Venezuelan Forced Migrants in Bogotá

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Venezuelan Forced Migrants in Bogotá DIPLOMARBEIT VENEZUELAN FORCED MIGRANTS IN BOGOTÁ: DIGITAL PLATFORM LABOR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR EVERYDAY URBAN LIFE ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Diplom-Ingenieurin unter der Leitung Ass. Prof. Dr. phil. Dipl. -Ing (FH) Sabine Knierbein E 280 / A1 Arbeitsbereich für Stadtkultur und öffentlichen Raum (SKuOR) eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Architektur und Raumplanung von Theresa König 01109305 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Bogotá, 21.10.2020 ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG The socio-economic and political crisis in Venezuela has resulted in millions of involuntary Die sozioökonomische und politische Krise in Venezuela hat zu Millionen unfreiwilliger migrants. Many of them cross the border to the neighboring countries and have the objec- Migrant_innen geführt. Viele von ihnen überqueren die Grenze zu Nachbarländern mit dem tive to work, often migrating towards urban areas. Bogotá, the location of this research, is Ziel Arbeit zu finden, wobei sie oft in urbane Gebiete migrieren. Bogotá, der Untersuchung- one example with a particularly severe trend of rising numbers of Venezuelan migrants. sort dieser Diplomarbeit, ist ein Beispiel für besonders hohen Zahlen an venezolanischer With the challenge of making ends need, many of them do not have any other chance than Migrant_innen. Mit der Herausforderung, sich ihren Lebensunterhalt zu finanzieren, bleibt to accept a job in the informal labor market, in which digital labor platforms have gained vielen keine andere Chance, als einen Job auf dem informellen Arbeitsmarkt anzunehmen, more and more importance during the past years. Their experiences and actions can have wo in den letzten Jahren digitale Arbeitsplattformen immer mehr an Bedeutung gewan- a significant alteration to urban life and, in doing so, the socio-spatial conditions of a city. nen. Deren Erfahrungen und Handlungen können das städtische Leben und damit auch This study attempts to establish a link between these phenomena and thereby contributes to die sozialräumlichen Bedingungen einer Stadt erheblich verändern. Die vorliegende Analy- the understanding of marginalized groups' everyday life experiences. With an ethnographic se versucht, eine Verbindung zwischen diesen Phänomenen herzustellen und trägt damit approach and different qualitative research methods, including narrative semi-structured zum Verständnis der Alltagserfahrungen marginalisierter Gruppen bei. Mit einem ethno- interviews, participant observation, and ride-alongs, it analyses two cases of Venezuelan graphischen Ansatz und verschiedenen qualitativen Forschungsmethoden, darunter narra- forced migrants working in the gig-economy via digital labor platforms . One case looks tive semi-strukturierte Interviews, teilnehmende Beobachtung und ‘ride-alongs’, analysiert at Rappi food deliverers, and the second one at Webcam models. By that, it allows a -pro sie zwei Fälle venezolanischer Migrant_innen, die über digitale Arbeitsplattformen in der found insight into daily struggles, routines, and thoughts, finally interpreted using theoreti- Gig-Ökonomie arbeiten. In einem Fall geht es um Rappi-Lieferanten_innen und im zweiten cal concepts of migration, urban studies, and work. The findings, such as the identified work Fall um Webcam Models. Dadurch wird ein tiefer Einblick in alltägliche Herausforderun- schemes in their daily lives, reveal diverse uses of public and private space, connected with gen, Routinen und Gedanken ermöglicht, die schließlich mit Hilfe von theoretischen Kon- discrimination in public life. For Rappi delivery workers, their constant presence in urban zepten um Migration, Stadtforschung und Arbeit interpretiert werden. Die Ergebnisse, wie public space is a form of appropriation of contested space. In both case studies, immersive z. B. die identifizierten Arbeitsschemata in ihrem täglichen Leben, zeigen vielfältige Nut- structures of physical reproductive labor on different geographical levels can be identified. zungen des öffentlichen und privaten Raums auf, die mit Diskriminierung im öffentlichen However, for Webcam models, emotional labor also plays an essential role through intense Leben verbunden sind. Die ständige Präsenz von Rappi-Lieferant_inne im öffentlichen contact with their clients. What is more, the analysis exposes exploitive work environments Raum ist eine Form der Aneignung des umkämpften städtischen Raumes. In beiden Fallstu- that show both formal and informal labor characteristics. The insights embedded in Latin dien lassen sich immersive Strukturen körperlicher Reproduktionsarbeit