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SI Appendix The oldest modern therian mammal from Europe and its bearing on stem marsupial paleobiogeography RomainVulloa,b,1, Emmanuel Gheerbrantc, Christian de Muizonc, Didier Néraudeaub Table of contents • Part I. List of characters studied. • Part II. Character matrix. • Part III. TNT analysis, cladograms, and characters at nodes. • Part IV. References. Part I List of characters studied (mostly molars) All characters are additive, except when mentioned. 1. Molar cusp shape: sharp, gracile (0), low but still acute (1), or inflated, robust, low, bulbous (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 2. Protocone: lacking (undifferentiated from the lingual cingulum) (0), incipient (very small) but inflated with protocristae and functionnal (1), or well developed, with large protofossa (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). Kielantherium : upper molars features are based on the new material reported by Lopatin and Averianov (1). 3. Stylar shelf: wide (0), very wide (1), or narrow (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). Character non additive. 4. Protocone development: mesio-distally narrow and compressed (0) or well-developed (both mesio-distally and labio-lingually) and uncompressed (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 5. Height of the protocone relative to the paracone and metacone (whichever is highest of the latter two): protocone markedly lower (less than 70%) (0), protocone of intermediate height (70%~80%) (1), or protocone near the height of paracone and metacone (within 80%) (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 6. Stylar cusp C: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 7. Stylar cusp D: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 8. Paraconule and metaconule: absent or weak (0) or present and well developed (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). Prokennalestes: well developed paraconule, but weak metaconule. Deltatheridium conules weak to absent (deltatheroidan ancestral morphotype = conules probably absent; e.g., ref. 2). 9. Postprotocrista: labial extension of the postprotocrista at the distal base of the metacone: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 10. Height and size of the paracone and metacone: paracone noticeably higher and larger at the base than metacone (0), paracone slightly higher and larger than metacone (1), or paracone and metacone subequal in size or paracone lower than metacone (2). Arcantiodelphys (1-2). 11. Metacone and paracone bases: merged (0) or separated (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). In Asiatherium, the paracone and metacone are fused in M1-2/, but separated in M3-4/. 12. Postmetacrista length: long (0), very long (1), or absent or short (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). 13. Postmetacrista sharpness and height: low and blunt (0) or high and salient (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 14. Mesiodistal position of the protocone: more or less centrally placed (lingually between the metacone and the paracone) (0), lingual to the paracone but not significantly procumbent (1), or noticeably anterior (lingual to at least paracone apex) and procumbent (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). 15. Lingual cingulum: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 16. Talonid morphology: small heel (0) or multicusped basin (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 17. Trigonid height relative to talonid height: twice or more (0), less than twice (1), or subequal (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 18. Antero-posterior compression of the trigonid of the m1: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 19. Paraconid keel or cusp e: present (0) or absent (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 20. Paracristid: presence of a widely V-shaped notch (0) or presence of a deep carnassial notch (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 21. Relative height and size of the paraconid and metaconid: paraconid distinctively higher than the metaconid (0), paraconid and metaconid subequal in height or paraconid slightly smaller than metaconid (1), or paraconid much smaller than metaconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 22. Labio-lingual position of the paraconid relative to the metaconid (based on the lower second molar): paraconid lingual as the metaconid (0) or paraconid distinctly shifted labially (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 23. Relative height of the protoconid: protoconid high (0) or protoconid low (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 24. Lingual crests in the trigonid of anteriormost lower molars: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 25. Lingual crests in the trigonid of posterior lower molars: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 26. Metaconid-protoconid relative position: metaconid distal to protoconid (0) or metaconid aligned transversely with protoconid (protocristid transversal) (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 27. Cristid obliqua: contact below the metaconid (0), contact below the protocristid notch (1), or contact below the protoconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 28. Hypoflexid: very deep (0), deep (40~50% of talonid width) (1), or absent or shallow (>65%) (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 29. Postmetacristid: present (0) or absent (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). Deltatheroidans: 29(0) (Cifelli and Muizon, 1997) 30. Talonid width relative to trigonid width: very narrow (<40% trigonid width) (0), narrow (40- 70% trigonid width) (1), or subequal to wider (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 31. Hypoconulid: in median position (0), approximated to the entoconid (1), or twinned with the entoconid (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 32. Entoconid size (anterior molars): absent (0), smaller than (1), or subequal to hypoconulid (2), larger than hypoconulid (3). Arcantiodelphys (2). 33. Hypoconid labial face: angular (compressed mesio-distally) (0) or basically rounded (uncompressed) (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 34. Postcingulid: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (0). 35. Abrasion (horizontal wear facet): absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 36. Grinding wear facet 9: absent (0) or present (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 37. Number of lower molars: four (0), four but last molar reduced (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). Only three lower molars were illustrated and reported in Sinodelphys szalayi by Luo et al. (3), by contrast to the four upper molars described in the same species. Such a disparity in upper and lower molars number is very unusual, and mechanically unlikely (disocclusion of molars). Our observation of the cast of Sinodelphys suggests that there are four lower molars, and four or three lower premolars. The lower tooth homologous of the P2/ seen in Sinodelphys (smallest premolar in the taxon) is unobserved either because it is truly absent or because it is unpreserved (with location in the large diastema figured by Luo et al. (3: fig. 1 D). 38. Number of lower premolars: five or more (0), four (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). 39. Number of upper molars: four (0), four but last molar reduced (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). 40. Number of upper premolars: five or more (0), four (1), or three (2). Arcantiodelphys (?). Part II Matrix of characters analyzed Characters are treated as additive, except when mentioned. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 Peramus 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 1 - 0 0 0 0 0 Kielantherium 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Holoclemensia 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Prokennalestes 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1-2 0 1 0 1 1 Maelestes 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1-2 1 1 0 1 1 Sinodelphys 0 2 0 ? ? 0 1 ? ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? 1 0 0 ? Deltatheridium 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0-1 0 1 0 0 0 Kokopellia 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 ? 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Arcantiodelphys 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1-2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Asiatherium 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0-1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Iugomortiferum 2 2 0 1 ? 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Adelodelphys 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 ? ? Sinbadelphys 0 2 0 1 ? 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Dakotadens 1 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Pariadens 0 2 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0-1 0 1 0 0 0 Didelphis 1-2 2 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Peramus ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - 0 ? 0 0 - 2 0 0 2 Kielantherium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-1 ? ? Holoclemensia ? 2 1 0 ? 0 1 0 0 ? 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? Prokennalestes 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 ? Maelestes 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 Sinodelphys ? 1 0 1 ? ? ? 0 0 ? 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-2 0 1 0 1 Deltatheridium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 Kokopellia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1-2 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 ? ? Arcantiodelphys 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 3 0 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? Asiatherium 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1-2 1-2 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 Iugomortiferum ? 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 0 1 1 0 ? ? ? ? Adelodelphys ? 1 0 ? ? ? ? 1 1 ? 2 1 3 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? Sinbadelphys 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0-1 2 2 3 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? Dakotadens 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 3 1 0 1 0 ? ? ? ? Pariadens 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 ? ? ? Didelphis 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 Part III TNT Analysis (4) Matrix, 40 characters x 16 taxa.
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  • Postcranial Anatomy of Haldanodon Exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and Its Bearing for Mammalian Evolution

