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Notes on Systematics of Salticidae (Arachnida, Aranei)

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Notes on Systematics of Salticidae (Arachnida, Aranei) POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK INSTYTUT ZOOLOGICZNY ANNALES ZOOLOGICI Tom XXVIII Warszawa, 25 II 1971 Nr 12 Jerzy P r ó s z y ń s k i Notes on systematiCs of Salticidae (Arachnida, Aranei). І - У І [With 51 figures in the text] I. Suggestion on more natural subdivision of theSalticidae family It is apparent that the present subdivision of the family Salticidae into subfamilies is highly artificial and unsatisfactory. It was invented by S im o n (1897) and subsequently modified by P etrtjnkevitch (1928, 1939) as a practical method of segregation of taxa in want of any better system. The disadvantages of the system were well understand by both Sim o n and P etrtjnkevitch as well as by any arachnologist concerned with the family Salticidae. But invention of any better classification system depends on revision of about 4000 species grouped into 400 genera and 23 subfamilies and such a revision exceeds possibi­ lities of any single arachnologist. It is a tedious task of finding out resemblances and common features of groups of species and genera, finding out differences between such “natural” groups. While we cannot accomplish a satisfactory new system of Salticidae yet, we can start at least a search for relationships and resemblances among genera and to prepare gradually the basis for further revision of the family. There is a general consent among arachnologists that the cheliceral denti­ tion is a poor taxonomic criterion in Salticidae. It is an arbitrary superficial character and quite variable to that (P r ó s z y ń s k i , 1968a, b), so it should be better given up entirely or its usage should at least be restricted. Unfortunately we do not know yet a character which can replace cheliceral dentition in clas­ sification of all 400 genera. There is, however, a case of some 48 genera containing at present about 300 species which could be quite easily excluded from the “cheliceral dentition” system. P 255. http://rcin.org.pl 228 J. Prószyński 2 The common feature of the 48 genera is their ant-like appearance and tra­ ditionally they have been called ant-like Salticidae or Salticidae formiciformes, as M. E. G a l ia n o used to call them. Following the cheliceral dentition criterion they are distributed at present among three major groups of subfamilies (P e - tkunkevitch , 1928, 1939; B o n n e t , 1959) and form 4 subfamilies or 10 groups of genera, and that in spite of some remarks of Sim o n (op. cit.) and P e t r t jn - k e v it c h (op. cit.) stressing striking resemblances between these subfamilies. As I met across several cases of unreliability of cheliceral dentition, I am ready to ask the question whether the structure of small teeth is more im­ portant than the whole set of characters drawn from the general structure of the whole body of a spider. Assuming a hypothesis that the cheliceral dentition is less important in that case, we may further assume that all ant-like Salticidae do form a natural group — a uniform subfamily, which according to no- menclatory rules should be called Synemosyninae B a n k s , 1892 — sensu novo. The type genus of the subfamily is Synemosyna H e n t z , 1846 and the type species of the genus — Synemosyna formica H e n t z , 1846. The words “ant-like” characterize the subfamily quite well. The main character is the visibility from above of the pedicel and the posterior margin of the céphalothorax, which in these spiders are not hidden beneath the anterior part of abdomen. This is due to the shape of the abdomen and may be linked with internal structure as well. There is also some kind of constriction on the céphalothorax and abdomen, more or less pronounced. Chelicerae in males are usually elongated but I am not certain if it is true in all cases, in any way that character is not an exclusive property of the subfamily. The structure of genital organs is not sufficiently known and do not allow any generalisation yet. To find out whether are there any features common for the whole subfamily in the proportions of the céphalothorax and the eye field, I have compared the below listed ratios calculated from the measurements scattered in the literature as well as from some measurements I made for the purpose. All together I have got these ratios for about one third of the total number of the ant-like Salti­ cidae species — a number certainly insufficient for drawing the final conclu­ sions, especially that number of specimens was rather very small, but allowing at least certain insight in the problem. The following ratios were calculated. 