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Evolution of the Patellar Sesamoid Bone in Mammals
A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 21 March 2017. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/3103), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Samuels ME, Regnault S, Hutchinson JR. 2017. Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals. PeerJ 5:e3103 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3103 Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals Mark E Samuels 1, 2 , Sophie Regnault 3 , John R Hutchinson Corresp. 3 1 Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2 Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 3 Structure & Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom Corresponding Author: John R Hutchinson Email address: [email protected] The patella is a sesamoid bone located in the major extensor tendon of the knee joint, in the hindlimb of many tetrapods. Although numerous aspects of knee morphology are ancient and conserved among most tetrapods, the evolutionary occurrence of an ossified patella is highly variable. Among extant (crown clade) groups it is found in most birds, most lizards, the monotreme mammals and almost all placental mammals, but it is absent in most marsupial mammals as well as many reptiles. Here we integrate data from the literature and first-hand studies of fossil and recent skeletal remains to reconstruct the evolution of the mammalian patella. We infer that bony patellae most likely evolved between four to six times in crown group Mammalia: in monotremes, in the extinct multituberculates, in one or more stem-mammal genera outside of therian or eutherian mammals, and up to three times in therian mammals. -
Miocene Mammal Reveals a Mesozoic Ghost Lineage on Insular New Zealand, Southwest Pacific
Miocene mammal reveals a Mesozoic ghost lineage on insular New Zealand, southwest Pacific Trevor H. Worthy*†, Alan J. D. Tennyson‡, Michael Archer§, Anne M. Musser¶, Suzanne J. Hand§, Craig Jonesʈ, Barry J. Douglas**, James A. McNamara††, and Robin M. D. Beck§ *School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Darling Building DP 418, Adelaide University, North Terrace, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia; ‡Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington 6015, New Zealand; §School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia; ¶Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; ʈInstitute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand; **Douglas Geological Consultants, 14 Jubilee Street, Dunedin 9011, New Zealand; and ††South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia Edited by James P. Kennett, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, and approved October 11, 2006 (sent for review July 8, 2006) New Zealand (NZ) has long been upheld as the archetypical Ma) dinosaur material (13) and isolated moa bones from marine example of a land where the biota evolved without nonvolant sediments up to 2.5 Ma (1, 14), the terrestrial record older than terrestrial mammals. Their absence before human arrival is mys- 1 Ma is extremely limited. Until now, there has been no direct terious, because NZ was still attached to East Antarctica in the Early evidence for the pre-Pleistocene presence in NZ of any of its Cretaceous when a variety of terrestrial mammals occupied the endemic vertebrate lineages, particularly any group of terrestrial adjacent Australian portion of Gondwana. -
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nicolás r chimento, Federico L agnolin y Fernando e novas Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia Necrolestes un mamífero patagónico que sobrevivió a la extinción de los dinosaurios Un descubrimiento patagónico desembocadura del río Santa Cruz, descubrieron esque- letos fósiles prácticamente completos del Necrolestes. El es- En 1891, Florentino Ameghino (1854-1911) dio a tudio de esos esqueletos llevó a pensar que se trataba de conocer unos restos fósiles encontrados por su hermano un mamífero muy arcaico en la historia de la evolución, Carlos (1865-1936) en las barrancas de Monte Obser- más que un ancestro de los topos, como había supuesto vación, en la provincia de Santa Cruz, en yacimientos Ameghino. Por determinados rasgos se pensó que podía de unos 17 millones de años de antigüedad. Determinó haber sido un marsupial, es decir, un pariente lejano de las que pertenecían a un pequeño –escasos 10cm de largo, comadrejas, los canguros y los coalas actuales. del hocico a la cola– y desconocido mamífero extin- Ciertos investigadores aceptaron esta última hipótesis guido. Estudió los diminutos huesos y consideró que de parentesco, pero otros se mostraron escépticos acerca el animal habría sido un pariente lejano de los topos de ella y se inclinaron por considerar inciertas las rela- africanos vivientes. Le dio el nombre científicoN ecrolestes ciones genealógicas del diminuto mamífero. Así, su po- patagonensis, es decir, ladrón de tumbas de la Patagonia, en sición en el árbol evolutivo de los mamíferos fue objeto alusión a sus hábitos excavadores. El hallazgo, publica- de debate durante gran parte del siglo XX. Para algunos, do por Ameghino en el número de la Revista Argentina de era pariente lejano de las mulitas; otros seguían pensan- Historia Natural citado entre las lecturas sugeridas, atrajo do que podía estar relacionado con los topos, y para un la atención del ámbito científico, ya que hasta ese mo- tercer grupo, sus vínculos eran con los marsupiales aus- mento en Sudamérica no se habían encontrado restos tralianos. -
Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J. -
0 Introduction
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-78117-6 - Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals Christine M. Janis, Gregg F. Gunnell and Mark D. Uhen Excerpt More information 0 Introduction christine m. janis,1 gregg f. gunnell2 and mark d. uhen3 1Brown University, Providence, RI, USA 2Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 3Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA AIMS OF VOLUME 2 the chapter are presented according to a standardized format, and the institutional abbreviations have also been standardized and are This enterprise was originally conceived of as a single volume. How- listed in an appendix (Appendix III). ever, after a span of 10 years from its original conception, the current senior editor (Christine Janis), and the then junior editors (Kathleen Scott and Louis Jacobs) realized that it would be more realistic THE STANDARDIZED LAYOUT OF EACH CHAPTER to proceed with chapters then in hand, which could more or less be assembled into the conceptually useful, if taxonomically para- The chapters are laid out in a similar fashion to those in Volume 1. phyletic, rubric of “Terrestrial Carnivores and Ungulates” (Janis, The contributors were requested to adhere to a common layout for Scott, and Jacobs, 1998). This in part reflected the chapters that had each chapter, in order to provide uniform information throughout been assembled to date, although it should be noted that some of the book. The “Introduction” for each chapter introduces the group. the chapters in this current volume, most notably those by Darryl The “Defining features” section lays out the basic cranial, dental, Domning on sirenians and desmostylians, were among the first ones and postcranial features of the taxon. -
Panciroli, Elsa, Benson, Roger B J and Butler, Richard J (2018) New
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Museums Scotland Research Repository Panciroli, Elsa, Benson, Roger B J and Butler, Richard J (2018) New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammal Palaeoxonodon ooliticus from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63. ISSN 1732-2421 10.4202/app.00434.2017 http://repository.nms.ac.uk/2048 Deposited on: 31 May 2018 NMS Repository – Research publications by staff of the National Museums Scotland http://repository.nms.ac.uk/ http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM.pdf SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL FOR New partial dentaries of amphitheriid mammalian Palaeoxonodon ooliticus from Scotland, and posterior dentary morphology in early cladotherians Elsa Panciroli, Roger B.J. Benson, and Richard J. Butler Published in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2018, 63(X): xxx-xxx. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00434.2017 Supplementary Online Material SOM 1. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.1992.47.123 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_1.stl SOM 2. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.1992.47.123 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, dentition only, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_2.stl SOM 3. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.2017.37.1 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_3.stl SOM 4. 3D model of Palaeoxonodon ooliticus NMS G.2017.37.1 from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, dentition only, available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app63-Panciroli_etal_SOM/SOM_4.stl SOM 5. -
SI Appendix the Oldest Modern Therian Mammal from Europe And
SI Appendix The oldest modern therian mammal from Europe and its bearing on stem marsupial paleobiogeography RomainVulloa,b,1, Emmanuel Gheerbrantc, Christian de Muizonc, Didier Néraudeaub Table of contents • Part I. List of characters studied. • Part II. Character matrix. • Part III. TNT analysis, cladograms, and characters at nodes. • Part IV. References. Part I List of characters studied (mostly molars) All characters are additive, except when mentioned. 1. Molar cusp shape: sharp, gracile (0), low but still acute (1), or inflated, robust, low, bulbous (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 2. Protocone: lacking (undifferentiated from the lingual cingulum) (0), incipient (very small) but inflated with protocristae and functionnal (1), or well developed, with large protofossa (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). Kielantherium : upper molars features are based on the new material reported by Lopatin and Averianov (1). 