ANDRÉ LOPES MARTINS a Guitarra Elétrica Na Música Experimental

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ANDRÉ LOPES MARTINS a Guitarra Elétrica Na Música Experimental UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÃO E ARTES ANDRÉ LOPES MARTINS A guitarra elétrica na música experimental: composição, improvisação e novas tecnologias São Paulo 2015 ANDRÉ LOPES MARTINS A guitarra elétrica na música experimental: composição, improvisação e novas tecnologias Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Música da Escola de Comunicação e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Música. Área de Concentração: Processos de Criação Musical. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rogério Luiz Moraes Costa. Versão corrigida. Versão original se encontra disponível tanto na Biblioteca da ECA/USP quanto na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP (BDTD). São Paulo 2015 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Nome: MARTINS, André Lopes Título: A guitarra elétrica na música experimental: composição, improvisação e novas tecnologias Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Música da Escola de Comunicação e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Música. Aprovado em: 02 de setembro de 2015. Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. Fernando Henrique de Oliveira Iazzetta Instituição: USP Julgamento: Aprovado Assinatura: _________________ Prof. Dr. Vitor Kisil Miskalo Instituição: UAM Julgamento: Aprovado Assinatura: _________________ Prof. Dr. Rogério Luiz Moraes Costa Instituição: USP Julgamento: Aprovado Assinatura: _________________ Dedicado a Pedro Martins, que passou longe das palavras impressas mas escreveu todas as que possam existir no coração. AGRADECIMENTOS A meus pais Edgard e Ivone, que, desde sempre, me incentivaram a caminhar meu próprio caminho, não só na música, mas na vida. A meu irmão Dalton, que, por já ter passado por estas etapas acadêmicas e saber como são suas alçadas, procurou ler este trabalho e fazer algumas observações. À Ana Paula, por ser tão especial em minha vida. E que carinhosamente cedeu de seu tempo precioso para ler, opinar e revisar todo o trabalho, por várias vezes. A Rogério Costa, pela orientação e pela oportunidade de trilhar esta primeira etapa da pesquisa acadêmica, me acolhendo com disponibilidade em compartilhar seu imenso conhecimento musical e teórico e pela sua paciência – igualmente imensa – em ler e reler tudo, sempre. Suas observações, revisões, sugestões e alterações no trabalho foram, concomitantemente, muito preciosas. A Fernando Iazzetta, por todo o conhecimento compartilhado e a iniciativa do NuSOM, que possibilita a mim e tantos outros colegas de pesquisa uma vivência musical, teórica, reflexiva e interativa inigualável. Aos meus amigos de jornada na USP, na ECA, no departamento de Música e no NuSOM: Vitor Kisil, Missionário Zé, Kooi Kawazoe, André Bandeira, Denise Ogata, Manu Falleiros, Mário del Nunzio, Carlos Avezum, Lilian Campesato, Jonathas Andrade, Fabio Martinelli, Antônio Goulart, Pedro Paulo Kohler, Marcelo Queiroz, Thilo Koch, Miguel D. Antar, Felipe Merker e tantos outros que me acompanharam em ensaios, concertos, grupos de estudo, seminários e disciplinas durante o mestrado. A David Borgo (UCSD) pelo apoio e incentivo antes e durante o período da pesquisa. A meus alunos particulares, que continuaram acreditando em mim e me acompanharam nesta etapa. A Magno Caliman, Alexandre Porres, Paulo Dantas, Taku Sugimoto e outros compositores que me responderam prontamente e com paciência tantas indagações sobre suas peças e trabalhos. À FAPESP, pelo apoio e suporte através da bolsa concedida, fundamental ao desenvolvimento da pesquisa. “Be not afeard – This isle is full of noises. ” William Shakeaspeare (Tempest). “Un poème n’est jamais fini, seulement abandonné.” Paul Valery, 1965 “All the utopias of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have, by realizing themselves, expelled the reality out of reality and left us in a hyper-reality devoid of sense, since all final perspective has been absorbed, leaving as a residue only a surface without depth. Could it be that technology is the only force today that connects the sparse fragments of the real? But what has become of the constellation of sense? And what about the constellation of the secret? ” Jean Baudrillard, 1997 RESUMO MARTINS, A. L. A guitarra elétrica na música experimental: composição, improvisação e novas tecnologias. 2015. 