Assessment of Groundwater Supply Option for Apatity Region

Geological Survey of Finland P 32.4/2007/73 Northern Finland Unit Rovaniemi 12.03.2007 Russian Academy of Sciences Mining Institute of the Kola Science Centre Apatity

Apatity Vodokanal Company Apatity

Assessment of groundwater supply option for Apatity region

FINAL REPORT

Jouni Pihlaja and Vladimir Konukhin (eds.)

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Abstract

Geological Survey of Finland and Russian partners implemented Apatity GW project near the city of Apatity during year 2006. The project was funded by The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and by the Russian partners.

According to the project schedule, the following tasks were implemented by the project partners during the year 2006:

1. Kick off meeting in Rovaniemi (Kola Science Center / Mining Institute + Apatity Vodokanal + Geological Survey of Finland) 2. Compilation of existing relevant data and selection of target areas (MIK + Vodokanal) 3. The assessment of the existing quality of drinking water in Apatity (MIK + Vodokanal) 4. Health assessment of the impact of drinking water taken from the surface sources for the inhabitants in Apatity area (MIK + Apatity Lab on professional diseases) 5. Finnish experience in using ground water sources for water supply (GTK) 6. GIS processing of the existing maps of selected areas agreed between the parties (GTK) 7. Training of Vodokanal experts in water monitoring, Apatity (GTK) 8. Geophysical field working (3-4 days) with soil and water sampling (GTK + MIK + Vodokanal experts) in Apatity 9. Water monitoring (GTK + Vodokanal) in Apatity 10. Laboratory analyses of ground water (GTK + Vodokanal) 11. Comparative assessment of the ground water supply versus the surface water option (MIK +GTK) 12. Conclusions from the field work results. Meeting in Rovaniemi (MIK +GTK) 13. Development of the guidelines for improvement of drinking water quality in the Apa- tity area (i.e. proving the necessity to build ground water supply facilities instead of taking water from the surface sources) (MIK + GTK) 14. Meeting with discussions of the results of investigations and of the guidelines involv- ing all the stakeholders concerned (MIK + GTK +Vodokanal) in Apatity 15. Final report

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Contents

Abstract

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 TASK DESCRIPTIONS 4 2.1 Kick-off Meeting in Rovaniemi 4 2.2 Compilation of existing relevant data and selection of target 4 2.2.1 Water supply of Apatity city 4 2.2.2 Selection of the deposit of subsurface water 4 2.3 The assessment of the existing quality of drinking water in Apatity 5 2.4 Health assessment of the impact of drinking water taken from the surface sources for the inhabitants in Apatity area 6 2.5 Finnish experience in using ground water sources for water supply 7 2.6 GIS processing of the existing maps of selected areas agreed between the parties 8 2.7 Training of Vodokanal experts in water monitoring 8 2.8 Geophysical field working with soil and water sampling in Apatity 8 2.9 Other tasks 9

3 RESULTS 9 3.1 Water supply of Apatity 9 3.1.1 Reagent treatment of water at the Apatity water treatment facility 12 3.1.2 Population and the main consumers of drinking water 19 3.1.3 Sources of water supply of Apatity and their assessment 19 3.2 Description of the ground water deposit “Malaya Belaya” 23 3.2.1 The knowledge of the ground water deposit “Malaya Belaya” 23 3.2.2 Geography 24 3.2.3 Climate 24 3.2.4 Hydrogeological description of the water intake area 24 3.2.5 Investigation of the quality of the ground water 34 3.2.6 GIS-based 3d-modelling of the study area 55 3.2.7 Reserves of ground water 61

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1 INTRODUCTION This report was compiled by project partners: GTK / Northern Finland Unit, Mining Institute of Kola Science Centre and Apatity Vodokanal Company. It includes some descriptions how the project tasks were implemented and the results of the project.

2 TASK DESCRIPTIONS

2.1 Kick-off Meeting in Rovaniemi The Kick-off Meeting of the Project was organized by the Northern Finland Office of Geological Survey of Finland in Rovaniemi on April 23-26, 2006.

The Deputy Director of the Mining Institute prof. А.А. Kozyrev and the Project Manager prof. V.P. Konukhin took part in the meeting on behalf of the Mining Institute.

During the Kick-off Meeting the main goals and tasks of the project were formulated as a final wording. There were set up responsibilities of both partners for every task of the project as well as the terms of implementation of field and laboratory investigations, analytical processing of the materials and preparation of the final report.

2.2 Compilation of existing relevant data and selection of target

2.2.1 Water supply of Apatity city At present it is the lake of Imandra, which is the source for water supply for Apatity. On the lakeshores several sources of man-induced impact are located: “Severonickel” metallurgical works, which is a branch of “Norilski Nikel” JSC and apatite-nepheline producing joint-stock company “Apatit”.

The water intake facilities in the Imandra lake are the property of the “Apatit” JSC, which takes water for both economic-communal use and for operational needs. Water is further taken via steel pipes 9 km long to the site of “Apatity Vodokanal”, where it is treated at the water treatment facility (WTF) of Apatity. The account is taken of the water consumed from the “Apatit” JSC pipelines, using an ultrasound flowmeter “Vzliot”.

2.2.2 Selection of the deposit of subsurface water When studying the situation in water supply of Apatity an emphasis was made on possible options of Apatity water supply system.

This is, first of all, connected with the introduction in Russia of new hygienic requirements to the drinking water quality of the centralized systems of water supply according to “Sanitary Regula- tions and Norms” (SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01), the requirements to water quality of water supply

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sources have, also, been changed. One of the main principles of the new SanPiN is limitations of the total harmful substances concentrations ratio identified in the water of the source against maximal permissible concentrations of these substances, which make part of one limiting nui- sance indication. Due to this, there is a need in a water source, where the water could have dra- matically less content of harmful substances. The ground water meets all these requirements. The ground water sources undergo to the man-induced impact very little containing, as a rule, very low concentrations of harmful ingredients and are corrosion-inactive.

The experts of the Mining Institute have collected and analyzed the geological-geophysical and hydrogeological data available from the geological archive of the region on the most promising deposit of ground water near Apatity – Malaya Belaya river, where preliminary investigations had been carried out during the previous years. The Malaya Belaya ground water deposit is located in the intramountain valley, composed of quaternary glacier and water-glacier sediments.

2.3 The assessment of the existing quality of drinking water in Apatity The main source of water for Apatity - Imandra lake - is typical to have a high level of man- induced pollution.

Table 3.3.1 presents the data on water quality in the lake of Imandra as of 2005, whereas table 3.3.2 provides the data on the quality of the drinking water in Apatity as of 2006.

The data on the quality of the drinking water in Apatity, published by different authors are very interesting, in particular by L. K. Sokolova, the president of the Kola regional organization “For the safety of drinking water and food”.

As stated by L. K. Sokolova no dioxin was found in the water of the Imandra lake.

The investigations implemented by the Institute of Toxicology have, however, revealed some products of water chlorination: carbon tetrachloride (4.5 MPC) and chloroform (0.5 MPC). Car- bon tetrachloride is a most hazardous pollutant. It is, however, not permanently present in Apa- tity water.

The color, turbidity, odour and taste, Apatity water meets the GOST (National Standards Sys- tem) requirements as well as with regard to its bacteriological, virologic and parasitologic. By the content of radioactive elements (total volumetric alpha- and beta-activity) Apatity water meets respective regulations.

A number of water characteristics are, nevertheless, not safe.

An integrated index of the 1-st and 2-nd category toxic substances content exceeds 1.6 times the regulation provided by SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96.

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By its salinity the water is low mineralized. Total content of salts is 30% lower than the minimum required level (MNU). Calcium content is 5.5 times below MNU. Magnesium content is 4 times below MNU. The hardness is 4 times below MNU. Alkalinity is 1.6 times lower than MNU. Fluorine concentration is 6 times lower the optimum one for the 2-nd climatic zone.