1. Eatio a — length of eye field in length of céphalothorax — the increas­ ing value of the ratio shows proportional lengthening of the eye field. 2. Eatio b — width of eye field [on level of eyes] I in width of eye field [on level of eyes] III. Value 1.00 of the ratio indicates that eye field forms a regular rectangle, other values indicate the trapezium-shaped eye field narrow­ ing either anteriorly (values smaller than 1.00) or posteriorly (values bigger than 1.00). 3. Eatio с — length of eye field in width of eye field [on level of eyes] I. Value 1.00 of the ratio indicates that eye field forms a regular square, other Pciakiuj Akademii JNtuJfc I BIBLIOTEKA I mm m him ■ Л i і*п http://rcin.org.pl 3 Notea on systematica of Salticidae 229 values indicate that the eye field is elongated either longitudinally (values bigger than 1.00) or transversally (values smaller than 1.00) in relation to the main body axis. 4. Eatio h — height of the céphalothorax (measured up to the uppermost point of the eye III) in length of céphalothorax — increasing value of this ratio indicates increasing height of the céphalothorax. Apart from my own measurements I benefited from the data given in a set of excelent papers of M. E. G a l ia n o (1963, 1964a, b, c, 1965, 1966a, b, 1967, 1969)1 and I have also inferred some proportions from drawings in B o e w e r (1965). The latter are gross approximations, but may be accepted for general comparison on assumption that the drawings were drawn with a help of some kind of an optical device (camera lucida, Abbe’s apparatus) and reflect therefore the real proportions of the specimens drawn by B o e w e r . Such an assumption permits to increase considerably the number of compared species and specimens. The results of the comparison of 136 specimens of ant-like Salticidae classified into 102 species and 20 genera are shown on enclosed diagrams (fig.l). It appears that there is no common character in proportions of the céphalothorax permitting to separate ant-like Salticidae from the rest of the family. The variation range for each ratio in all compared specimens is almost equal to the approximate range of the same ratio within the whole family (I estimate that range on the basis of a series of preliminary measurements in various Salticidae — un­ published data). The comparison indicates, however, that there are certain possibilities of separating the genera or groups of genera with help of these proportions. I speak about the possibilities and not about the actual separation because of shortage of the data which does not permit drawing of any firm conclusions. The number of specimens of each species is grossly insufficient and the number of species does not represent the whole genera. Therefore the real variation ranges may be different from those shown. Some ranges appear excesively wide (for instance ratio b in Synemosyna, Martella and Myrmarachne) and this may be either due to some measurement errors or to lumping together two or more different ge­ nera. To show how the properly studied variation range looks like I enclose, in the column 18 of the fig. 1, an example of the variation range in a statistically re­ presentative sample of one sex single species set of 53 specimens of a not ant- -like Salticid — ?? of Sitticus rupicola (C. L. Kocn). The variation range in such a sample is in several instances wider than similar range in whole genera as shown on fig. 1. That means that the range for these genera is very insuffi­ ciently known. It is therefore apparent that the drawing of final conclusions 1 There ia a certain difference in M. E. G a l i a n o ’s and mine methods of taking the measu- rementa of the length of eye field and height of céphalothorax explained in G a l i a n o (1963) and Prószyński (1968c). The resulting differences in values of ratios calculated from these measurements are so small that do not influence the general conclusions drawn from the comparison. http://rcin.org.pl 230 J. Prószyński 4 070л h igh 0,60- Ratio h 0,50- 0,40- 0,30- J ł - /OvV 0,20 - 7,50-1 narrowing ~ -" posteriorly--- - rln 7,40- 150- 1, 2 0 - Ratio b 1.10 parallelly 1, 00 - I -L 0,90- 0.80- _ narrowing an te rio rly long Ratio a 0,50- 0.30- - short 0.20 J 7.40-, narrow 1.30- RatioD r UV Q 0' _ C 1.00- square 0,90- 0,80- 070- 0,60- 0,50- broad о .ч о - http://rcin.org.pl 5 Notes on systematics of Salticidae 231 FiG.
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