Than Sex: Finding Friendships in Cybersexual Webcamming Communities
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More than Sex: Finding Friendships in Cybersexual Webcamming Communities Rachael McGlaston California State University, San Marcos Thesis Proposal Defense Thesis Committee: Dr. Mary Robertson, Chair Dr. Sharon Elise, Second Member Dr. Garry Rolison, Third Member Table of Contents More than Sex: Finding Friendships in Cybersexual Webcamming Communities 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 8 An Overview of the Sociology of Sexualities 9 Sex Work 11 Sex and the Internet 14 Emotional Labor and Bounded Authenticity 18 THEORY 21 Symbolic Interaction 21 Bounded Authenticity 23 METHODS 25 Setting 26 Data Collection 28 Analysis 30 Limitations 30 RESULTS 31 Community Building: Bromances and Beyond 34 Shared Intimacy with the Model 39 Gameification 45 Let’s Eat! 4948 Bounded Authenticity 5251 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5756 REFERENCES 6564 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Committee: Dr. Robertson, there are not enough ways to thank you for the work that you have put into this thesis and with me these past few months. You have taught me so much over the course of this project and there is no way it would be what it is without you. I’m glad you took a chance on being my chair; no one else could have filled the seat like you did. Thank you, captain! Dr. Elise, thank you for teaching me what it means to be a proud, Black scholar and for always shining a light on things left unconsidered. My work is always so much stronger after a conversation with you. Dr. Rolison, thank you for being the wizard that you are and for always making me look at things differently. I’m so grateful to have worked with you over the last two years and for everything you’ve taught me. Family: Mom, I would have none of this if it weren’t for you. Thank you for teaching me to go get what I want and not stop until I do. I love you with all my heart! Omi, thank you for always being my conversation buddy on my long drives to and from CSU San Marcos. Thank you even more for being a reason for me to keep pushing forward to get this done and make you proud. I love you! Jason, thank you for being the most supportive, helpful, and patient partner throughout this process. I love you lil baby. 3 INTRODUCTION She felt the eyes of more than a thousand people watching her, but couldn’t see a single face. As she closed her eyes, she ran her hands gently along the curves of her waist, and she could picture her boyfriend’s face staring back at her. Listening to the slow, sensual sounds of Marvin Gaye in the background, her hand traced her thigh as she began to slowly move her head in a circular motion, allowing her long, dark hair to cover her face. Flipping her head back, her hair whipped her shoulders and her big brown eyes snapped open. She stared straight ahead into the webcam and lined her lips with the tip of her tongue before biting her lower lip. She softly sang along with the music, and let out a chime-like giggle as she ran her fingertips underneath the right shoulder strap of her bra. She bit her lip again and then shook her head with a coy, closed-lip smile before saying “Only 5330 to go.” Suddenly, a sound similar to a slot machine cashing out goes off. She lets out a squeal of delight and clasps her hands in front of her mouth. It was him again. “Geez, why does he keep doing this? How much money does this guy have?” she thought before exclaiming, “DOOK! I can’t believe you! Whyyyy?” The chat room explodes with applause emotes and nuclear bomb emojis. Bright red font appears on her computer screen: Dookstah:“You know how much I love you Jess. Consider it my apology for not being here last night. Feel like going c2c before I have to go to bed?” She laughs and says, “You know my rules, mister. But thanks to you, everyone gets to enjoy a sexy little show before bedtime. What song do you want to hear?” During my first year as a graduate student, I was struggling to decide what I wanted to do my thesis research on. Initially, I had begun researching biracial identity development and the hypersexualization of multiracial women, which led me to find research that had been done about the Internet’s impact on identity development. My curiosity was piqued and I decided to look more into the Internet and its effect on sexual socialization. Over the course of a few weeks, I found the online world of webcamming and immediately knew I had stumbled into something really interesting and exciting. Upon further exploration, I found that there was a major lack in academic research on these cam sites, even though the sites were some of the most frequented in the entire 4 Internet. This revelation both confused me and excited me: I wondered, how was it that there was an entire social realm occurring online that had yet to be analyzed by some researcher or another? I knew after a few weeks of lurking on the site that it would become the location of my research and I would find the answer to my newfound questions about the online world. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The Internet has created a new platform for people to establish connections with one another. Over the past 15 years, the number of people who use the Internet has more than quadrupled – in the year 2000, 738 million people had used the Internet, and by 2015 over 3 billion users accessed cyberspace (Davidson 2015). People use the Internet for a number of reasons, but the desire and demand for increased interpersonal connections is a strong contributing factor to the Internet’s popularity. The tremendous successes of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are proof that people use the web to establish and maintain relationships outside of face-to-face contact. In addition to interpersonal relationships, the Internet has been wildly successful in creating a space for sexual exploration and commerce. Kibby and Costello (2001) noted that the consumption of sexual representations is a significant leisure activity that supports a multi-billion dollar industry. The Internet creates an additional space outside of print and recorded media (e.g. books, magazines, DVDs, etc.) for sexual entertainment consumption, and also allows for largely increased accessibility and anonymity that in-person purchasing does not. 5 As a new space to experience sexuality, the Internet is transforming sexual culture, including through language (e.g. surfing, lurking, cybersex) (Ross 2004). In a space that could allow for traditional cultural and sexual scripts to be abandoned, it is surprising that much research indicates that pre-existing, self-replicating scripts often shape online identities. Furthermore, people often adhere closely to the facts of their actual lives and personalities when creating online identities and personas instead of utilizing the anonymity of the Internet to try out new roles (Lynch 2010; Kendall 2000;Turkle 1995; Valkrie 2010). While some research has been done on those who use the Internet as a sexual exploratory space, none has been done that combines that idea with online sexual commerce. There has been some research conducted on sexual commerce and consumer preferences, but most of that research on commercial sex focuses on the experiences of the sex worker or the platform being utilized (i.e. prostitutes and in-person sex commerce vs. online pornography). The research that explores online and interactive sex entertainment is sparse. There are studies that focus on interactive gaming platforms that are also being utilized for sex entertainment, such as Lynch’s research on sex work in Second Life (2010), but studies such as this explore how people use avatars in place of physical bodies to interact sexually. Other studies have explored the use of video- conferencing software as a means of cybersex (Kibby & Costello 2001), but these studies neglect to examine how the exchange of money impacts interactive cybersex. MyFreeCams is an Internet relay chat (IRC) website that allows users of the site, also called “members”, to interact via textual dialogue with a live, on camera model, sometimes referred to as a camgirl. MyFreeCams is one of many cybersexual 6 webcamming sites that have live webcam models doing interactive sex shows for online audiences in exchange for money. Cybersexual webcamming sites are some of the most popular sites on the Internet. According to Compete.com, a web traffic analysis service, some of these cam sites are regularly in the top 100 most frequently visited sites on the Internet; one of which has 28 million unique visitors per month. According to MFC’s “About Us” page, many models, all of which are independent contractors on the site, earn over $10,000 per month by camming (wiki.myfreecams.com, 2016). MyFreeCams’ Wiki page claims that models who are in the Top 10 most popular (which is based on the site’s ranking system called “Miss MyFreeCams”) earn over $50,000 per month. A lot of the models on the site have large followings of ‘regulars’, and while they are camming live their rooms often have between 500 and 4,000 live viewers made up of premium and basic members and guests. Members typically find and stick with one or two models and become very loyal to them, which is how a model builds her clientele. MFC has won a number of awards, including Best Live Chat Website four years in a row, from adult sex industry giants such as AVN (Adult Video News), and XBIZ (an American publisher of business news and business information for the sex industry) (wiki.myfreecams.com, 2016).