    Postcranial Anatomy of Haldanodon Exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and Its Bearing for Mammalian Evolution

    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082The Lin- nean Society of London, 2005? 2005 1452 219248 Original Article Postcranium of Haldanodont. martin Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145, 219–248. With 16 figures Postcranial anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution THOMAS MARTIN* Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Received October 2004; accepted for publication March 2005 The postcranium of the Late Jurassic docodont Haldanodon exspectatus Kühne & Krusat, 1972 is represented by a partial skeleton and isolated bones of other individuals from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of the Guimarota coal mine in Portugal. Haldanodon exhibits adaptations for a fossorial lifestyle such as stout and short limb bones and humeri with greatly expanded distal joints and strong deltopectoral crests. Short first and second phalanges and moderately curved and laterally compressed terminal phalanges with lateral grooves suggest that Haldanodon was a scratch-digger. The dorso-ventrally elongated, triangular scapula has a convex transverse profile with strongly lat- erally reflected anterior and posterior scapula margins, enclosing a deep trough-like ‘infraspinous fossa’. A supra- spinous fossa is not developed. The saddle-shaped glenoid facet is mainly formed by the coracoid and orientated antero-ventrally indicating a sprawling gait. No epiphyses were detected and the wide size range of humerus and femur possibly indicate a lifelong growth. Haldanodon is more derived than Morganucodon by complete reduction of the procoracoid, absence of the procoracoid foramen, and a peg-like coracoid. It shares with monotremes a postscapular fossa that is absent in Morganucodon.
  • New Jurassic Mammials from Non-Tribosphenic Theria

    New Jurassic Mammials from Non-Tribosphenic Theria

    NEW JURASSIC MAMMIALS FROM COMO BLUFF, WYOMING, AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF NON-TRIBOSPHENIC THERIA DONALD R. PROTHERO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 167: ARTICLE 5 NEW YORK: 1981 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 34 v,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "AT~~~ ~ ~ ~ 4K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 ' j4'~~"T'4"444 4 ~~~~Z '4'''44444444~ 44~ *4~~4.4.4"~ " '- -,44~'4~':J"'-.'4 '~ " '" 4 4'', 4 ;q~W'7'44f~~~44~~~~~~~~444.4''"4~ ~ ~ '4'4"'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' '4 '~~~~~~~~~~4''4,'7 ~ 4 ~ '.4 '4 4444.~ .444?,k4~4.4~X'4 '4~~~~/4:~~~~~.~~~'44444444.,~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 4"'' "'4 4" .~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ' 4,. ~ ~ ~ ~ *44~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N~4';i.44444'~ * g4 " ' 'A.~ ~~~" 74:'4'14~4 ' 7 -44-7p""'''4.'''444.44 *44~~~~~~~4.4...4'44 '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'4 y,~'~ f ' ~ n #44~ 4 4~.44444'4 " 4 44',~~~~~~~~~~~4'~~~~~~~ 4. 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"4 7~~~~~~~~~'4 '4"''''4''' 4.''--. 4 ~~~~~~~ "'<''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4" 44444 "'.4 44V.. ~~'.'~~~4'.'.~~~~44"."4.. 4 4~~- '4' .4 4'' 4 4444 4' 4''~~~~~~~4~ ~ NEW JURASSIC MAMMALS FROM COMO BLUFF, WYOMING, AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF NON-TRIBOSPHENIC THERIA DONALD R. PROTHERO Graduate Student, Department of Geological Sciences Columbia University BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 167: ARTICLE 5 NEW YORK: 1981 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 167, article 5, pages 277-326, figures 1-12, tables 1-9 Issued February 26, 1981 Price: $3.20 a copy ISSN 0003-0090 Copyright ©) American Museum of Natural History 1981 CONTENTS Abstract ........................ 281 Introduction .............................. 281 Abbreviations ........................ 282 Acknowledgments ........................ 282 Stratigraphy and Localities ........................ 283 Systematic Descriptions ........................ 286 Taxa Known from Upper Jaws ........................ 286 Comotherium, New Genus .............................. 286 Melanodon and Herpetairus ......................... 289 Melanodon Simpson, 1927 .......................