300 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Música) – Escola de Comunicação e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. O presente trabalho tem a intenção de, primeiramente, estudar a guitarra elétrica como interface de composição e improvisação através da utilização de novas tecnologias digitais na música experimental; em um segundo momento, propõe uma composição musical utilizando alguns aparatos tecnológicos acoplados à guitarra. Essas ferramentas foram escolhidas após um extensivo mapeamento individual e através de experimentações de suas potencialidades do processamento sonoro quando abordadas com o instrumento. O material composicional foi posteriormente construído a partir de observações e reflexões do autor sobre o uso do instrumento enquanto interface no diálogo com as novas tecnologias digitais presentes na computação móvel. O trabalho traz também o registro autoetnográfico do período de pesquisa de algumas das ferramentas digitais selecionadas quando em uso com a guitarra elétrica e o processo de composição e registro da peça proposta, além de sua posterior análise. Em sua conclusão, são apresentadas, portanto, as observações e reflexões desta interação do instrumento e suas novas formas de instrumenticidade quando acoplado ao computador. Palavras-chave: Guitarra elétrica. Música experimental. Composição musical. Improvisação. Novas tecnologias. ABSTRACT MARTINS, A. L. The electric guitar on experimental music: composition, improvisation and new technologies. 2015. 300 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Música) – Escola de Comunicação e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. This work intends to, first, study the electric guitar as composition and improvisation interface through the use of new technology in experimental music; in a second moment, proposes a composition using some technological devices attached to the electric guitar. These tools were chosen after an extensive mapping individual trial and through its sound processing capabilities when addressed with the instrument. The compositional material was subsequently constructed from observations and author's reflections on the use of the instrument as an interface in dialogue with the new technologies available in mobile computing. The work also brings an auto-ethnography record of the research period of a few digital tools selected when in use with the electric guitar and the writing process and recording of the piece proposed, and its subsequent analysis. In its conclusion, therefore presents the observations and reflections from this interaction of the instrument and its new forms of instrumentness when attached to the computer. Keywords: Electric guitar. Experimental music. Composition. Improvisation. New technologies. A guitarra elétrica na música experimental: composição, improvisação e novas tecnologias Aluno: André Lopes Martins Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rogério Luiz Moraes Costa Pós-Graduação em Música, Processos de Criação Musical Escola de Comunicação e Artes Universidade de São Paulo Setembro, 2015 Sumário 1 Introdução ................................................................................................ 17 1.1 Metodologia ................................................................................................ 27 2. A guitarra, sua natureza elétrica e a tecnologia musical ...................... 31 2.1 Breve descrição histórica ............................................................................ 36 2.1.1 Estágio #1: origem .............................................................. 38 2.1.2 Estágio #2: Feedback e a guitarra de corpo sólido ............ 40 2.1.3 Estágio #3: distorção, fuzz e efeitos sonoros ....................... 41 2.1.4 Estágio #4: softwares e aplicativos ..................................... 42 2.2 Ambiguidades, fetiches e tecnologia .......................................................... 44 2.3 Amplificação do instrumento ...................................................................... 48 2.3.1 Diferenças entre amplificadores valvulados e transistorizados ............................................................................. 49 a. Amplificadores Valvulados b. Amplificadores Transistorizados c. Amplificadores Híbridos 2.3.2 - Características da válvula utilizada em amplificadores de guitarra ......................................................... 52 a. Válvulas de pré-amplificador b. Válvulas de potência 2.3.3 - Classificação dos amplificadores ......................................... 53 a. Classe A b. Classe B c. Classe AB d. Outras classes 2.4 O registro sonoro da guitarra elétrica sem o uso de aparatos das novas tecnologias digitais ................................................................... 54 2.5 Sobre a sonoridade .................................................................... 56 2.6 Tecnologia musical ................................................................... 62 3. Ambiente de Experimentação .................................................................. 75 3.1 Música experimental ........................................................... 75 3.2
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