by various students, and will be only briefly mentioned here, but the three other orders have not been studied from a paleobiological point of view. The four Jurassic orders, Multituberculata, Triconodonta, Symmetrodonta, and Pantotheria, PALAEOBIOLOGICA, Band V.
    [Show full text]
  • Dual Origin of Tribosphenic Mammals
    articles Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals Zhe-Xi Luo*, Richard L. Cifelli² & Zo®a Kielan-Jaworowska³ *Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA ² Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 2401 Chautauqua, Norman, Oklahoma 73072, USA ³ Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ulica Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818 Warszawa, Poland ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Marsupials, placentals and their close therian relatives possess complex (tribosphenic) molars that are capable of versatile occlusal functions. This functional complex is widely thought to be a key to the early diversi®cation and evolutionary success of extant therians and their close relatives (tribosphenidans). Long thought to have arisen on northern continents, tribosphenic mammals have recently been reported from southern landmasses. The great age and advanced morphology of these new mammals has led to the alternative suggestion of a Gondwanan origin for the group. Implicit in both biogeographic hypotheses is the assumption that tribosphenic molars evolved only once in mammalian evolutionary history. Phylogenetic and morphometric analyses including these newly discovered taxa suggest a different interpretation: that mammals with tribosphenic molars are not monophyletic. Tribosphenic
    [Show full text]
  • Mammal Disparity Decreases During the Cretaceous Angiosperm Radiation
    Mammal disparity decreases during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation David M. Grossnickle1 and P. David Polly2 1Department of Geological Sciences, and 2Departments of Geological Sciences, Biology, and Anthropology, rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Fossil discoveries over the past 30 years have radically transformed tra- ditional views of Mesozoic mammal evolution. In addition, recent research provides a more detailed account of the Cretaceous diversification of flower- Research ing plants. Here, we examine patterns of morphological disparity and functional morphology associated with diet in early mammals. Two ana- Cite this article: Grossnickle DM, Polly PD. lyses were performed: (i) an examination of diversity based on functional 2013 Mammal disparity decreases during dental type rather than higher-level taxonomy, and (ii) a morphometric analysis of jaws, which made use of modern analogues, to assess changes the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation. Proc R in mammalian morphological and dietary disparity. Results demonstrate a Soc B 280: 20132110. decline in diversity of molar types during the mid-Cretaceous as abundances http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2110 of triconodonts, symmetrodonts, docodonts and eupantotherians dimin- ished. Multituberculates experience a turnover in functional molar types during the mid-Cretaceous and a shift towards plant-dominated diets during the late Late Cretaceous. Although therians undergo a taxonomic Received: 13 August 2013 expansion coinciding with the angiosperm radiation, they display small Accepted: 12 September 2013 body sizes and a low level of morphological disparity, suggesting an evol- utionary shift favouring small insectivores. It is concluded that during the mid-Cretaceous, the period of rapid angiosperm radiation, mammals experi- enced both a decrease in morphological disparity and a functional shift in dietary morphology that were probably related to changing ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Triconodont Mammals from the Early Cretaceous of North Africa - Affinities of the Amphilestids
    DIVERSITY OF TRICONODONT MAMMALS FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS OF NORTH AFRICA - AFFINITIES OF THE AMPHILESTIDS by Denise SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL* SUMMARY Page Abstract, Resume 28 Introduction ........ , .................. , .............. , ....................... 28 Systematic palaeontology .................. , ............ , ......... , ........... 29 Relationships of 'amphilestids' ....... , ........ , , , .......... , , ... , ............. , .. 46 Ackno\vledgtnents ......................... , , ..................... , ............ 52 References ................................................... , ............... 