3. Stylar shelf: wide (0), very wide (1), or narrow (2). Arcantiodelphys (0). Character non additive. 4. Protocone development: mesio-distally narrow and compressed (0) or well-developed (both mesio-distally and labio-lingually) and uncompressed (1). Arcantiodelphys (1). 5. Height of the protocone relative to the paracone and metacone (whichever is highest of the latter two): protocone markedly lower (less than 70%) (0), protocone of intermediate height (70%~80%) (1), or protocone near the height of paracone and metacone (within 80%) (2). Arcantiodelphys (2). 6. Stylar cusp C: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 7. Stylar cusp D: absent (0), present but weak (1), or present and well developed (2). Arcantiodelphys (1). 8. Paraconule and metaconule: absent or weak (0) or present and well developed (1). -
Early Cretaceous Amphilestid ('Triconodont') Mammals from Mongolia
Early Cretaceous amphilestid ('triconodont') mammals from Mongolia ZOFIAKIELAN-JAWOROWSKA and DEMBERLYIN DASHZEVEG Kielan-Jaworowską Z. &Daslueveg, D. 1998. Early Cretaceous amphilestid (.tricono- dont') mammals from Mongotia. - Acta Pal.aeontol.ogicaPolonica,43,3, 413438. Asmall collection of ?Aptianor ?Albian amphilestid('triconodont') mammals consisting of incomplete dentaries and maxillae with teeth, from the Khoboor localiĘ Guchin Us counĘ in Mongolia, is described. Grchinodon Troftmov' 1978 is regarded a junior subjective synonym of GobiconodonTroftmov, 1978. Heavier wear of the molariforms M3 andM4than of themore anteriorone-M2 in Gobiconodonborissiaki gives indirect evidence formolariformreplacement in this taxon. The interlocking mechanismbetween lower molariforms n Gobiconodon is of the pattern seen in Kuchneotherium and Ttnodon. The ińterlocking mechanism and the type of occlusion ally Amphilestidae with Kuehneotheriidae, from which they differ in having lower molariforms with main cusps aligned and the dentary-squamosal jaw joint (double jaw joint in Kuehneotheńdae). The main cusps in upper molariforms M3-M5 of Gobiconodon, however, show incipient tńangular arrangement. The paper gives some support to Mills' idea on the therian affinities of the Amphilestidae, although it cannot be excluded that the characters that unite the two groups developed in parallel. Because of scanty material and arnbiguĘ we assign the Amphilestidae to order incertae sedis. Key words : Mammali4 .triconodonts', Amphilestidae, Kuehneotheriidae, Early Cretaceous, Mongolia. Zofia Kiel,an-Jaworowska [zkielnn@twarda,pan.pl], InsĘtut Paleobiologii PAN, ul. Twarda 5 I /5 5, PL-00-8 I 8 Warszawa, Poland. DemberĘin Dash7eveg, Geological Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Introduction Beliajeva et al. (1974) reportedthe discovery of Early Cretaceous mammals at the Khoboor locality (referred to also sometimes as Khovboor), in the Guchin Us Soinon (County), Gobi Desert, Mongolia. -
Paleontological Discoveries in the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Campanian-Lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina
Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 21(2): 217-293, 2019 ISSN 1514-5158 (impresa) ISSN 1853-0400 (en línea) Paleontological discoveries in the Chorrillo Formation (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous), Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina Fernando. E. NOVAS1,2, Federico. L. AGNOLIN1,2,3, Sebastián ROZADILLA1,2, Alexis M. ARANCIAGA-ROLANDO1,2, Federico BRISSON-EGLI1,2, Matias J. MOTTA1,2, Mauricio CERRONI1,2, Martín D. EZCURRA2,5, Agustín G. MARTINELLI2,5, Julia S. D´ANGELO1,2, Gerardo ALVAREZ-HERRERA1, Adriel R. GENTIL1,2, Sergio BOGAN3, Nicolás R. CHIMENTO1,2, Jordi A. GARCÍA-MARSÀ1,2, Gastón LO COCO1,2, Sergio E. MIQUEL2,4, Fátima F. BRITO4, Ezequiel I. VERA2,6, 7, Valeria S. PEREZ LOINAZE2,6 , Mariela S. FERNÁNDEZ8 & Leonardo SALGADO2,9 1 Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina - fernovas@yahoo. com.ar. 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. 3 Fundación de Historia Natural “Felix de Azara”, Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BDB Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4 Laboratorio de Malacología terrestre. División Invertebrados Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 5 Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 6 División Paleobotánica. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina. 7 Área de Paleontología. Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EGA) Buenos Aires, Argentina. 8 Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (CONICET-INIBIOMA), Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. -
Eutheria (Placental Mammals)
