SI Appendix

The oldest modern therian mammal from Europe and its bearing on stem marsupial paleobiogeography

RomainVulloa,b,1, Emmanuel Gheerbrantc, Christian de Muizonc, Didier Néraudeaub

Table of contents

• Part I. List of characters studied. • Part II. Character matrix. • Part III. TNT analysis, cladograms, and characters at nodes. • Part IV. References. Part I List of characters studied (mostly molars)

All characters are additive, except when mentioned.

1. Molar cusp shape: sharp, gracile (0), low but still acute (1), or inflated, robust, low, bulbous (2). Arcantiodelphys (1).

2. Protocone: lacking (undifferentiated from the lingual cingulum) (0), incipient (very small) but inflated with protocristae and functionnal (1), or well developed, with large protofossa (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). Kielantherium : upper molars features are based on the new material reported by Lopatin and Averianov (1).

3. Stylar shelf: wide (0), very wide (1), or narrow (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). Character non additive.

4. Protocone development: mesio-distally narrow and compressed (0) or well-developed (both mesio-distally and labio-lingually) and uncompressed (1). Arcantiodelphys (1).

5. Height of the protocone relative to the paracone and metacone (whichever is highest of the latter two): protocone markedly lower (less than 70%) (0), protocone of intermediate height (70%~80%) (1), or protocone near the height of paracone and metacone (within 80%) (2). Arcantiodelphys (2).

6. Stylar cusp C: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1).

7. Stylar cusp D: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1).

8. Paraconule and metaconule: absent or weak (0) or present and well developed (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). Prokennalestes: well developed paraconule, but weak metaconule. Deltatheridium conules weak to absent (deltatheroidan ancestral morphotype = conules probably absent; e.g., ref. 2).

9. Postprotocrista: labial extension of the postprotocrista at the distal base of the metacone: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

10. Height and size of the paracone and metacone: paracone noticeably higher and larger at the base than metacone (0), paracone slightly higher and larger than metacone (1), or paracone and metacone subequal in size or paracone lower than metacone (2). Arcantiodelphys (1-2).

11. Metacone and paracone bases: merged (0) or separated (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). In Asiatherium, the paracone and metacone are fused in M1-2/, but separated in M3-4/.

12. Postmetacrista length: long (0), very long (1), or absent or short (2). Arcantiodelphys (0).

13. Postmetacrista sharpness and height: low and blunt (0) or high and salient (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 14. Mesiodistal position of the protocone: more or less centrally placed (lingually between the metacone and the paracone) (0), lingual to the paracone but not significantly procumbent (1), or noticeably anterior (lingual to at least paracone apex) and procumbent (2). Arcantiodelphys (0).

15. Lingual cingulum: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

16. Talonid morphology: small heel (0) or multicusped basin (1). Arcantiodelphys (1).

17. Trigonid height relative to talonid height: twice or more (0), less than twice (1), or subequal (2). Arcantiodelphys (1).

18. Antero-posterior compression of the trigonid of the m1: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

19. Paraconid keel or cusp e: present (0) or absent (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

20. Paracristid: presence of a widely V-shaped notch (0) or presence of a deep carnassial notch (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

21. Relative height and size of the paraconid and metaconid: paraconid distinctively higher than the metaconid (0), paraconid and metaconid subequal in height or paraconid slightly smaller than metaconid (1), or paraconid much smaller than metaconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (1).

22. Labio-lingual position of the paraconid relative to the metaconid (based on the lower second molar): paraconid lingual as the metaconid (0) or paraconid distinctly shifted labially (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

23. Relative height of the protoconid: protoconid high (0) or protoconid low (1). Arcantiodelphys (1).

24. Lingual crests in the trigonid of anteriormost lower molars: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1).

25. Lingual crests in the trigonid of posterior lower molars: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

26. Metaconid-protoconid relative position: metaconid distal to protoconid (0) or metaconid aligned transversely with protoconid (protocristid transversal) (1). Arcantiodelphys (1).

27. Cristid obliqua: contact below the metaconid (0), contact below the protocristid notch (1), or contact below the protoconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (2).

28. Hypoflexid: very deep (0), deep (40~50% of talonid width) (1), or absent or shallow (>65%) (2). Arcantiodelphys (2).

29. Postmetacristid: present (0) or absent (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). Deltatheroidans: 29(0) (Cifelli and Muizon, 1997)

30. Talonid width relative to trigonid width: very narrow (<40% trigonid width) (0), narrow (40- 70% trigonid width) (1), or subequal to wider (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 31. Hypoconulid: in median position (0), approximated to the entoconid (1), or twinned with the entoconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (1).