52 Plate 1 55 '" 20 Bd de I'H6pital, 75005 Paris, France. email: dS.dr@freeJr Key~words: teeth, triconodonts, amphilestines, gobiconodontines, North Africa, Early Cretaceous. Motswcles: dents, triconodontes, amphilcstines, gobiconodontines, Afrique du Nord, Cretacc infericur. Palaeovertebrata, Montpellier, 32 (I); 27-55, 13 fig., I pI. (Re~u le 27 Juin 2003, acccpte le JO Scptembrc 2003, publie le 15 Octobrc 2003) ABSTRACT The mammalian fauna (represented only by isolated teeth) from the carly Cretaceous of Morocco includes a number of l1on-'therian' specimens, characterized by the antero-posterior alignement of the main molar cusps. This assemblage is very heterogenous, including forms (among them GobicOIIOdoll pa/aias sp. nov,) that can be related to Laurasian triconodonts, and several forms so far known only in this part of Gondwana (among them Kl}'ptotherium po/ysphel1os gen. et sp. nov.). The latter, in particular, exemplifies
    [Show full text]
  • ARGUIMUS KHOSBAJARI GEN.N., SP.N. (PERAMURIDAE, EUPANTOTHERIA) from the LOWER CRETACEOUS of MONGOLIA the Specimen Described in T
    ACT A PAL A EON T 0 LOG ICA POLONICA -- ~- --- ---_._------- ..... ------------ Vol. 24 1 979 No. 2 DEMBERELYIN DASHZEVEG ARGUIMUS KHOSBAJARI GEN.N., SP.N. (PERAMURIDAE, EUPANTOTHERIA) FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF MONGOLIA DASHZEVEG, D. 1979. Arguimus khosbajari gen.n., sp.n. (?Peramuridae, Eupantotheria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeont. Polonica 24, 2, 199-204, June 1979. Argu!mus khosbajar! gen.n., sp.n., assigned to the Peramuridae, is described on the basis of a single lower jaw with P.-M, found at the locality of Khovboor (Guchin Us somon, Gobi Desert), Mongolia, In beds of presumable Aptian or Albian age. Argu!mus khosbajar! differs from the Upper Jurassic Peramus tenu!rostr!s in: 1) having a somewhat molarized p., 2) smaller paraconld on M•• 3) absence of an entoconid on M, and M.. 4) lack of the dlastemas between the premolars, and 5) by a distinct asymmetry in lateral view of the lower premolars. Key w 0 r d s: Asia, Eupantotheria, Gobi Desert, Lower Cretaceous, Mammals, Mongolia. Demberelyin Dashzeveg, Department of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Geological Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mon­ golian People's Republic. Received: October 1978. INTRODUCTION The specimen described in this paper as Arguimus khosbajari gen.n., sp.n., assigned to the Paramuridae (Eupantotheria), was discovered in 1965 at the locality of Khovboor (Xo6yp) in Mongolian People's Republic. This locality is situated on the right bank of the river Arguj (AprYH), 18 km south-west of the village Gouchin Us (the capital of the Gouchin Us somon) in Ubur Khangaj aymak.
    [Show full text]
  • Kielantherium, a Basal Tribosphenic Mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia, with New Data on the Aegialodontian Dentition
    Kielantherium, a basal tribosphenic mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia, with new data on the aegialodontian dentition ALEXEY LOPATIN and ALEXANDER AVERIANOV Lopatin, A.V. and Averianov, A.O. 2007. Kielantherium, a basal tribosphenic mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia, with new data on the aegialodontian dentition. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 (3): 441–446. Two additional specimens of the basal tribosphenid mammal Kielantherium gobiense, the first known aegialodont upper molar (possibly M2) and a dentary fragment with m1, are described from the Early Cretaceous Höövör locality in Mongo− lia. The upper molar shows an initial stage of the protocone development. Kielantherium gobiense has been known from two specimens only, and thus the new material doubles the hypodigm of this species. Kielantherium is clearly not a junior synonym of Aegialodon, as it differs from the latter in having a cusp−like mesiolabial cingulid cuspule f rather than promi− nent ridge−like precingulid. Kielantherium's lower postcanine dental formula (with four or more premolars and four mo− lars) is distinctive and more primitive than in Peramus and Eutheria which have five premolars and three molars, and Metatheria which have three premolars and four molars. Key words: Mammalia, Tribosphenida, Aegialodontia, Kielantherium, Cretaceous, Mongolia. Alexey V. Lopatin [[email protected]], Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 123, Moscow 117997, Russia; Alexander O. Averianov [[email protected]], Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia. Introduction dont upper molar, preserves a small but unmistakable proto− cone. Another specimen, a dentary fragment PIN 3101/32 The Early Cretaceous was crucial for the establishment of has been known to exist for as long as the holotype of K.
