DOCSLIB.ORG

Supplemental Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Supplementary Information Diversity Data The Paleobiology Database [1] was used as the principal source for taxonomic ranges of the early mammalian genera. Much of the data in the Paleobiology Database came from Kielan- Jaworowska et al. [2], Lofgren [3], Clemens [4], Archibald [5], Hartman [6], Fox [7], Eaton and Cifelli [8], Montellano [9], Pearson et al. [10], and Lillegraven and McKenna [11]. Dental Functional Types For our purposes, triconodont refers to a molar with three primary cusps in a linear or obtuse- angled arrangement, such as in eutriconodontans, amphilestids, and morganucodontans. Symmetrodont molars are those with three primary cusps in a triangular arrangement and no talonid. Tribosphenic molars have dual-function trigonids and talonids such as in true tribosphenic eutherians, metatherians, and stem boreosphenidans, as well as pseudo-tribosphenic australosphenidans. Upper molars of plagiaulacoid multituberculates possess two rows of cusps and upper molars of cimolodont multituberculates have three rows, although the two dental types are also distinguished by number of incisors and premolars [2]. See Kielan-Jaworowska et al. [2] for descriptions of gondwanatherians, haramiyids, eupantotherians, and docodonts. One of the most contentious assignments for dental functional type involves the triconodonts (in the most general usage of the term) (see [71]). It should be noted, however, that even if alternative dental functional types were chosen for triconodont genera (e.g., if amphilestids were included with symmetrodonts instead of triconodontans), the overall diversity patterns of tribosphenic mammals and multituberculates relative to other dental types in the Cretaceous (the main focus of this portion of the study) would not be altered (figure 1). Lower Jaw Images: Extant Species Mandibles from 39 mammalian species belonging to 32 families and 18 orders were studied. When choosing extant species to include in this study, three traits were taken into consideration: 1) diet type, 2) similarity to Mesozoic mammals, and 3) taxonomic diversity. Since one goal of the study was to use dietary information from extant species as analogs for the extinct species, it was important to include a full range of modern dietary types, and therefore some species were included simply based on their specific diets (e.g., the grass-eating capybara). Some species were chosen based on overall ecomorphological similarities to Mesozoic mammals. For example, many Mesozoic mammals (especially multituberculates) appear rodent-like (i.e., their jaws possess a diastema, a small coronoid process, and procumbent incisors); therefore, eleven species of Order Rodentia were chosen. Other early mammals appear to be shrew-like insectivores (i.e., they have sharp cusped teeth and a pronounced coronoid process), and so, two shrew species and many other small insectivores were included (a total of 15 insectivores). Kielan-Jaworowska et al. [2] describe eutriconodonts, which include the confirmed carnivore Repenomamus [12], as animalivorous and relatively large, indicating a carnivorous diet of more than just insects. Therefore, several modern, small, extant flesh-eating carnivores were included in the study. Jaw Lengths of Extant Insectivores and Carnivores/Omnivores The distinction between insectivory and carnivory is more strongly related to body size in mammals than it is to dental or jaw specializations. To help distinguish insectivorous and carnivorous morphotypes, we tested for differences in jaw size between extant mammals belonging to these diet types. Jaw lengths of the extant taxa are recorded in table S2. Sources for these data are the same as those for dietary information and are listed in table S2. Jaw length was chosen as a proxy for body size 1 because jaws of extinct mammals were used as a proxy for body size and a measure of disparity in this study (figure S2), making the results more consistent with and comparable to the results of extinct mammals. The average jaw length of the extant insectivores (n = 15) is 39.7 mm, and the average jaw length of the extant carnivores/flesh-eating omnivores (n = 10) is 82.9 mm. The log values of the jaw lengths were used for statistical comparison of the two dietary types. A two-tailed t-test of the log values of the jaw lengths demonstrates that the mean insectivore jaw length is significantly shorter than the mean carnivore/flesh-eating omnivore jaw length (t = 3.36, p = 0.003). Since normal distribution of the data could not be confirmed, the jaw lengths of the two dietary types were also compared using a Mann- Whitney-Wilcoxon sum rank test, the results of which corroborated the significant difference between the two samples (U = 19, p < 0.05). These results support the assumption that an increase in average mammalian jaw length (i.e., body size) reflects the increased likelihood of carnivorous species within the mammalian fauna. Geometric Morphometric Landmarks Seven landmarks were chosen for the lower jaws (figure S1). The great variety of jaw shapes limited the landmarks to only those that were nearly universal for all mammals. The one exception to universality