2.4 Health assessment of the impact of drinking water taken from the surface sources for the inhabitants in Apatity area The fact that our health depends to a great extent on the quality of the drinking water becomes more and more obvious. The negative attitude of Apatity residents to the drinking water is ex- plained by the fact that water is taken from the lake of Imandra, tails to which are dumped by “Apatit” JSC, which can cause cholelithic and nephrolithic pathologies and even cancer. The real situation is, however, not known, because to answer the question about the interrelation between the morbidity and the quality of drinking water it is necessary to carry out deeper investigations of the entire range of safety indices, which are not possible due to bad financial situation in Apa- tity.

The Kola regional organization “For the safety of drinking water and food” had set a task of checking the water from the basic sources of the centralized and non-centralized drinking water supply of the Murmansk region versus all safety indices regulated by the Russian and interna- tional standards, while in cases, when there are grounds to suggest a possibility of dioxin contamination, it should be checked for dioxins, too. To handle the task they started with Apatity tap water.

Investigation for dioxins was carried out at the lab of the Institute of Toxicology of the RF Min- istry of Health (Saint-Petersburg). The investigation of water for compliance with normative documents of the Russian Federation (including SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96) and recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) was carried out at the laboratory of water supply of the Institute of Eecology of Human and Environment Hygiene, named after A.N.Syssin of the Rus- sian Academy of Medical Sciences (Moscow).

The impact of the tap water in Apatity on its residents health can be studied based on the investigations made. As mentioned above, the Institute of Toxicology had identified some products of water chlorination: carbon tetrachloride (4.5 MPC) and chloroform (1.7 of “older” MPC and 0.5 of the “new” one). Carbon tetrachloride is rather a dangerous contaminant, causing kidneys and liver affection and provoking cancer diseases.

Unfavourable impact of the low content of hardness salts and fluorine results in higher risk of developing bone pathology, cardiovascular diseases and teeth caries. In case of lack of calcium in the water there increases the severity of the clinical course of diseases and the number of le- thal cases of CVM – cardiovascular morbidity (hypertension, coronary and ischemic heart dis- ease, stroke), as well as the severity of rachitis and the risk of the following diseases: osteomala- cia, disorder of the functional state of the cardiac muscle and processes of blood coagulation. In case of lack of magnesium there increases the risk of infants deaths, as well as the clinical course of diseases and the number of unfavourable results of the CVM, the risk of manifestation of neu-

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romuscular and psychiatric symptoms, tachycardia and fibrillation of cardiac muscle, hypomag- nesemia..

An integrated assessment of the chemical composition based on bio testing data did not reveal any negative impact on the hydrobionts of the lower and medium trophic level (infusoria, daph- nia). However, the investigation by integral indices of the contamination with chemical substances having remote effects (a test for total mutagenic activity) has shown the most annoying results: in all three samples made at different times a significant mutagenic effect was identified - up to a strong one. Mutation is a change in the DNA composition, which results in the change of hereditary properties. Mutations in somatic cells can result in cancer.

2.5 Finnish experience in using ground water sources for water supply In order to share the Finland’s experience in the field of urban water supply from underground sources the Mining institute and “Apatity Vodokanal” held a seminar on July 4-6, 2006, which involved a large number of specialists and public of Apatity (Fig. 1). The Finnish experts delivered their presentations during the seminar on the topic under consideration, where a large amount of illustrative material was present. A discussion was held, during which an open exchange of views took place pertaining to the considered problem and an assessment of the possibility of using the Finnish experience in the Kola Peninsula was given.

The managers and specialists of “Apatity Vodokanal” expressed their gratitude for business recommendations of the Finnish experts.

Fig. 1. Seminar "Finnish experience in using ground water sources for water supply".

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2.6 GIS processing of the existing maps of selected areas agreed between the parties The data will be provided in the final report on the project, after they have been processed by Finnish specialists.

Some digital map products have also been bought from AffectoGenimap. All the geological data available from the field working area has been digitized in GTK. It will be used as background data, when visualizing the project results.

2.7 Training of Vodokanal experts in water monitoring The training of Apatity Vodokanal experts by Finnish specialists in the field of water monitoring was carried out during July 4-6, 2006.

2.8 Geophysical field working with soil and water sampling in Apatity Prior to start the operations, the experts of the Mining Institute collected the geological- geophysical and hydrogeological data available in the geological archive and pertaining to the ground water deposit. There was processed a number of geological and hydrogeological reports, copies of maps and cross-sections were made, the data were collected on quaternary sediments, aquiferous strata and cross-sections of the deposit, on the depth of occurrence of rocks surface below the sand-pebble sediments, on the composition and quality of the ground water. The data on the deposit can be found in the reports kept at the geological archives of Apatity. Some of the basic ones are: • Leonov S.N. Report “Prospecting for the ground water for Apatity (Murmansk region) water supply, carried out in 1976-1978”, 1978. • Melikhova G.S. Report “On the results of exploration, preliminary and detailed prospecting of the ground water for water supply of Apatity within the area of the Malaya Belaya river (incl. The estimation of reserves as of 01.06.1994) for 1988 – 1994”, 1994.

To be able to locate efficiently the planned field works on the terrain, an analysis of topography maps, roads and paths in the area of works and beyond was implemented. There were collected data about the location and topography of hydrogeological boreholes within the investigated area.

On 04-06.07.2006, together with the Finnish experts from GTK field geophysical investigations were carried out, which involved using a georadar for investigation of the cross-section of loose sediments, containing aquiferous strata (Fig. 2).

The processing of the data obtained in the field conditions was done in July-August at the GTK Northern Finland Unit (Rovaniemi).

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Fig. 2. Geophysical field working session 4.7.2006.

Finnish and Russian experts took water samples from observation boreholes and the river, from a brook – a tributary of the river and from a spring on the river bank, after which the samples were delivered to the Test Center of Water Quality in “Apatity Vodokanal” and to the Analytical department of the Mining Institute KSC AS. The complete analysis of 16 water samples for ingredients of the Test Center of Water Quality terms of reference was done during July-August. Be- sides, there was identified the content of metals in the samples using the method of atomic- absorption spectrometry. At the same time, water samples were tested at GTK labs in July-August.

2.9 Other tasks The tasks 9-16 were used for the preparing of the final report. Before the final meeting in Apatity 20-22.11.2006 there was organized a workshop-meeting in Rovaniemi 4-6.10.2006 in which the field work results were discussed in detail.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Water supply of Apatity The State Unitary Enterprise (SUE) “Apatityvodokanal” provides drinking water to consumers in Apatity.

Currently, the water supply source for the city of Apatity is the Imandra lake, on shores of which several source of man-induced impact are located. These are “Norilsk Nickel” JSC – “Seve- ronickel” smelter, and JSC “Apatit”.

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Fig. 3. Apatity water treatment facility.

The water intake on the Imandra lake belongs to “Apatit” JSC, which takes water for both domestic and industrial use. Further the water is conveyed by steel pipe-lines 9 km long to the site of SUE “Apatityvodokanal” facility, where it is treated at the water treatment facility (WTF) of Apatity. The water consumption rate from the “Apatit” JSC pipe-lines is registered using an ultrasound flow meter “Vzliot”.

The water preparation unit at the site of the pump station of the second lifting includes: • Water treatment facility (Fig 3.) • Filtration room • Reagent facility (lining point and ammonization point) • Air-blasts room • Washing water pump station • Washing water tank • Two tanks for clean water 10,000 m3 each

The designed capacity is 80,000 m3/day (24 hours), the actual capacity varies from 35,000 to 42,000 m3/day (24 hours) (depending on the season). A fragment of water treatment flowsheet is shown in Fig. 4.

The experts of the Mining Institute and «Apatityvodokanal» have prepared a detailed description of the water supply system of Apatity, which will be enclosed in the final report of the project.