    [Show full text]
  • Trechnotheria: Zhangheotheriidae
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new symmetrodont mammal (Trechnotheria: Zhangheotheriidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China Received: 03 March 2016 Accepted: 06 May 2016 and trechnotherian character Published: 24 May 2016 evolution Shundong Bi1,2, Xiaoting Zheng3,4, Jin Meng5,2, Xiaoli Wang3,4, Nicole Robinson1 & Brian Davis6 We report the discovery of Anebodon luoi, a new genus and species of zhangheotheriid symmetrodont mammal from the Lujiatun site of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation, China. The fossil is represented by an associated partial skull and dentaries with a nearly complete dentition, and with a dental formula of I4/3 C1/1 P5/4 M3/4. This new taxon lacks the high molar count typical of derived symmetrodonts, differing from the well-represented zhangheotheriidsZhangheotherium and Maotherium in having a postcanine dental formula that resembles more primitive tinodontid symmetrodonts on the one hand, and sister taxa to therians such as Peramus on the other. Upper and lower distal premolars are strongly molariform and are captured undergoing replacement, clarifying positional homology among related taxa. We also describe the rostrum and, for the first time in a symmetrodont, much of the orbital mosaic. Importantly, our new taxon occupies a basal position within the Zhangheotheriidae and permits discussion of trechnotherian character evolution, ultimately shedding additional light on the evolution of therians. Mesozoic mammals with molariform teeth bearing a simple, triangular arrangement of principal cusps were traditionally assigned to the Order Symmetrodonta1. Based originally on taxa from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Morrison and Purbeck formations (e.g., Spalacotherium2 and Tinodon3), this classification stood for well over a half century and incorporated subsequently described forms ranging from Kuehneotherium (Early Jurassic of Britain4) to the pseudotribosphenic Shuotherium (Middle Jurassic of China and Britain5–8).
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Evidence Supports Dryolestoid Affinities for the Living Australian Marsupial Mole Notoryctes
    Reviewing Manuscript Morphological Evidence supports Dryolestoid affinities for the living Australian Marsupial Mole Notoryctes Federico Agnolin, Nicolas Roberto Chimento Recent discoveries demonstrated that the southern continents were a cradle for the evolutionary radiation of dryolestoid mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. Moreover, it becomes evident that some of these early mammals surpassed the K/T boundary in South America, at least. Notoryctes is a poorly known living mammal, currently distributed in the s t deserts of central Australia. Due to its extreme modifications to fossoriality and peculiar n i anatomy, the phylogenetic relationships of this genus were debated in the past, but most r P recent authors agree in its marsupial affinities. A comparative survey of the anatomy of e Notoryctes reveals the poorly sustained marsupial affinities for the genus and striking r P plesiomorphies for a living mammal. Surprisingly, Notoryctes exhibits similarities with dryolestoids. Dryolestoids were a diverse and mainly mesozoic mammalian group phylogenetically nested between the egg-lying monotremes and derived therians. In particular, Notoryctes share a number of shared features with the extinct dryolestoid Necrolestes, from the Miocene of Patagonia. Both taxa conform a clade of burrowing and animalivorous dryolestoids that survived other members of their lineage probably due to their peculiar habits. Accordingly, Notoryctes constitutes a “living-fossil” from the supposedly extinct dryolestoid radiation, extending the biochron of the group more than 20 million years to the present day. The intermediate phylogenetic position of Notoryctes has the pivotal potential to shed light on crucial anatomical, physiological, ecological, and evolutionary topics in the deep transformation from egg-lying to placental mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • In Quest for a Phylogeny of Mesozoic Mammals
    In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals ZHE−XI LUO, ZOFIA KIELAN−JAWOROWSKA, and RICHARD L. CIFELLI Luo, Z.−X., Kielan−Jaworowska, Z., and Cifelli, R.L. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (1): 1–78. We propose a phylogeny of all major groups of Mesozoic mammals based on phylogenetic analyses of 46 taxa and 275 osteological and dental characters, using parsimony methods (Swofford 2000). Mammalia sensu lato (Mammaliaformes of some authors) are monophyletic. Within mammals, Sinoconodon is the most primitive taxon. Sinoconodon, morganu− codontids, docodonts, and Hadrocodium lie outside the mammalian crown group (crown therians + Monotremata) and are, successively, more closely related to the crown group. Within the mammalian crown group, we recognize a funda− mental division into australosphenidan (Gondwana) and boreosphenidan (Laurasia) clades, possibly with vicariant geo− graphic distributions during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. We provide additional derived characters supporting these two ancient clades, and we present two evolutionary hypotheses as to how the molars of early monotremes could have evolved. We consider two alternative placements of allotherians (haramiyids + multituberculates). The first, supported by strict consensus of most parsimonious trees, suggests that multituberculates (but not other alllotherians) are closely re− lated to a clade including spalacotheriids + crown therians (Trechnotheria as redefined herein). Alternatively, allotherians can be placed outside the mammalian crown group by a constrained search that reflects the traditional emphasis on the uniqueness of the multituberculate dentition. Given our dataset, these alternative topologies differ in tree−length by only ~0.6% of the total tree length; statistical tests show that these positions do not differ significantly from one another.