32. Entoconid size (anterior molars): absent (0), smaller than (1), or subequal to hypoconulid (2), larger than hypoconulid (3). Arcantiodelphys (2).

33. Hypoconid labial face: angular (compressed mesio-distally) (0) or basically rounded (uncompressed) (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

34. Postcingulid: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0).

35. Abrasion (horizontal wear facet): absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1).

36. Grinding wear facet 9: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1).

37. Number of lower molars: four (0), four but last molar reduced (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). Only three lower molars were illustrated and reported in Sinodelphys szalayi by Luo et al. (3), by contrast to the four upper molars described in the same species. Such a disparity in upper and lower molars number is very unusual, and mechanically unlikely (disocclusion of molars). Our observation of the cast of Sinodelphys suggests that there are four lower molars, and four or three lower premolars. The lower tooth homologous of the P2/ seen in Sinodelphys (smallest premolar in the taxon) is unobserved either because it is truly absent or because it is unpreserved (with location in the large diastema figured by Luo et al. (3: fig. 1 D).

38. Number of lower premolars: five or more (0), four (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?).

39. Number of upper molars: four (0), four but last molar reduced (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?).

40. Number of upper premolars: five or more (0), four (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). Part II Matrix of characters analyzed

Characters are treated as additive, except when mentioned.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 Peramus 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 1 - 0 0 0 0 0 Kielantherium 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Holoclemensia 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Prokennalestes 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1-2 0 1 0 1 1 Maelestes 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1-2 1 1 0 1 1 Sinodelphys 0 2 0 ? ? 0 1 ? ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 ? Deltatheridium 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0-1 0 1 0 0 0 Kokopellia 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 ? 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Arcantiodelphys 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1-2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Asiatherium 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0-1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Iugomortiferum 2 2 0 1 ? 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Adelodelphys 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 ? ? Sinbadelphys 0 2 0 1 ? 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Dakotadens 1 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Pariadens 0 2 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0-1 0 1 0 0 0 Didelphis 1-2 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Peramus ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 ? 0 0 - 2 0 0 2 Kielantherium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-1 ? ? Holoclemensia ? 2 1 0 ? 0 1 0 0 ? 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? Prokennalestes 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 ? Maelestes 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 Sinodelphys ? 1 0 1 ? ? ? 0 0 ? 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-2 0 1 0 1 Deltatheridium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 Kokopellia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1-2 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 ? ? Arcantiodelphys 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? Asiatherium 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1-2 1-2 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 Iugomortiferum ? 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 0 1 1 0 ? ? ? ? Adelodelphys ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? 1 1 ? 2 1 3 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? Sinbadelphys 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0-1 2 2 3 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? Dakotadens 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 3 1 0 1 0 ? ? ? ? Pariadens 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 ? ? ? Didelphis 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 Part III TNT Analysis (4)

Matrix, 40 characters x 16 taxa. xread 'Data saved from TNT' 40 16 &[num] Peramus 000??000?0001?00000?0000000010?0?00?2002 Kielant 01000000?0000[01]01000100000000100000000[01]?? Holocle 0200122100000001010?210?0100?1020000???? Prokenn 0220001110001[12]0101102100010011010000202? Maelest 0220000010001[12]11011021000111110200002020 Sinodel 020??01??10????100??101???00?111000?0[12]01 Deltath 0210000101011101000100000000010100001212 Kokopel 020100111110110100011000001[12]0212010002?? Arcanti 220221100[12]10000110001011012202130011???? Asiathe 0220001111[01]211111011101001[12][12]121201000202 Iugomor 2201?11012100101100?1010011102230110???? Adelode 02011111120011011???10????11?2130100???? Sinbade 0201?1111210110100011000001102230100???? Dakotad 120122200210000110001011112202231010???? Pariad 0201222112101[01]01000100000011022311000??? Didelph [12]201222002101201100110000122122310000202

Characters: additive

0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Implicit enumeration, unweighted analysis 1 tree found.