In the filtering room of WTF there are 10 quick filters with granular bed 41.5 m2 each. At the arrival of the source water to the WTF of Apatity the lime milk (for water correction) and solu

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Fig. 4. A fragment of the water treatment process. tion of ammonium sulphate (for binding active chlorine) are fed into it. After that, the primary chlorination is performed and the water is conveyed to filters for treatment. After filtration, secondary chlorination is performed and the water is accumulated in clean water tanks (CWT). The reagent treatment control is carried out using automated mechanisms.

The reagents facility includes a liming unit and an ammonization unit. The liming unit consists of 2 hydromixers for lime milk, 2 pumps of the operating solution circulation and 2 dosing pumps. Control of the lime dosing is carried out by the control-measuring module of alkaline reagent automated dosing (CMM ARAD). The ammonization unit consists of 2 tanks of operating solution and 2 dosing pumps. Control of ammonium sulphate dosing is carried out using a flow meter of purchased water and a variable-frequency drive (VFD), which alters the frequency of electric current fed to the drive of the dosing pump, depending on the flow rate of the incom- ing water.

In the air-blasts room there is the equipment necessary for the washing of quick filters and stir- ring of the operating solution of ammonium sulphate.

The pumping station and the washing water tank are dedicated to washing of the quick filters. The layout of water treatment at the WTF of Apatity is presented in Fig. 5.

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Fig. 5. The layout of the water treatment of Apatity.

3.1.1 Reagent treatment of water at the Apatity water treatment facility

Liming Water stability is one of its quality indices. The water discoloured and purified at the water treatment facilities can not be considered satisfactory in quality, if it acquires some coloration or leaves sediment after having passed via the piping system. The damage to the water is not stable due to high content of dissolved oxygen and free carbonic acid in it as well as to the high of permanganate oxidability. The correction treatment of water at the negative stability index consists in its liming or filtering through marble aggregate.

Lime or soda is used as alkalizing reagents. The feed of reagents is allowed prior to filtering, if it does not deteriorate the technological process of water treatment nor reduces its correction efficiency. The technology of lime solution preparation is enough complicated, however, the adopted technical know-how allows to reduce the circulation cycle to the pump-hydromixer- pump pattern (since the slaked lime used, does not contain any admixtures). The circulation is provided by pumps CM150-125-315, one pump for each mixer, the efficiency of which enables a 5-fold exchange of the mixer during an hour.

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Table 1. The content of Fe at different sampling points

Date Intake point Content of Fe, mg/l 2002 2003 03.06 Pump station of II lifting 0,08 0,17 “Isovella” preventorium 0,42 0,36 10.06 Pump station of II lifting 0,09 0,09 Town outpatient department 0,21 0,33 17.06 Pump station of II lifting 0,09 0,08 Town outpatient department 0,14 0,35 24.06 Pump station of II lifting 0,05 0,07 Secondary school N14 0,36 0,4 28.06 Pump station of II lifting 0,05 0,08 Pump station of III lifting 0,16 0,22 01.07 Pump station of II lifting 0,08 0,07 AKVD outpatient department 0,28 0,32 08.07 Pump station of II lifting 0,04 0,08 Secondary school N2 0,34 0,18 15.07 Pump station of II lifting 0,11 0,08 Town outpatient department 0,14 0,27 22.07 Pump station of II lifting 0,06 0,09 “Druzhba” store 0,22 0,28 29.07 Pump station of II lifting 0,06 0,1 Day-nursery-kindergarten N56 0,5 0,17 01.08 Pump station of II lifting 0,07 0,08 “Yunost” store 0,19 0,18 08.08 Pump station of II lifting 0,07 0,09 Town outpatient department 0,24 0,18 15.08 Pump station of II lifting 0,06 0,08 Kindergarten №72 0,29 0,22 22.08 Pump station of II lifting 0,06 0,08 Kindergarten №7 0,27 0,18

The operating lime solution is collected directly from the circulation system (from the suction main and is conveyed to the place of feeding by dosing pumps). Their efficiency is adjusted by the control-measuring module of alkaline reagent automated dosing (CMM ARAD). The рН

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level of the treated water is a controlled index. The operator observes the liming process on a PC monitor, where the main parameters of the flowsheet are presented in the form of diagrams. The point of control consists of the following: the pH level of the treated water is tracked automatically (at that, a decision to alter the mode of dosing pump operation is made based on analyses results, which are performed every 0,1 sec and are corrected every 3 min) and via the VFD, by modifying the electric current frequency, fed to the pump drive, the flow rate of the operating solution is automatically changed, while the latter is then introduced into the source water, then the pH level is analyzed again, i.e. the control cycle is closed. Table 1 presents the content of Fe at different sampling points.

On the screen of the dispatcher’s PC monitor the liming process can be observed in the real-time mode, Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. The process of liming as seen by the operator on the monitor screen.

Water ammonization Based on the analysis of the quality of drinking water, supplied to the consumers in Apatity city, performed by the Apatity sanitary and epidemiological control central laboratory during the last three years and periodic laboratory tests, carried out by “Apatityvodokanal” SUE water quality testing centre, there has been observed a stable tendency towards the deterioration of the drinking water quality by its microbiological and chemical indices. In summer periods the deviations of water quality by indicator indices of the pollution with gut organisms are registered. At that, the quality of drinking water at the outlet of the water-supply treatment facilities of Apatity (WTF of Apatity) before it is fed into the distribution network is satisfactory and almost no deviations are registered either. This fact is a proof of the development of bacteria life in the pipes of the water-supply system (in particular, iron bacteria, causing the pipes silting). In other words, secondary pollution is introduced into pipe-lines.

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The basic reason of this process was the drinking water being held for a long time in tanks and conduits during transportation before supplying it to consumers. In fact, a situation like this has been developed due to significant decrease of the volume of water, supplied to consumers in the recent years (up to 60% of the designed volume). The real water velocity in the mains used to constitute (and still does) 0.25-0.13 m/sec depending on the time of day. According to the performed calculations, the minimum time the drinking water stays in structures and conduits is 10 hours, 14 hours on average.

According to laboratory tests, the content of residual chlorine in water prior to its supply into the water-supply system is 0.3-0.5 mg/l, whereas no chlorine is found in the distribution network. If the dose of residual chlorine in the drinking water is increased, the content of chloroform increases as well, exceeding the permissible standards, at that, the “closest” consumers (i.e. those living at a short distance from the WTF of Apatity) complain of deteriorating organoleptic indices (in particular, the odour).

Thus, there is no barrier to the development of bacteria in the pipe-lines under the current technology of water treatment.

Based on the above and the requirements of cl. 6.165 Construction norms and specifications (SNiP) 2.04.02-84* “Water supply-outside networks and structures”, “Apatityvodokanal” SUE has found it necessary to introduce ammonization into the flowsheet of water preparation.

As a result of ammonium sulphate introduction during the subsequent chlorination there are formed chloramines, which have a slower reaction velocity, compared to chlorine, which allows to affect with a disinfectant reagent the remote sections of the distribution system, without increasing the dose of chlorine. Also, thanks to the longer effect of chloramines it becomes possible to reduce the chlorine dose, thus, decreasing the content of chlorine organics (in particular, chloroform) in the drinking water supplied to consumers. The change of chemical and bacteriological indices is presented in Table 2.

Thus, the process of the drinking water ammonization has provided: • an efficient binding of the free residual chlorine, keeping its content within the regu lated scope for a longer presence of water in the distribution network; • a stable quality of the drinking water within the distribution network by microbe ological indices; • a decrease of chloroform content in the drinking water (currently the concentration of chloroform is maximum and reaches 0.18-0.19 mg/l); • a decrease of corrosive activity; • an improvement of organoleptic properties.