    [Show full text]
  • Postcranial Anatomy of Haldanodon Exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and Its Bearing for Mammalian Evolution
    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082The Lin- nean Society of London, 2005? 2005 1452 219248 Original Article Postcranium of Haldanodont. martin Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145, 219–248. With 16 figures Postcranial anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution THOMAS MARTIN* Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Received October 2004; accepted for publication March 2005 The postcranium of the Late Jurassic docodont Haldanodon exspectatus Kühne & Krusat, 1972 is represented by a partial skeleton and isolated bones of other individuals from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of the Guimarota coal mine in Portugal. Haldanodon exhibits adaptations for a fossorial lifestyle such as stout and short limb bones and humeri with greatly expanded distal joints and strong deltopectoral crests. Short first and second phalanges and moderately curved and laterally compressed terminal phalanges with lateral grooves suggest that Haldanodon was a scratch-digger. The dorso-ventrally elongated, triangular scapula has a convex transverse profile with strongly lat- erally reflected anterior and posterior scapula margins, enclosing a deep trough-like ‘infraspinous fossa’. A supra- spinous fossa is not developed. The saddle-shaped glenoid facet is mainly formed by the coracoid and orientated antero-ventrally indicating a sprawling gait. No epiphyses were detected and the wide size range of humerus and femur possibly indicate a lifelong growth. Haldanodon is more derived than Morganucodon by complete reduction of the procoracoid, absence of the procoracoid foramen, and a peg-like coracoid. It shares with monotremes a postscapular fossa that is absent in Morganucodon.
    [Show full text]
  • New Jurassic Mammials from Non-Tribosphenic Theria
    NEW JURASSIC MAMMIALS FROM COMO BLUFF, WYOMING, AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF NON-TRIBOSPHENIC THERIA DONALD R. PROTHERO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 167: ARTICLE 5 NEW YORK: 1981 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 34 v,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "AT~~~ ~ ~ ~ 4K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 ' j4'~~"T'4"444 4 ~~~~Z '4'''44444444~ 44~ *4~~4.4.4"~ " '- -,44~'4~':J"'-.'4 '~ " '" 4 4'', 4 ;q~W'7'44f~~~44~~~~~~~~444.4''"4~ ~ ~ '4'4"'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' '4 '~~~~~~~~~~4''4,'7 ~ 4 ~ '.4 '4 4444.~ .444?,k4~4.4~X'4 '4~~~~/4:~~~~~.~~~'44444444.,~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 4"'' "'4 4" .~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ' 4,. ~ ~ ~ ~ *44~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N~4';i.44444'~ * g4 " ' 'A.~ ~~~" 74:'4'14~4 ' 7 -44-7p""'''4.'''444.44 *44~~~~~~~4.4...4'44 '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'4 y,~'~ f ' ~ n #44~ 4 4~.44444'4 " 4 44',~~~~~~~~~~~4'~~~~~~~ 4. 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"4 7~~~~~~~~~'4 '4"''''4''' 4.''--. 4 ~~~~~~~ "'<''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4" 44444 "'.4 44V.. ~~'.'~~~4'.'.~~~~44"."4.. 4 4~~- '4' .4 4'' 4 4444 4' 4''~~~~~~~4~ ~ NEW JURASSIC MAMMALS FROM COMO BLUFF, WYOMING, AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF NON-TRIBOSPHENIC THERIA DONALD R. PROTHERO Graduate Student, Department of Geological Sciences Columbia University BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 167: ARTICLE 5 NEW YORK: 1981 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 167, article 5, pages 277-326, figures 1-12, tables 1-9 Issued February 26, 1981 Price: $3.20 a copy ISSN 0003-0090 Copyright ©) American Museum of Natural History 1981 CONTENTS Abstract ........................ 281 Introduction .............................. 281 Abbreviations ........................ 282 Acknowledgments ........................ 282 Stratigraphy and Localities ........................ 283 Systematic Descriptions ........................ 286 Taxa Known from Upper Jaws ........................ 286 Comotherium, New Genus .............................. 286 Melanodon and Herpetairus ......................... 289 Melanodon Simpson, 1927 .......................
    [Show full text]