auf verschiedenen American countries' struggling economies give an idea of the vulnerable situation many geographischen Ebenen identifizieren. Für Webcam Models spielt aber auch die emotiona- migrants and citizens face when trying to enter the labor market. Overall, especially the le Arbeit durch den intensiven Kontakt mit ihren Klienten eine wesentliche Rolle. Darü- rather particular details within each case study demonstrate the richness of studying urban ber hinaus werden in der Analyse teils ausbeuterische Arbeitsumgebungen aufgezeigt, die life patterns and emphasizes its necessity for further research. sowohl formelle als auch informelle Arbeitsmerkmale aufweisen. Die Einblicke, die in die krisengeschüttelten Volkswirtschaften lateinamerikanischer Länder eingebettet sind, ver- mitteln eine Vorstellung von der verwundbaren Situation, in der sich viele Migrant_innen und Bürger_innen in Bogotá befinden, wenn sie versuchen in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten. Insgesamt zeigen vor allem die speziellen Details innerhalb der Fallstudien die Fülle der Untersuchung städtischer Lebensmuster und unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit für weitere Forschung im Bereich des urbanen Alltagslebens. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. RESUMEN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS La crisis socioeconómica y política en Venezuela ha dado lugar a millones de migrantes I want to thank my supervisor Prof. Sabine Knierbein, for her guidance and support during involuntarios. Muchos de ellos cruzan la frontera hacia los países vecinos, con el objetivo this last year. With her inputs, she managed to provide the necessary freedom and enligh- de trabajar, a menudo migrando hacia zonas urbanas. Bogotá, lugar de esta investigación, es tening in crucial moments. Further, I want to thank the SKuOR thesis seminar participants, un ejemplo con una tendencia particularmente grave de aumento del número de migrantes who always brought up important aspects and discussions regarding the researched topics. venezolanos. Con el reto de poner fin a la necesidad, muchos de ellos no tienen otra opción Also, to Klaus and Bertie for helping me proofread the final text. que la de aceptar un trabajo en el mercado laboral informal, en el que, las plataformas labo- rales digitales han ganado cada vez más importancia durante los últimos años. Sus experien- Aussderdem will ich mich bei meiner Familie bedanken, welche mich in jegliche Situation cias y acciones pueden tener una alteración significativa en la vida urbana y, con ello, en las unterstützt, auch wenn ich für lange Zeit schon nicht zuhause war. Vorallem, meiner Mut- condiciones socio-espaciales de una ciudad. Este estudio intenta establecer un vínculo entre ter, welche mir in jeder verzweifelten Situation den besten Rat gibt. Nun will ich mich noch estos fenómenos y, por lo tanto, contribuye a la comprensión de las experiencias de la vida bei Bella bedanken, die mir für diese Masterarbeit, aber auch in jeglicher anderen Siuation cotidiana de los grupos marginados. Con un enfoque etnográfico y diferentes métodos de die beste Geschellsaft geleistet hat, danke für deine Unterstützung und Herzlichkeit. Und investigación cualitativa, incluyendo entrevistas narrativas semi-estructuradas, observación nicht zu letzt an Kathi, ohne dich hätte ich die letzten Tage der Fertigstellung nicht gescha- de los participantes y recorridos, analiza dos casos de migrantes forzados venezolanos que fft, vielen Dank für dein stilsicheres Aug und für unsere langjährige Freudnschaft. Auch trabajan en la gig-economy a través de plataformas de trabajo digital. Uno de los casos se vielen Dank an Isi und Franzi, ihr habt mir in stressigen Momenten ausgeholfen. refiere a domicilarios de Rappi, y el segundo a modelos Webcam. De esta manera, permite una profunda comprensión de las luchas, rutinas y pensamientos diarios, finalmente inter- También quiero agradecer al Profesor Andrés Salcedo, quien despertó mi interés en el urba- pretados utilizando conceptos teóricos de la migración, los estudios urbanos y el trabajo. nismo antropológico y me ayudó con los primeros pasos del análisis en Bogotá. Durante Los hallazgos, como los esquemas de trabajo identificados en su vida cotidiana, revelan todo el periodo de mi Tesis de Maestría, Juan Pablo ha estado siempre a mi lado con su diversos usos del espacio público y privado, relacionados con la discriminación en la vida calidez; gracias por tu apoyo, tanto emocional como académico. Me gustaría también agra- pública. Para el caso uno, los domicilarios de Rappi, su constante presencia en el espacio decer a Victoria, quién me dio el alimento adecuado para pensar con muchas discusiones
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