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Table 2. The change of chemical and bacteriological indices

Chemical indices Bacteriological indices Date Place of intake Free chlorine Bound chlorine 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 29.08.03 Pump station of II lifting 0,52 0,39 0,09 0,02 No growth 3 colonies Pump station of II lifting 0,78 0,17 0,07 0,31 No growth 2 colonies 02.09.03 Town outpatient depart- 0,0 0,05 0,0 0,19 >100 colo- 24 colo- ment nies nies Pump station of II lifting 0,9 0,2 0,03 0,56 No growth No 03.09.03 growth Kindergarten N 50 0,0 0,07 0,0 0,34 >100 colo- No nies growth

Positive experience of other waterworks in the cities of Uglich, Tutayev (Yaroslavl region), Ekaterinburg was taken into consideration, as the need in ammonization was decided upon.

To reduce the costs a decision was made to put into operation the coagulation department of the reagent facility of the WTF in Apatity, while applying ammonium sulphate instead of the designed Fe sulphate. As a result the replacement of pumping equipment (dosing pumps ND 2.5/630/6 were applied) and an electromagnetic flow meter of the operational solution was in- stalled. A variable-frequency drive was fitted to the electric motor of the pump and connected to its source water flow meter for automated adjustment of dosage of the ammonium sulphate solution.

After being prepared to the level of compliance with corresponding requirements for drinking water quality, the water is conveyed into clean water tanks, which are used at the same time as accumulator tanks and regulating reservoirs. The water consumption depends very much on the time of the day, so, if it was not for the accumulator tanks, the flow rate of water, passing via the WTF, would be equal to that of the water supplied to consumers by pump stations of II lifting, which would have a negative impact on the quality of water treatment by quick filters and on water chlorination – given the changed flow rate, the dose of chlorine would always have to be adjusted. Currently the water flow rate at the WTF is a constant value and amounts to about 1600 m3/hour, though the flow rate at the pump station of II lifting varies from 900 m3/hour to 1900 m3/hour.

The pump station II lifting provides the pre-set water head within the distribution network and the needed flow rate. As specified above, the consumed flow rate varies and, as a result, the water head in the network changes. Earlier, to provide the minimum required water head in the network “Apatityvodokanal” had to maintain an increased water head at the pump station of II lifting, which resulted in the increased consumption of electric power, higher emergency rate at pipe-lines and water leakage. Recently, due to the variable-frequency drive, fitted to one of the

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electric motors, the water head at the outlet of the pump station is constant, while its value varies according to the pre-set conditions, depending on the time of the day.

Fig. 7. Condition of the infrastructure units in operation on the operators monitor.

Technological processes of water supply and drainage systems are controlled via remote control facilities by the operator, who has on his monitor screen all the information concerning the operation and condition of the infrastructure units (Fig. 7). Using this symbolic circuit the operator controls the main indices of structures functioning and the condition of the facilities at the site of the pump station of II lifting, as well as the functioning and safety of the pump station of III lifting and sewage pump stations NN1-8. The window representing the condition of processes and units of all structures at the site of II lifting pump station is presented in Fig. 8. The operator also controls the process of water chlorination (Fig. 9).

The distribution water supply network comprises over 90 km of piping with inner diameter varying from 50 to 1,000 mm. The distribution network is divided into two zones: the zone of influence of the pump station of II lifting and the zone of influence of the pump station of III lifting.

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Fig. 8. Condition of processes and units of all structures at the site of II lifting pump station.

The pump station of III lifting is dedicated to provide the water head in the upper part of the city; its operation allows decreasing the water head to the minimum possible level, provided by the pump station of II lifting, which is economically efficient.

Fig. 9. The monitoring of the water chlorination process by the operator.

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The pipes are made of steel and cast iron, although recently the enterprise started using more pipes made of low pressure polyethylene, which make it possible to reduce the secondary pollution of water with metal corrosion products and silting of the inner cross-section.

3.1.2 Population and the main consumers of drinking water The population of Apatity is 64 th. people. “Apatityvodokanal” SUE concluded about 350 con- tracts for water supply with various consumers in Apatity. The main consumers of the drinking water are Apatity thermal power plant (TPP) (about 450 th.m3/month) and the inhabitants of the city (about 300 th.m3/month). Apatity TPP uses drinking water as heat carrying liquid in the system of heat supply of the city, while using it at the same time for hot water supply by the flowsheet with open water intake. The mean actual norm of cold water consumption for population is about 170 l/(man*day).

3.1.3 Sources of water supply of Apatity and their assessment Currently, the main and the only water source for domestic and drinking supply in Apatity is a surface water source of the Imandra lake, the water quality in which is subject to a strong man- induced impact. For this water increased aggressive properties towards metal pipes due to increased content of carbon oxide (СО2) and the dissolved oxygen (О2) are typical.

The water in the Imandra lake meets the requirements of Sanitary Norms and Regulations (San- PiN) by organoleptic indices, by the content of harmful admixtures: copper, zinc, arsenic, manganese – there are no reliable data concerning the others. The water is characterized by the low content of nitrogen forms (ammonium nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates), by the low total mineralization – the solid residue is 75 – 90 mg/l, and the total hardness - about 0.3 mg-eqv/l (Tables 3, 4). The two latter factors stipulate high concentrations of the dissolved oxygen 11 - 12.5 mg/l and free carbonic acid 2.6 - 2.9 mg/l, which is the reason of high corrosive activity of the water, resulting in secondary pollution in the pipe-lines (Table 5).

7,2 3,7 1896 1600 The quality of the water during long-term observations (~20 years) remains unchanged (within the accuracy of analysis).

At present, there are two possible ways of improving the drinking water quality in the networks of centralized water supply: switching the centralized water supply network of Apatity to the underground source of “Malaya Belaya” river; improvement of water quality from the current surface source of water supply “Imandra lake”.

A system of measures on the improvement of the tap water quality from the currently used water source “Imandra lake” and the Project of switching to a new underground source of water supply “Malaya Belaya” differ in costs.

To change to the underground water supply, Apatity would need to spend a larger amount of lump-sum funds, than needed for measures dedicated to improve the water supply system from

Apatity GW - Final Report 20

the surface water source “Imandra lake”. On the whole, the improvement of quality of the tap water from the surface source would require financing exceeding the costs required for the Pro- ject of transition to the ground water supply.

The results of comparative analysis of two options of centralized water supply have demonstrated that: one of the regional natural peculiarity proper to Imandra lake water is its low mineralization (solid residue of 75-90 mg/l, total hardness of about 0.3 mg-equ/l), which stipulates high concentration of dissolved oxygen 11-12.5 mg/l and free carbonic acid 2.6-2.9 mg/l and is the reason of high corrosive activity of the water, resulting in secondary pollution of the pipe-lines. The “ultra- softness” of the Imandra lake water can only be overcome as a result of replacement of the pipe- lines materials or introduction of modern systems of water treatment. A solution of the problem is the replacement of the pipes of the internal networks by the polypropylene ones; the water source “Imandra lake” does not meet the requirements of the first category, the currently used traditional water treatment techniques are designed for: coagulation, settling, sand filtration, disinfection of water with chlorine, as it belongs to water reservoirs with a high level of the man-induced contamination.

The lake is used as a recipient of waste water by the industrial companies, housing and communal services. The main polluters of Imandra lake (“Apatit” JSC, “Severonickel” JSC, “Apatity- vodokanal” SUE, “Monchegorsk vodokanal”) in the long-term till 2015 will not reduce the amount of their dumped waste water. According to the Programme of social-economic development of the Murmansk region for the period until 2010 they are supposed to spend over 76 mln. rbl. for the implementation of water protective measures, including the reconstruction of the water treatment plant in Apatity – 0.9 mln. rbl., for the reconstruction of the treatment facilities in Apatity – 17.5 mln. rbl., for the construction of hydraulic structures to use the rain storm water from the industrial site of ANOF-2 concentrating plant in order to use it in technical needs – 6,8 mln. rbl.