Tree 0: ÚÄÄ0 Peramus ³ ÚÄÄ1 Kielant ÃÄÄ16´ ³ ÚÄÄ2 Holocle ÀÄÄ17´ ÚÄÄ18´ ÚÄÄ3 Prokenn ³ ³ ÀÄÄ20ÁÄÄ4 Maelest ÀÄÄ19´ ÚÄÄ6 Deltath ÀÄÄ22´ ÚÄÄ5 Sinodel ÀÄÄ21´ ÚÄÄ9 Asiathe ÀÄÄ24´ ÚÄÄ7 Kokopel ÀÄÄ23´ ÚÄÄ11 Adelode ÀÄÄ30´ ÚÄÄ12 Sinbade ÀÄÄ29´ ÚÄÄ14 Pariad ÀÄÄ28´ ÚÄÄ15 Didelph ÀÄÄ27´ ÚÄÄ13 Dakotad ÀÄÄ26´ ÚÄÄ8 Arcanti ÀÄÄ25ÁÄÄ10 Iugomor Tree length: 107 Consistency index: 56.1; Retention index: 71.5

Synapomorphies to tree 0

Important note: For correspondence with character description (Part I), number n of characters should be read as n+1 because TNT starts numbering characters from 0.

Iugomor : Char. 3: 0 --> 1 Char. 8: 0 --> 1 Node 24 : Peramus : Char. 26: 2 --> 1 Char. 26: 0 --> 1 No autapomorphies Char. 27: 2 --> 1 Char. 27: 0 --> 1 Kielant : Char. 33: 0 --> 1 Char. 29: 1 --> 2 Char. 12: 1 --> 0 Adelode : Char. 31: 1 --> 2 Char. 36: 12 --> 0 Char. 16: 0 --> 1 Char. 33: 0 --> 1 Holocle : Sinbade : Node 25 : Char. 4: 0 --> 1 No autapomorphies Char. 0: 1 --> 2 Char. 5: 0 --> 2 Dakotad : Char. 5: 2 --> 1 Char. 6: 01 --> 2 No autapomorphies Char. 6: 2 --> 1 Char. 12: 1 --> 0 Pariad : Char. 32: 1 --> 0 Char. 13: 1 --> 0 Char. 20: 1 --> 0 Node 26 : Prokenn : Didelph : Char. 12: 1 --> 0 No autapomorphies Char. 13: 1 --> 2 Char. 19: 1 --> 0 Maelest : Char. 28: 0 --> 1 Char. 22: 0 --> 1 Char. 7: 1 --> 0 Node 17 : Char. 34: 0 --> 1 Char. 14: 0 --> 1 No synapomorphies Node 27 : Char. 26: 0 --> 1 Node 18 : Char. 0: 0 --> 1 Char. 27: 0 --> 1 Char. 17: 0 --> 1 Char. 7: 1 --> 0 Sinodel : Char. 20: 01 --> 2 Char. 8: 1 --> 0 Char. 39: 2 --> 1 Char. 21: 0 --> 1 Char. 16: 0 --> 1 Deltath : Char. 25: 0 --> 1 Char. 25: 0 --> 1 Char. 2: 0 --> 1 Node 19 : Char. 26: 1 --> 2 Char. 11: 0 --> 1 Char. 1: 1 --> 2 Char. 27: 1 --> 2 Kokopel : Char. 7: 0 --> 1 Char. 33: 1 --> 0 No autapomorphies Char. 29: 0 --> 1 Node 28 : Arcanti : Char. 31: 0 --> 1 Char. 5: 1 --> 2 Char. 3: 1 --> 2 Node 20 : Char. 6: 1 --> 2 Char. 30: 2 --> 1 Char. 2: 0 --> 2 Char. 32: 0 --> 1 Char. 35: 0 --> 1 Char. 18: 0 --> 1 Node 29 : Asiathe : Node 21 : Char. 30: 1 --> 2 Char. 2: 0 --> 2 Char. 30: 0 --> 1 Node 30 : Char. 11: 0 --> 2 Char. 36: 1 --> 0 Char. 4: 0 --> 1 Char. 14: 0 --> 1 Node 22 : Char. 5: 0 --> 1 Char. 16: 0 --> 1 Char. 9: 0 --> 1 Char. 9: 1 --> 2 Char. 18: 0 --> 1 Char. 37: 0 --> 2 Char. 31: 2 --> 3 Char. 25: 0 --> 1 Node 23 :

Standard Bootstrap ≥ 50

GC values, 100 replicates, cut=50 (tree 0)