was the angular process (landmark 7), which was lost in many Mesozoic species (e.g., most multituberculates and ‘symmetrodonts’). When the angular process was not present or clear, the most posteroventral point of the jaw ramus was chosen. The landmarks were designed to capture three major characteristics of the jaw: overall length and depth, temporalis attachment area, and pterygoids/masseter attachment area (figure S1). A large temporalis muscle is indicative of a carnivorous diet and this muscle attaches to the coronoid process, the tip of which is landmark 4. Therefore, the coronoid process is expected to be largest (i.e., landmark 4 is furthest from landmarks 2 and 5) in carnivores. Herbivores are more likely to have strong pterygoids and masseters, ideal for producing grinding movements of the jaw, and therefore a more pronounced angular process and smaller coronoid process is expected. A major difference between carnivore and herbivore jaws appears to be the distance between the condylar process (landmark 6) and the angular process (landmark 7). The results of this study indicate that this holds true for extant species (figure 2). Descriptions of the landmarks are given here: 1. Anterodorsal-most tip of the body of the lower jaw. (Teeth were ignored). 2. Point at which the base of the coronoid process meets the horizontal body of the jaw. 3. A straight line is drawn between landmark 1 and landmark 2. An additional straight line is drawn perpendicular to the line between landmark 1 and landmark 2. Landmark 3 is defined as the point at which this line meets the ventral edge of the jaw. 4. Dorsal-most point of the coronoid process. 5. Anteroventral-most point of the gap between the coronoid process and condylar process. 6. Posterodorsal-most point of the condylar process. 7. Posteroventral-most point of the angular process. If the posteroventral edge of the angular process was broad, then a central point of this edge was chosen, as in figure S1. If the species did not have a well-developed angular process, then the most posteroventral point of the jaw ramus was selected. 2 Mean Shape 4 Temporalis+ 6 A-achment++ 5 1 2 Jaw+Length/Depth+ Pterygoid/Masseter+ A-achment++ 7 3 Figure S1. The mandible of an eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) illustrated using the seven landmarks of this study. The three triangles represent three target areas that could help distinguish different dietary types. The outline represents the consensus shape, produced by geometric morphometric analyses of the 39 extant mammals. Jaw Lengths Geometric morphometric techniques, as performed in this study, are valuable in analyzing morphology but disregard the size of specimens. The average size of non-multituberculates was desired as a means of differentiating insectivores from potential carnivores. Therefore, jaw and tooth lengths were recorded as proxies for body size. This information provided the added benefit of allowing supplementary disparity curves for non-multituberculates to be created (figures 5 and S2). Jaw images for determining length were obtained from the same sources as the jaws used for geometric morphometrics (see table S3), with any additional fragments used for length estimation taken from Kielan-Jaworowska [2]. Using the image and scale bar, lower jaw length was measured from the posterior-most end of the condylar process to the anterior-most point of the horizontal body of the jaw. All non-multituberculate jaws used in the geometric morphometric analysis were measured. To increase sample sizes in the time bins, an additional 25 jaw lengths were estimated using jaw fragments, for a total of 88 values. Since twelve genera spanned more than one time bin, the data set included a total of 100 occurrences considered in the time scale. The primary fragments used for estimations were ones in which teeth were attached and for which there existed intact jaws of closely taxonomically related species, which allowed for comparison in size (via tooth measurements) and jaw shape (via estimation of the placement of missing landmarks). Tooth Lengths Though tooth lengths can vary considerably relative to body size and may be a less accurate indicator of size than jaw lengths, more tooth fossils are available than jaw fossils, allowing for greater temporal resolution of results. Primary literature was searched for images that included intact first lower molars (m1). Since lower molars of one species can vary significantly in terms of size and shape, only confirmed first lower molars were recorded. In an attempt to bolster sample sizes in older time bins, lower molar holotype lengths were included for nine early lineage and docodont species of the Late 3 Triassic and Jurassic. Anteroposterior m1 lengths were either obtained from measurements presented in the literature or calculated using the image and scale bar. Measurements were recorded at the genera level. If multiple samples of the same species or multiple species of one genus were discovered, then the largest measurement was used in order to minimize the chances of using lengths from a juvenile.
Recommended publications
  • Dome-Headed, Small-Brained Island Mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania

    Dome-Headed, Small-Brained Island Mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania

    Dome-headed, small-brained island mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania Zoltán Csiki-Savaa,1, Mátyás Vremirb, Jin Mengc, Stephen L. Brusatted, and Mark A. Norellc aLaboratory of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania; bDepartment of Natural Sciences, Transylvanian Museum Society, 400009 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; cDivision of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; and dSchool of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FE Edinburgh, United Kingdom Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved March 26, 2018 (received for review January 20, 2018) The island effect is a well-known evolutionary phenomenon, in describe the anatomy of kogaionids in detail, include them in a which island-dwelling species isolated in a resource-limited envi- comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, estimate their body sizes, ronment often modify their size, anatomy, and behaviors compared and present a reconstruction of their brain and sense organs. with mainland relatives. This has been well documented in modern This species exhibits several features that we interpret as re- and Cenozoic mammals, but it remains unclear whether older, more lated to its insular habitat, most notably a brain that is sub- primitive Mesozoic mammals responded in similar ways to island stantially reduced in size compared with close relatives and habitats. We describe a reasonably complete and well-preserved skeleton of a kogaionid, an enigmatic radiation of Cretaceous island- mainland contemporaries, demonstrating that some Mesozoic dwelling multituberculate mammals previously represented by frag- mammals were susceptible to the island effect like in more mentary fossils.
  • The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume

    The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume

    T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203.
  • Enamel Ultrastructure of Multituberculate Mammals: an Investigation of Variability

    Enamel Ultrastructure of Multituberculate Mammals: an Investigation of Variability

    CO?JTRIBI!TIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEOK.1-OLOCiY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VOL. 27. NO. 1, p. 1-50 April I, 1985 ENAMEL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMALS: AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITY BY SANDRA J. CARLSON and DAVID W. KRAUSE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR CONTRlBUTlONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEON I OLOGY Philip D. Gingerich, Director Gerald R. Smith. Editor This series of contributions from the Museum of Paleontology is a medium for the publication of papers based chiefly upon the collection in the Museum. When the number of pages issued is sufficient to make a volume, a title page and a table of contents will be sent to libraries on the mailing list, and to individuals upon request. A list of the separate papers may also be obtained. Correspondence should be directed to the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109. VOLS. 11-XXVI. Parts of volumes may be obtained if available. Price lists available upon inquiry. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Vol . 27, no. 1, p. 1-50, pub1 ished April 1, 1985, Sandra J. Carlson and David W. Krause (Authors) ERRATA Page 11, Figure 4 caption, first line, should read "(1050X)," not "(750X)." ENAMEL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMALS: AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITY BY Sandra J. Carlsonl and David W. Krause' Abstract.-The nature and extent of enamel ultrastructural variation in mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study we attempt to identify and evaluate the sources of variability in enamel ultrastructural patterns at a number of hierarchic levels within the extinct order Multituberculata.
  • A Dated Phylogeny of Marsupials Using a Molecular Supermatrix and Multiple Fossil Constraints

    A Dated Phylogeny of Marsupials Using a Molecular Supermatrix and Multiple Fossil Constraints

    Journal of Mammalogy, 89(1):175–189, 2008 A DATED PHYLOGENY OF MARSUPIALS USING A MOLECULAR SUPERMATRIX AND MULTIPLE FOSSIL CONSTRAINTS ROBIN M. D. BECK* School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/89/1/175/1020874 by guest on 25 September 2021 Phylogenetic relationships within marsupials were investigated based on a 20.1-kilobase molecular supermatrix comprising 7 nuclear and 15 mitochondrial genes analyzed using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches and 3 different partitioning strategies. The study revealed that base composition bias in the 3rd codon positions of mitochondrial genes misled even the partitioned maximum-likelihood analyses, whereas Bayesian analyses were less affected. After correcting for base composition bias, monophyly of the currently recognized marsupial orders, of Australidelphia, and of a clade comprising Dasyuromorphia, Notoryctes,and Peramelemorphia, were supported strongly by both Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum-likelihood bootstrap values. Monophyly of the Australasian marsupials, of Notoryctes þ Dasyuromorphia, and of Caenolestes þ Australidelphia were less well supported. Within Diprotodontia, Burramyidae þ Phalangeridae received relatively strong support. Divergence dates calculated using a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock and multiple age constraints suggested at least 3 independent dispersals of marsupials from North to South America during the Late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. Within the Australasian clade, the macropodine radiation, the divergence of phascogaline and dasyurine dasyurids, and the divergence of perameline and peroryctine peramelemorphians all coincided with periods of significant environmental change during the Miocene. An analysis of ‘‘unrepresented basal branch lengths’’ suggests that the fossil record is particularly poor for didelphids and most groups within the Australasian radiation.
  • Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert

    Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert

    Journal of Mammalian Evolution, Vol. 12, Nos. 1/2,C 2005)June 2005 ( DOI: 10.1007/s10914-005-4867-3 A number of typographical errors were introduced during copyediting. All that were found were corrected in this version. Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert J. David Archibald1,3 and Alexander O. Averian2 ov Both metatherians and eutherians are known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian, 125 mya; million years ago) of China, while eutherian-dominated mammalian faunas appeared in Asia at least by the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian, 95 mya). The approximately 99–93 my old (Cenomanian) Sheikhdzheili l.f. from western Uzbekistan is a small sample of only eutherians, including three zhelestids and a possible zalambdalestoid. The much better-known 90 my old (Turonian) Bissekty l.f. at Dzharakuduk iin central Uzbekistan includes 15 named and un- named species, based on ongoing analyses. Of these, 12 are eutherians represented by at least the three groups—asioryctitheres, zalambdalestids, and zhelestids—plus an eutherian of uncertain position—Paranyctoides. Zalambdalestids and zhelestids have been argued to be related to the origin of the placental gliriforms (Euarchontoglires) and ferungulates (Laurasiatheria), respec- tively. Although there are four previously recognized metatherians, we believe three are referable to the deltatheroid Sulestes karakshi and the fourth, Sailestes quadrans, may belong to Paranyc- toides. There is one multituberculate and one symmetrodont in the Bissekty l.f. While comparably aged (Turonian) localities in North America have somewhat similar non-therians, they have more metatherians and no eutherians. The next younger localities (early Campanian, ∼80 mya) in North America have both a zhelestid and Paranyctoides, suggesting dispersal of eutherians from Asia.
  • Multituberculate Mammals from the Wahweap

    Multituberculate Mammals from the Wahweap

    MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMALS FROM THE WAHWEAP (CAMPANIAN, AQUILAN) AND KAIPAROWITS (CAMPANIAN, JUDITHIAN) FORMATIONS, WITHIN AND NEAR GRAND STAIRCASE-ESCALANTE NATIONAL MONUMENT, SOUTHERN UTAH Jeffrey G. Eaton Department of Geosciences Weber State University Ogden, UT 84408-2507 phone: (801) 626-6225 fax: (801) 626-7445 e-mail: [email protected] Cover photo by author: Powell Point in “The Blues,” the early Tertiary Claron Formation on the horizon and the Kaiparowits Formation in the foreground. ISBN 1-55791-665-9 Reference to any specific commercial product by trade name, trademark, or manufacturer does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Utah Geological Survey MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION 02-4 UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY a division of 2002 Utah Department of Natural Resources STATE OF UTAH Michael O. Leavitt, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Robert Morgan, Executive Director UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Richard G. Allis, Director UGS Board Member Representing Robert Robison (Chairman) ...................................................................................................... Minerals (Industrial) Geoffrey Bedell.............................................................................................................................. Minerals (Metals) Stephen Church .................................................................................................................... Minerals (Oil and Gas) E.H. Deedee O’Brien .......................................................................................................................
  • Aptian–Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

    Aptian–Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma

    Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian–Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma BRIAN M. DAVIS and RICHARD L. CIFELLI Davis, B.M. and Cifelli, R.L. 2011. Reappraisal of the tribosphenidan mammals from the Trinity Group (Aptian–Albian) of Texas and Oklahoma. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (3): 441–462. The Trinity therians have long been the focus of attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary history of higher mammals, es− pecially in the context of the development of tribospheny. In this paper, we update the taxonomy of the tribosphenidan taxa known from the Trinity Group and establish with more confidence the premolar/molar count in each. Many isolated specimens can be referred to a specific tooth locus. Additional diversity is revealed within the Deltatheroida, with the de− scription of an additional species of Oklatheridium; Pappotherium is here considered a likely metatherian based on the in− ferred presence of four molars, while Holoclemensia is a basal eutherian (the opposite of some traditional interpretations). The remainder of the genera, Kermackia and Slaughteria, cannot be allied with either of the living groups of tribo− sphenidan mammals using the available data. We identify strong morphological diversity within this assemblage of stem taxa, including modifications to the traditional tribosphenic occlusal pattern in Kermackia. Mammalian evolution at the base of the tribosphenidan radiation was complex, and this underscores the need for caution when interpreting the mor− phology and relationships of taxa known by incomplete material. Key words: Tribosphenida, Metatheria, Eutheria, Deltatheroida, Trinity Group, Early Cretaceous. Brian M. Davis [[email protected]] and Richard L. Cifelli [[email protected]], Department of Zoology and Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave, Norman, OK, 73072, USA.
  • Using Dental Enamel Wrinkling to Define Sauropod Tooth Morphotypes from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina

    Using Dental Enamel Wrinkling to Define Sauropod Tooth Morphotypes from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Using Dental Enamel Wrinkling to Define Sauropod Tooth Morphotypes from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina Femke M. Holwerda1,2,3*, Diego Pol4,5, Oliver W. M. Rauhut1,3 1 Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB), Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany, 2 GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal, 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and GeoBioCenter, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany, 4 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5 Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Argentina * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS The early Middle Jurassic is regarded as the period when sauropods diversified and be- Citation: Holwerda FM, Pol D, Rauhut OWM (2015) came major components of the terrestrial ecosystems. Not many sites yield sauropod mate- Using Dental Enamel Wrinkling to Define Sauropod Tooth Morphotypes from the Cañadón Asfalto rial of this time; however, both cranial and postcranial material of eusauropods have been Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. PLoS ONE 10(2): found in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (latest Early Jurassic–early Middle Jurassic) in e0118100. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118100 Central Patagonia (Argentina), which may help to shed light on the early evolution of Academic Editor: Peter Dodson, University of eusauropods. These eusauropod remains include teeth associated with cranial and man- Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES dibular material as well as isolated teeth found at different localities. In this study, an assem- Received: September 1, 2014 blage of sauropod teeth from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation found in four different Accepted: January 7, 2015 localities in the area of Cerro Condor (Chubut, Argentina) is used as a mean of assessing sauropod species diversity at these sites.
  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History

    Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History

    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J.
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT

    71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT

    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
  • Craniodental Anatomy of a New Late Cretaceous Multituberculate Mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia

    Craniodental Anatomy of a New Late Cretaceous Multituberculate Mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia

    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-2014 Craniodental anatomy of a new late cretaceous multituberculate mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia. Amir Subhash Sheth University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Anatomy Commons, and the Medical Neurobiology Commons Recommended Citation Sheth, Amir Subhash, "Craniodental anatomy of a new late cretaceous multituberculate mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1317. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1317 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CRANIODENTAL ANATOMY OF A NEW LATE CRETACEOUS MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMAL FROM UDAN SAYR, MONGOLIA By Amir Subhash Sheth B.A., Centre College, 2010 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Medicine of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky August 2014 CRANIODENTAL ANATOMY OF A NEW LATE CRETACEOUS MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMAL FROM UDAN SAYR, MONGOLIA By Amir Subhash Sheth B.A., Centre College, 2010 A Thesis Approved on July 18th, 2014 By the Following Thesis Committee: ________________________________ (Guillermo W.
  • The Oldest Platypus and Its Bearing on Divergence Timing of the Platypus and Echidna Clades

    The Oldest Platypus and Its Bearing on Divergence Timing of the Platypus and Echidna Clades

    The oldest platypus and its bearing on divergence timing of the platypus and echidna clades Timothy Rowe*†, Thomas H. Rich‡§, Patricia Vickers-Rich§, Mark Springer¶, and Michael O. Woodburneʈ *Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, C1100, Austin, TX 78712; ‡Museum Victoria, PO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; §School of Geosciences, PO Box 28E, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; ¶Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; and ʈDepartment of Geology, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved October 31, 2007 (received for review July 7, 2007) Monotremes have left a poor fossil record, and paleontology has broadly affect our understanding of early mammalian history, been virtually mute during two decades of discussion about with special implications for molecular clock estimates of basal molecular clock estimates of the timing of divergence between the divergence times. platypus and echidna clades. We describe evidence from high- Monotremata today comprises five species that form two resolution x-ray computed tomography indicating that Teinolo- distinct clades (16). The echidna clade includes one short-beaked phos, an Early Cretaceous fossil from Australia’s Flat Rocks locality species (Tachyglossus aculeatus; Australia and surrounding is- (121–112.5 Ma), lies within the crown clade Monotremata, as a lands) and three long-beaked species (Zaglossus bruijni, Z. basal platypus. Strict molecular clock estimates of the divergence bartoni, and Z. attenboroughi, all from New Guinea). The between platypus and echidnas range from 17 to 80 Ma, but platypus clade includes only Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Austra- Teinolophos suggests that the two monotreme clades were al- lia, Tasmania).