At the best, by 2010 the level of content of chemical elements of man-induced origin in the water of the Imandra lake will not have increased. In the future until 2010 the quality of water arriving to the water treatment facilities of “Apatityvodokanal” SUE will not be improving. The water from the Imandra lake water intake will still require a development of new advanced techniques to be applied in the water-supply and sewage network of the city.

Even if one does not take into consideration the continuously increasing biological component (sewage water), it is obvious, that traditional techniques of water treatment, applied by “Apatity- vodokanal” SUE can not serve a sufficient barrier and need significant modernization.

Apatity GW - Final Report 21

Table 3. Chemical analysis of lake Imandra water in 2005.

Data on water quality from Imandra lake water source as of 2005

Unit of Norm by Yearly Ingredient measurement SanPiN January February March April May June July AugustSeptembeOctober November December mean

concentr Temperature Degree 0 С 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 5.5 Colour Degrees 20-35 6.6 8.44 9.47 6.5 8.0 7.18 6.34 6.01 5.24 10.0 8.70 7.40 7.49 Turbidity mg/dm3 1.5 0.83 0.2 0.87 0.8 1.1 1.44 1.13 1.28 0.65 0.76 1.33 0.53 0.91 Hedrogen index PH unit 6,0-9,0 7.29 7.33 7.19 6.92 7.24 7.55 7.53 7.53 7.50 7.51 7.40 7.37 7.36 Total hardness mmole/dm3 >1,5-<7,0 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.31 0.42 0.42 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.34 Calcium mg/dm3 >30-<140 5.80 4.80 5.40 4.40 5.00 5.60 4.60 4.80 4.40 5.00 0.50 4.40 4.56 Alkalinity mmole/dm3 >0,5-<6,5 0.75 0.5 0.62 0.60 0.7 0.8 0.70 0.47 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.62 Total mineralization mg/dm 3 1000 70.6 73 73.4 72.9 74.8 64.9 64.7 65 64.8 63.4 64.0 64.1 68.0 Surfactants, anionactive mg/dm3 0.5 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 Oil products mg/dm3 0.1 0.01 0.018 0.012 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.012 0.005 0.005 0.009 Phenols mg/dm3 0.001 <0,0005 <0,0005 0.0007 <0,0005 <0,0005 0.0006 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 0.0009 <0,0005 <0,0005 0.0004 Free carbonic acid mg/dm3 2.76 4.58 5.22 8.14 4.58 3.70 3.6 3.25 2.94 3.96 4.40 3.17 4.19 Permanganate oxidability mg О/dm 3 5.0 4.00 2.72 2.40 2.58 2.32 2.62 2.76 2.42 2.28 3.17 2.80 2.10 2.68 BOD mg О/dm 3 0.96 1.14 0.98 1.10 1.17 0.94 1.31 1.25 1.25 1.12 0.96 1.00 1.10 Dissolved oxygen mg О/dm 3 12.70 11.85 12.08 10.48 11.82 10.38 8.43 9.21 10.15 11.3 10.8 12.40 10.97 Chlorides (Cl) mg/dm 3 350 4.50 3.82 4.69 5.10 5.61 5.32 5.45 4.96 4.41 4.07 3.92 4.33 4.68 2- 3 Sulfates (SO4 ) mg/dm 500 24.57 35.59 36.29 41.0 24.77 25.06 20.0 24.91 16.70 20.0 19.5 20.5 25.74 + 3 Am m onium s alt (NH 4 ) mg/dm 1.93 0.12 0.053 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.28 0.17 0.15 0.13 - 3 Nitrites (NO2 ) mg/dm 3.3 0.007 0.008 0.004 0.003 <0,003 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.01 0.084 0.006 0.012 - 3 Nitrates (NO3 ) mg/dm 45.0 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 0.44 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 0.57 <0,44 0.27 Fluorides ( F-) mg/dm3 1.5 0.47 0.36 0.35 0.69 0.47 0.27 0.34 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.42 0.32 0.39 Iron ( Fe , totally ) mg/dm 3 0.3 0.1 0.11 0.09 0.18 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.18 0.37 0.11 0.138 Alum inium (Al 3+) mg/dm3 0,2(0,5) 0.04 0.012 <0,01 0.01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 3- 3 Orthophosphates (PO4 ) mg/dm 3.5 <0,01 <0,01 0.02 0.015 <0,01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.07 <0,01 0.02 0.02 0.019 3- 3 Polyphosphates (PO4 ) mg/dm 3.5 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 Marganese (Mn , totally) mg/dm 3 0.1 0.013 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 0.006 Chlorine demand mg/dm3 0.56 0.51 0.5 0.61 0.56 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.56 0.51 0.57 0.57 Boron (B, totally) mg/dm 3 0.5 <0,05 <0,05

Apatity GW - Final Report 22

Table 4. Chemical analysis of the water in Apatity, 2006.

Tap water quality in Apatity, 2006

Pump station II elevation Water supply network Unit of Norm by Average № Ingredient m easureme n SanPiN January February March April May June July August 8 month June July August

1. Temperature Degree 0 С 1.0 2.0 1.5 4.5 4.5 6.0 15.0 14.0 6.1 11.0 22.0 18.0 2. Colour Degrees 20-35 5.2 5.38 5.85 6.26 7.17 7.07 4.81 5.33 5.88 8.09 9.01 5.84 3. Turbidity mg/dm3 1.50 0.30 0.23 0.17 0.17 0.49 0.72 0.40 0.43 0.36 0.75 1.22 0.45 4. Hedrogen index PH unit 6,0-9,0 7.17 8.88 8.64 8.84 8.67 8.42 8.64 8.45 8.46 8.86 8.84 9.06 5. Total hardness mmole/dm3 1,5-7,0 0.36 0.49 0.41 0.46 0.5 0.44 0.40 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.40 0.45 6. Calcium mg/dm3 30-140 5.00 8.00 7.00 7.20 6.80 6.00 7.00 7.00 6.75 6.00 6.00 7.00 7. Alkalinity mmole/dm3 0,5-6,5 0.50 0.80 0.90 0.73 0.50 0.49 0.76 0.70 0.67 0.49 0.73 0.69 8. Total mineralization mg/dm3 1000 59.2 72.1 77.8 78.4 71.7 72.4 65.2 70.3 70.9 70.9 64.8 70.6 9. Surfactants,anionactive mg/dm 3 0.5 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 <0,025 10. Oil products mg/dm 3 0.1 0.014 <0,005 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.008 <0,005 0.010 11. Phenols mg/dm 3 0.001 0.001 0.0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 <0,0005 12. Free carbonic acid mg/dm 3 4.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.96 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 13. Permanganate oxidab ility mg О/dm3 5.0 2.29 2.00 2.23 2.07 2.07 2.53 2.86 1.92 2.25 2.48 3.10 1.76 14. Dissolved oxygen mg О/dm3 20.4 20.80 25.6 22.47 20.16 12.25 13.00 11.99 18.33 15. Chlorides (Cl) mg/dm 3 350 5.41 5.92 6.86 6.30 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.06 5.95 6.30 6.00 2- 3 16. Sulfates (SO 4 ) mg/dm 500 20.4 20.80 25.6 22.47 20.16 19.79 21.30 18.72 21.16 8.48 18.90 17.61 + 3 17. Ammonium salt (NH 4 ) mg/dm 2.42 0.20 0.12 0.01 0.16 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.12 - 3 18. Nitrites (NO 2 ) mg/dm 3.3 <0,003 <0,003 <0,003 <0,003 0.004 <0,003 0.003 <0,003 <0,003 0.006 0.003 - 3 19. Nitrates (NO 3 ) mg/dm 45.0 0.67 0.64 0.73 0.58 0.83 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 <0,44 20. Fluorides ( F -) mg/dm 3 1.50 0.20 0.25 0.17 0.31 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.29 0.24 21. Iron ( Fe, totally ) mg/dm 3 0.3 0.09 0.08 0.11 <0,05 <0,05 0.09 0.06 <0,05 0.16 0.41 <0,05 22. Aluminium (Al 3+) mg/dm 3 0,2(0,5) <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 0.01 <0,01 3- 3 23. Orthophosphates (PO 4 ) mg/dm 3.5 0.020 0.020 0.030 <0,010 0.012 0.018 0.020 0.017 0.016 0.030 0.013 3- 3 24. Polyphosphates (PO 4 ) mg/dm 3.5 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 25. Chloroform mg/dm 3 0.2 0.141 0.132 0.129 0.116 0.126 0.117 0.104 26. Marganese (Mn , totally) mg/dm 3 0.1 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 <0,01 0.01 <0,01 0.036 0.030 <0,010 27. Nickel (Ni, totally) mg/dm 3 0.1 0.009 28. Boron (B, totally) mg/dm 3 0.5 <0,05