ÚÄÄ Peramus ³ ÚÄÄ Kielant ÃÄÄ´ ³ ÚÄÄ Deltath ³ ³ ³ ÚÄÄ Holocle ÀÄÄ100´ ÃÄÄ68ÅÄÄ Prokenn ³ ³ ÀÄÄ Maelest ÀÄÄ77´ ÚÄÄ Sinodel ³ ³ ÚÄÄ Kokopel ³ ³ ÃÄÄ Arcanti ÀÄÄ53´ ÃÄÄ Asiathe ³ ÃÄÄ Iugomor ÀÄÄ67ÅÄÄ Adelode ÃÄÄ Sinbade ÃÄÄ Dakotad ÃÄÄ Pariad ÀÄÄ Didelph Average group support: 26.1

Implied Weighting, Implicit enumeration Weighting strength is 3.00000 1 tree found, score 10.10000.

Tree 0: ÚÄÄ0 Peramus ³ ÚÄÄ1 Kielant ÃÄÄ16´ ³ ÚÄÄ2 Holocle ÀÄÄ17´ ÚÄÄ18´ ÚÄÄ3 Prokenn ³ ³ ÀÄÄ20ÁÄÄ4 Maelest ÀÄÄ19´ ÚÄÄ6 Deltath ÀÄÄ22´ ÚÄÄ5 Sinodel ÀÄÄ21´ ÚÄÄ9 Asiathe ÀÄÄ24´ ÚÄÄ7 Kokopel ÀÄÄ23´ ÚÄÄ11 Adelode ÀÄÄ30´ ÚÄÄ12 Sinbade ÀÄÄ29´ ÚÄÄ14 Pariad ÀÄÄ28´ ÚÄÄ10 Iugomor ÀÄÄ27´ ÚÄÄ15 Didelph ÀÄÄ26´ ÚÄÄ8 Arcanti ÀÄÄ25ÁÄÄ13 Dakotad Tree length: 108

Bremer supports (all)

Bremer support values were calculated for 10000 trees with additional 10 steps longer than in the shortest obtained tree. Suboptimal 10.000 x 0.000 Completed TBR branch-swapping. Total rearrangements examined: 23,244,886. Note: some trees of different length may become identical if collapsed. Best score (TBR): 107-117. 10000 trees found (overflow).

ÚÄÄ Peramus ³ ÚÄÄ Kielant ÃÄÄ´ ³ ÚÄÄ Holocle ÀÄÄ10?´ ÚÄÄ3´ ÚÄÄ Prokenn ³ ³ ÀÄÄ1ÁÄÄ Maelest ÀÄÄ3´ ÚÄÄ Deltath ÀÄÄ1´ ÚÄÄ Sinodel ÀÄÄ2´ ÚÄÄ Asiathe ÀÄÄ3´ ÚÄÄ Kokopel ÀÄÄ1´ ÚÄÄ Adelode ÀÄÄ3´ ÚÄÄ Sinbade ÀÄÄ1´ ÚÄÄ Pariad ÀÄÄ1´ ÚÄÄ Didelph ÀÄÄ2´ ÚÄÄ Dakotad ÀÄÄ1´ ÚÄÄ Arcanti ÀÄÄ1ÁÄÄ Iugomor

Bremer supports ≥ 3

ÚÄÄ Peramus ³ ÚÄÄ Kielant ÃÄÄ´ ³ ÚÄÄ Sinodel ³ ³ ÃÄÄ Deltath ÀÄÄ10?´ ³ ÚÄÄ Holocle ³ ÃÄÄ3ÅÄÄ Prokenn ÀÄÄ3´ ÀÄÄ Maelest ³ ÚÄÄ Kokopel ³ ÃÄÄ Asiathe ³ ³ ÚÄÄ Arcanti ÀÄÄ3´ ÃÄÄ Iugomor ³ ÃÄÄ Adelode ÀÄÄ3ÅÄÄ Sinbade ÃÄÄ Dakotad ÃÄÄ Pariad ÀÄÄ Didelph Part IV References

1. Lopatin A, Averianov A (2007) Kielantherium, a basal tribosphenic mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia, with new data on the aegialodontian dentition. Acta Pal Pol 52:441–445.

2. Cifelli, RL, Muizon C de (1997). Dentition and jaw of Kokopellia juddi, a primitive marsupial or near-marsupial from the medial Cretaceous of Utah. J Mamm Evol 4:241-258.

3. Luo Z-X, Ji Q, Wible JR, Yuan CX (2003) An early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution. Science 302:1934–1940.

4. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC (2008) TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774-786.