Eutheria (Placental Introductory article Mammals) Article Contents . Introduction J David Archibald, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA . Basic Design . Taxonomic and Ecological Diversity Eutheria includes one of three major clades of mammals, the extant members of which are . Fossil History and Distribution referred to as placentals. Phylogeny Introduction have supernumerary teeth (e.g. some whales, armadillos, Eutheria (or Placentalia) is the most taxonomically diverse etc.), in extant placentals the number of teeth is at most of three branches or clades of mammals, the other two three upper and lower incisors, one upper and lower being Metatheria (or Marsupialia) and Prototheria (or canine, four upper and lower premolars, and three upper Monotremata). When named by Gill in 1872, Eutheria and lower molars. Except for one fewer upper molar, a included both marsupials and placentals. It was Huxley in domestic dog retains this pattern. Compared to reptiles, 1880 that recognized Eutheria basically as used today to mammals have fewer skull bones through fusion and loss, include only placentals. McKenna and Bell in their although bones are variously emphasized in each of the Classification of Mammals, published in 1997, chose to three major mammalian taxa. use Placentalia rather than Eutheria to avoid the confusion Physiologically, mammals are all endotherms of varying of what taxa should be included in Eutheria. Others such as degrees of efficiency. They are also homeothermic with a Rougier have used Eutheria and Placentalia in the sense relatively high resting temperature. These characteristics used here. Placentalia includes all extant placentals and are also found in birds, but because of anatomical their most recent common ancestor. -
Paleobiology of Jurassic Mammals. George Gaylord Simpson
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Palaeobiologica Jahr/Year: 1933 Band/Volume: 5 Autor(en)/Author(s): Simpson George Gaylord Artikel/Article: Paleobiology of Jurassic Mammals. 127-158 P aleobiology o f J u r a ss ic M a m m a l s . By George Gaylord S im pson (New York). With 6 figures. Pag. Introduction . 127 Occlusion, food habits, and dental evolution 128 Multituberculata 133 Triconodonta 133 Symmetrodonta 137 Pantotheria 139 Environments and ecology 145 Stonesfield 146 Purbeck 147 Morrison 150 Conclusions 155 References 158 Introduction. Of the numerous problems relating to the rise of the Mammalia, some of the most important are paleobiological in nature. True understanding of the early history of mammals involves not only knowledge of their morphology, but also some conception of the conditions under which they lived, of their habits, and of their place in the Mesozoic faunas. Such a study involves three related lines of inquiry: first, the habits of the mammals themselves, so far as these can be inferred from their imperfect remains; second, the nature of the environ ment in which they lived; and third, their ecological relationships to the accompanying biota. This is almost a virgin field for research. The habits of a single group, the Multituberculata, have been dis cussed at some length by various students, and will be only briefly mentioned here, but the three other orders have not been studied from a paleobiological point of view. The four Jurassic orders, Multituberculata, Triconodonta, Symmetrodonta, and Pantotheria, PALAEOBIOLOGICA, Band V. -
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References
Samuels et al. Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Tables, Figures and References Supplementary Table S1: Mammals$ Higher taxa Genus sp. Estimated. age of Patellar Comments# (partial) specimen, location state 0/1/2 (absent/ ‘patelloid’/ present) Sinoconodonta Sinoconodon Jurassic 0 Patellar groove absent, suggests no rigneyi (Kielan- patella Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo, Sinoconodon is included on our 2004) phylogeny within tritylodontids. Morganucodonta Megazostrodon Late Triassic, southern 0 rudnerae (Jenkins Africa & Parrington, 1976) Morganucodonta Eozostrodon sp. Late Triassic, Wales 0 Asymmetric patellar groove, (Jenkins et al., specimens disarticulated so it is hard 1976) to assess the patella but appears absent Docodonta Castorocauda 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 Semi-aquatic adaptations lutrasimilis (Ji, China Luo, Yuan et al., 2006) Docodonta Agilodocodon 164 Mya, mid-Jurassic, 0 scansorius China (Meng, Ji, Zhang et al., 2015) Docodonta Docofossor 160 Mya 0 brachydactylus (Luo, Meng, Ji et al., 2015) Docodonta Haldanodon 150-155 Mya, Late 0 Shallow patellar groove exspectatus Jurassic, Portugal (Martin, 2005b) Australosphenida Asfaltomylos Mid-Jurassic, South ? Postcranial material absent patagonicus America (Martin, 2005a) Australosphenida Ornithorhynchus Extant 2 Platypus, genome sequenced Monotremata anatinus (Warren, Hillier, Marshall Graves et (Herzmark, 1938; al., 2008) Rowe, 1988) Samuels et al. Australosphenida Tachyglossus + Extant 2 Echidnas Monotremata Zaglossus spp. (Herzmark, 1938; Rowe, 1988) Mammaliaformes Fruitafossor 150 Mya, Late Jurassic, 0 Phylogenetic status uncertain indet. windscheffeli (Luo Colorado & Wible, 2005) Mammaliaformes Volaticotherium Late Jurassic/Early ? Hindlimb material incomplete indet. antiquus (Meng, Cretaceous Hu, Wang et al., 2006) Eutriconodonta Jeholodens 120-125 Mya, Early 0 Poorly developed patellar groove jenkinsi (Ji, Luo Cretaceous, China & Ji, 1999) Eutriconodonta Gobiconodon spp.