Note: 1) < 0,025 means: ingredient content below the limit according to the analysis applied; 2) no results mean: no measurements available Apatity GW - Final Report 23

Table 5. Data on secondary pollution.

Index of qual- Sampling point ity Imandra P.station Kozlov Stroiteley street Festivalnaya street lake II lifting street Conduit Internal Conduit Internal Conduit networks networks Suspended solids 0,4 0,6 0,75 0,95 1,45 4,9 5,4 Colour of wa- 8,8 4,8 5,4 11,2 14,2 17,6 27,8 ter Turbidity 0,26 0,26 0,48 0,38 0,58 0,92 5,54 Iron 0,035 0,035 0,08 0,27 0,43 1,08 1,2

The water from the surface source belongs to the category of severely aggressive water due to the increased content of free (aggressive) carbonic acid and dissolved oxygen. The interaction of water with the material of pipe-lines: cast iron and steel, results in the deterioration of quality characteristics of the tap water, provided to the consumers, which are, mainly, the residents of the city. In the water of the distribution network of Apatity iron bacteria are found, which attack the pipe-lines during a short time. Besides, the surface water sources are subject to the man-induced impact.

3.2 Description of the ground water deposit “Malaya Belaya”

3.2.1 The knowledge of the ground water deposit “Malaya Belaya” The data on the deposit can be found in the reports kept at the geological archives of Apatity. Some of the basic ones are: Leonov S.N. Report “Prospecting for the ground water for Apatity (Murmansk region) water supply, carried out in 1976-1978”, 1978. Melikhova G.S. Report “On the results of exploration, preliminary and detailed prospecting of the ground water for water supply of Apatity within the area of the Malaya Belaya river (incl. The estimation of reserves as of 01.06.1994) for 1988 – 1994”, 1994.

During the prospecting of the deposit in 1976-1978 and 1988-1994 there were drilled over 40 hydrogeological boreholes and carried out pilot hydrogeological works and operating observations, geophysical research using methods of vertical electric probe prospecting and seismic prospecting, hydrogeological sampling and analyses of water samples.

The composition of ground and surface water of the deposit is characterized based on 136 samples for the chemical analysis, 40 samples – for the micro components, 38 samples for the bacteriological analysis and 6 samples for the radiological analysis.

Apatity GW - Final Report 24

3.2.2 Geography The area of the deposit is located in the central part of the Kola Peninsula on the south-western slopes of the Khibiny tundras, 16 km north-west from Apatity (Fig. 12).

The deposit is confined to the Malaya Belaya river valley, situational plan is presented in Fig. 11. The mountain valley of the Malaya Belaya river has a V-shape. Schematic hydrogeological map of the area of the ground water deposit “Malay Belaya” is presented in Fig. 12, cross-section I, II, III is presented in Fig. 13, 14, 15. The catchment area of the valley makes 79.9 km2. The Malaya Belaya river valley is not industrially developed. The nearest inhabited locality is Khibiny railway station, which is a suburban summer residence area, located within the valley mouth on the Imandra shore. The length of M. Belaya river is 17 km. The yearly average water flow rate of the river amounts to 2.23 m3/sec (193 th.m3/day).

3.2.3 Climate The climate around the deposit area is mainly determined by the Khibiny mountains. The Khibiny mountain massif, which is almost 1,000 m high above the surrounding hilly plain, is a natural ob- stacle for the air flows. The yearly average air temperature in the mountain valleys varies from +3.1°C to –2.8°C. The amount of precipitation per year varies within 900-1600 mm. During the warm season up to 45% of the yearly amount of precipitation falls, this positively influences the ground water feeding. The evaporation from the soil surface is characterized with a negligible value (about 160 mm a year). Absolute humidity per year makes 77-90% on the average.

3.2.4 Hydrogeological description of the water intake area The “Malaya Belaya” ground water deposit is located in the intermountain valley, composed of quaternary glacier and water-glacier sediments. The quaternary sediments in the area of the suggested water intake within the deposit are characterized with mottled lithological composition due to the intercalation of sandy and clay sand-loamy interlayers. The ground water is confined to sandy differences in quaternary sediments as well as to fissured rocks of the basement.

Over the entire area of the suggested water intake the ground aquifer is the first from the surface at the depth of 0.3 – 1.5 m. It is represented with boulder-gravel sediments with sand dusty various- grain filling. As to the aquifer it is of free type. The thickness of the aquifer varies from 3.9 m to 5.9 m. Seepage properties of water containing rocks vary within a wide range between 2.26 m/day up to 60.64 m/day. The feeding of the aquifer is by atmospheric precipitation. The regime of the aquifer ground water coincides with that of the river surface water. The level of the ground water varies within some 1.14 m by the river up to 1.90 m on the terrace.

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Fig. 10. The map of the Kola Peninsula.

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Fig 11. Situational plan of deposit “Malaya Belaya”.

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Fig. 12. Schematic hydrogeological map of the area of the ground water deposit “Malay Belaya”.

Apatity GW - Final Report 28

Error!

Fig. 13. Cross-section I – I.

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Fig 14. Cross-section II – II.

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Fig. 15. Cross-section III – III.

The moraine sediments underlying the ground level are represented with dense clay sand with pebble and gravel inclusions, lenses and interlayers of sand and dense loamy soil. Moraine sediments are of the low water bearing type and they form a dividing layer between the ground and the head water- glacier aquifers. The thickness of the moraine aquifer varies within 3.4 m to 10.2 m, making 5.6 m on the average. Laboratory tests proved the seepage coefficient to be 0.01 m/day.

Below the moraine there occurs a head aquifer of water-glacier sediments, divided by the clay sand intercalation into two head strata, connected hydraulically with each other. The total thickness of the head aquifer varies within 22.6 m to 49 m, making on the average 34.0 m.

The feeding of the head aquiferous stratum is provided by the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation and flood water in the upper reaches of the river valley and the slope effluent in its walls as well as by additional water of crystalline rocks.

Apatity GW - Final Report 31

The top head aquifer of the water-glacier horizon is located at the depth from 9.4 m on the left-bank to 14.5 m on its right bank. The thickness of the water-bearing layer is not even by the area and makes from 1.25 m to 7.4 m. Water hosting rock are represented by pebble-gravel differences of different grain size containing much detritus (50 - 75%). The value of the head of ground water varies from 10.55 m to 15.9 m.

The static level of the ground water is found to vary from 0.3 to 1.75 m. The top head layer level regime depends directly on the climatic factors, amount and time of precipitation, and practically coincides with the regime of the ground water. The level varies within 1.24 – 1.65 m. Specific yields of the wells according to prospecting data vary from 2.17 to 8.9 l/cm. The infiltration ratios make 8.12 – 28.89 m/day.

The dividing low water-bearing glacier layer is distributed over the entire area of the designed water intake. The occurrence depth of the dividing layer varies from 16.8 m to 27.0 m. Its thickness is not constant and varies from 2.0 m to 10.6 m, making on the average 6.1 m. The lithological composition is variable both in its area and cross-section. It is represented with dense clay sand with pebbles, gravel, fine grain sands and boulder-gravel-pebble sediments with clay sand filling. According to laboratory test results, the infiltration ratio makes 0.04 – 0.17 m/day. The small thickness of the layer, availability of sand interlayers in the cross-section favour the presence of a close hydraulic connection between the head layers.

Lithological composition of water

а б в Boulder-gravel-pebble deposits: a) with loamy sand filling, б) with sandy filling, в) with sand – loamy sand filling

а б Sand: а) fine-grained, б) inequigranular with pebbles and boulders.

а б Loamy sand: а) with isolated boulders, б) with gruss and pebbles.

Conglomerates

Y Khibinites, metadiabases V V Y

Apatity GW - Final Report 32

Legend to the hydrogeological map

Water bearing modern-upper-quaternary glacier stratum. Gravel-sand-gruss, boul-

g QIII-IV der-rubble deposits.

Soil water bearing lake-glacier and fluvioglacial stratum. Stratified, inequigranular f1lg QIII os sand with pebbles, boulders, loamy sand.

Low water bearing glacial stratum. Moraine deposits: inequigranular sand with peb- g QIII os bles, loamy sand, loamy soil with pebbles and boulders.

Head water bearing lake-glacial and fluvioglacial stratum. Boulder-pebble deposits f1lg QIII pd with sandy filling, sand, inequigranular loamy sand with boulders

PZ Low water bearing (locally water bearing) complex of rocks.

Projection of the contour of the main water bearing stratum

Drained eluvial –deluvial deposits

The main direction of ground water flowing

175 Piezometric contour of the main water bearing stratum

Areas of ground water relief

Watershed of ground water ○ Single hydrogeological borehole ● A group of boreholes, provided for different strata Boundaries of water bearing strata II Lines of hydrogeological cross-sections II

The area of ground water prospecting

грV The line of geophysical profile

Chemical composition of ground water:

Hydrocarbonate Chloride- hydrocarbonate Sulphate- hydrocarbonate Mixed No data available on chemical composition of water

Apatity GW - Final Report 33

Legend to cross-sections

Aeration zone (drained rocks). Loamy sand with gravel, pebbles and boulders, inequigranular sand.

Soil water bearing lake-glacier and fluvioglacial stratum. Stratified, inequigranular f lg Q os 1 III sand with pebbles, boulders, loamy sand.

Low water bearing glacial stratum. Moraine: inequigranular sand with pebbles, loamy g Q os III sand, loamy soil with pebbles and boulders.

The upper layer of the head water bearing lake-glacial and fluvioglacial stratum. flg Q pd2 III Boulder-pebble deposits, sand with boulders, loamy sand.

Low water bearing glacial stratum. Loamy sand, inequigranular sand with boulders, g Q pd III pebbles.

The lower layer of the head lake-glacial and fluvioglacial stratum. Boulder-pebble f lg Q pd1 1 III deposits sand with boulders, loamy sands.

The line of piezometric level of ground water (on the top index of water bearing sub- f lg Q pd 1 III division)

flg QIII os The line of level of ground water with free surface

Low water bearing complex of rocks.

331,2 Groundwater borehole. The figure on the top stands for the number on the map. The 239,72 239,12 filling corresponds to the chemical composition of water within the sampled interval of depth. Black arrows stand for the head of ground water. Figures by the arrow stand for absolute marks of the piezometric level of water. Figures on the left: the first – flow rate, l/sec, the second one – depression, m; on the right: the first one – 3,3-2,1 0,04-+3,3 water mineralization, g/l, the second one – water temperature, ºС

5,6-2,4 0,04-+3,3

The lower head layer of the water-glacier horizon occurs at the depth of 18.8 m -31.2 m from the surface. The thickness of the lower head layer varies from 10.8 m up to 24.3 m, thus making 18.2 m on the average. The lithological composition of the lower layer of the head aquiferous stratum varies from layered clay sands and well sorted gravely sands to boulder-pebble sediments with sand coarse grain filling. The level of the ground water is identified from 2.3 to 7.2 m above the surface. The level regime of the lower head layer due to the direct hydraulic interrelation between the layers practically coincides with the top head layer regime. The variation of the level of the lower layer water makes 1.65 – 2.0 m. The .lower head layer is characterized with high values of specific flow rates, varying from 2.55 to 9.3 l/c۟m The infiltration ratio (Ks) makes 29.18 – 110.1 m/day, the water conductivity of the layer (KM) is 408.5 – 1189.1 m2/day.

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The bottom of the lower head aquifer is underlay with low water bearing weathering crusts or occurs directly on rocks.

The ground water, connected with rocks, is confined to fissures in them. Within the area of the water intake, the altitudes of the rocks roof vary from 164.7 m to 167.6 m, depending on the relief of the bedrock. The accessed thickness of the rock water bearing complex varies within 5.9 – 99.9 m. The head value is from 47.4 m to 62.45 m. The water bearing complex is characterized with high infiltration properties: specific yields vary from 1.32 to 3.64 l/cm, Ks is 1.51 – 16.8 m/day, which is connected with the tectonic intensity.

3.2.5 Investigation of the quality of the ground water

Investigations of Russian experts

Due to the newly adopted hygienic requirements to the drinking water quality of centralized network of drinking water supply according to “Sanitary rules and norms” (SanPin 2.1.4.1074-01), the requirements to the water quality from water supply sources have been modified as well.

One of the main provisions of the new Sanitary Norms is the compliance with the limits of the f harmful substances concentration ratios, identified in the water of the source, by the maximum permissible concentrations of those substances, making part of one limiting hazardous characteristic. Due to this, the water source is required, which would have a deeply reduced content of hazardous substances. The water from the ground sources meets these requirements perfectly good.

The ground sources to a very little extent are subject to the man-induced impact, their water, as a rule, has very small concentrations of harmful ingredients and it is not corrosion active either. In the West- ern European countries there are techniques of drinking water production, based on pumping the water from the surface sources into sub-surface horizons and its recovery via artesian wells, which proves to be more efficient, compared to traditional water treatment. In the 1970ies Apatity municipal executive committee acknowledged expedient to divide the industrial and tap water supply of Apatity, which be- came a background for t survey and prospecting works.

As an example, the existing tap water supply network of Kirovsk was used based on the consumption of ground water of the intermountain basin of the Bolshoy Vudyavr lake. The general prospecting works in 1976-1978 determined that the geological structure and hydrogeological conditions of the valley of Malaya Belaya river and Bolshoy Vudyavr lake had common regularities, determined by their location in the intermountain valleys of the Khibiny massif. In the valley of Malaya Belaya river an artesian aquifer characterized with high filtration properties was found. Natural resources were estimated to be about 76.3 th.m3/day (24 hours) of the annual underground flow of 90% provision. The works were funded by “Apatityvodokanal” SUE and an Ecological Centre in Apatity, as well as from “Apatit” JSC funds towards the development of the raw materials source. The deposit was prepared for industrial development after the approval of reserves by the RF Territorial Committee on Reserves. Analytical control of the ground water samples, taken in the Malaya Belaya river valley demonstrated that pH of ground water varies within significant range: from 7.24 to 9.40. The maximum pH levels 9.11 - 9.40 (exceeding the upper limit of pH, according to the new Sanitary Rules and Norms, and

Apatity GW - Final Report 35

equal to 9.0) are recorded during the winter mean water period (January-May), whereas in the summer period рН = 7.36 - 7.80 (Table 6).

Table 6. The value of hydrogen index and aluminum

The results of measurements of pH and the contents of aluminum using fluorometric and the method of atomic absorption spectrometry

pH Al 3+ Al 3+

№ SITE CODE 200 С mg/l mg/l

1. PIPE 33.1 06 APAT 01_2 8,77 0,05 0,036

2. PIPE 33.2 06 APAT 02_2 8,50 0,05 0,042

3. STREAM 06 APAT 03_2 7,28 0,10 0,090

4. PIPE 32.1 06 APAT 04_2 8,63 0,04 0,050

5. PIPE 32.2 06 APAT 05_2 8,63 0,03 0,050

6. PIPE 35 06 APAT 06_2 8,66 0,05 0,106

7. RIVER 06 APAT 07_2 7,43 0,02 0,016

8. PIPE 10.R 06 APAT 10_2 9,63 0,03 0,048

9. PIPE 2 E 06 APAT 11_2 8,83 0,07 0,074

10. PIPE 13.2 06 APAT 12_2 8,71 0,05 0,043

11. PIPE 9.2 06 APAT 13_2 9,10 0,10 0,101

12. PIPE 36 06 APAT 14_2 9,11 0,18

13. PIPE 12.1 06 APAT 15_2 8,44 0,06 0,034

14. PIPE 12.2 06 APAT 16_2 8,82 0,07 0,029

15. PIPE 7 06 APAT 17_2 8,56 0,51 0,424

16. Spring 40 06 APAT 18_2 9,55 0,07 0,037

Apatity GW - Final Report 36

Switching to ground water supply, besides the ecological component, has, also an economic constitu- ent. After being lifted from the wells, the water will be transported to water preparation facilities without any pumps, while, in case water conduits diameters are chosen correctly it is possible to use a low capacity generator at the end of the pipe-line for transformation of potential energy of water into the electrical one. With daily average water flow rate of 30,000 m3 the value of the generated power will make 200 KWt, which makes 30% of electric energy currently consumed on water treatment and lifting.

The water from the ground sources – prospecting boreholes in the valley of the Malaya Belaya river - is characterized with low hardness, low calcium and magnesium content. Concentrations of anions are also small, except that of fluorides in borehole 10.R. There are practically no turbidity or colour of water found. The values of permanganate oxidability are indicative of very low contents of organic substances. The concentrations of harmful admixtures - metals: copper, nickel, cobalt, led, chrome, manganese, boron – are very low, often below detection limit according to the methods of analyses applied in RF. On the whole, the water quality is quite high.

The sanitary characteristics of the territory of deposit and the area of water intake:

1. In the area of the designed water intake and above in the valley of Malaya Belaya river no sources of bacterial contamination are found. Theground water in the area of the designed water intake are not subject to bacterial contamination due to so-called uncomfortable houses in Khibiny settlement and lawn-and –garden partnerships.

2. Potential sources of chemical pollution by air can only be the tailing dump of ANOF-2 concentrating mill of the “Apatit” company, located 1 km to the south-west of Khibiny railway station and “Severonickel” smelter in Monchegorsk located 25 km to the north-west.

To implement the project of switching the city of Apatity to ground water supply it is necessary to ob- tain funding for construction of a road and the water intake network (drilling boreholes, construction of a pavilion (hall), provision of fence of the 1 belt of sanitary protection zone), construction of a trans- former station and two branches of conduits. The layout of the ground water intake in the area of the Malaya Belaya river is presented in Fig. 16, the altitude distribution in Fig. 17. The general chemical water analysis and water analysis by heavy metals are provided in Tables 7 and 8.

To solve the problem of the quality of drinking water supply and improvement of the service standard, provided in the field of water supply to the residents of Apatity and other consumers it is necessary to use ground sources of water supply, which are the best protected from the pollution and are known for their high quality.

Apatity GW - Final Report 37

Хибины

р.Малая Скважина с Белая павильоном

Трубопровод D= 630 мм, L=13км Сооружения насосной станции 2- го подъема, ВОС г.Апатиты

ВЛ-10 кВ

Т/П ж/д

Ж/дорога

оз.Имандра

Fig. 16. The layout of the ground water intake in the area of the Malaya Belaya river.

Apatity GW - Final Report 38

Fig 17. The layout of altitude distribution of boreholes.

Apatity GW - Final Report 39

Table 7. The general chemical water analysis.

Data on ground water quality in observation boreholes in the vallcy of Malaya Belaya river, July 2006 General analysis

2+ 2+ 2+ Са Са Mg - 3 - - - № SITE CODE pH * Сolour Hard- Alka- NO3 PO4 Cl F KMnO4 ness linity 200 С mmol/l mmol/l mmol/l mmol/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg O /l 1. PIPE 33.1 06 APAT 01_2 8,77 0,0 0,02 0,02 0,874 0,128 0,50 <0,44 0,02 0,80 0,27 0,12 2. PIPE 33.2 06 APAT 02_2 8,50 0,0 0,03 0,03 0,674 0,116 0,40 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,26 0,12 3. STREAM 06 APAT 03_2 7,28 46,5 0,10 0,10 1,432 0,384 0,40 <0,44 <0,01 1,00 0,15 7,40 4. PIPE 32.1 06 APAT 04_2 8,63 0,0 0,05 0,05 0,397 0,071 0,50 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,50 0,10 5. PIPE 32.2 06 APAT 05_2 8,63 0,0 0,07 0,07 0,312 0,059 0,46 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,44 0,13 6. PIPE 35 06 APAT 06_2 8,66 0,0 0,25 0,25 0,010 0,056 0,40 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,33 0,14 7. RIVER 06 APAT 07_2 7,43 1,8 0,05 0,05 0,401 0,080 0,30 <0,44 <0,01 0,80 0,13 0,44 8. PIPE 10.R 06 APAT 10_2 9,63 0,0 0,05 0,05 0,649 0,060 0,50 <0,44 0,03 1,50 1,78 0,14 9. PIPE 2 E 06 APAT 11_2 8,83 0,0 0,25 0,25 0,388 0,066 0,43 <0,44 0,03 1,00 0,58 0,12 10. PIPE 13.2 06 APAT 12_2 8,71 0,0 0,06 0,06 0,555 0,088 0,46 0,46 0,02 0,80 0,33 0,14 11. PIPE 9.2 06 APAT 13_2 9,10 0,0 0,02 0,02 0,124 0,016 0,40 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,59 0,11 12. PIPE 36 06 APAT 14_2 9,11 0,0 0,00 0,00 0,40 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,32 0,10 13. PIPE 12.1 06 APAT 15_2 8,44 0,0 0,02 0,02 0,275 0,066 0,40 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,25 0,11 14. PIPE 12.2 06 APAT 16_2 8,82 0,0 0,03 0,03 0,311 0,063 0,40 0,60 0,02 1,00 0,28 0,13 15. PIPE 7 06 APAT 17_2 8,56 0,0 0,00 0,00 0,005 0,005 0,50 <0,44 0,06 1,00 0,49 0,13 16. Spring 40 06 APAT 18_2 9,55 0,1 0,05 0,05 0,334 0,055 0,40 <0,44 0,02 1,00 0,29 0,26

Note: 1) analises methodies applied in GOUP "Apatityvodokanal" require more amount, so additional water samples were taken on July 2006; 2) * results of samples analises taken by GOUP "Apatityvodokanal" on July 2006; 3) no results means: no measurements available; 4) < 0,44 means: ingredient content below the limit according to the analysis applied; 5) total hardness, calcium, alkalinity, nitrates, phosphates, chlorides, fluorides, permanganate oxidability were done in GOUP "Apatityvodokanal" by titrimetric method; 6) in italics are the results of sample analyses by atomic-absorption spectrometry in Mining Institute KSC RAS.

Apatity GW - Final Report 40

Table 8. Water analysis by heavy metals.

Data on ground water quality in observation boreholes in the vallcy of Malaya Belaya river, July 2006 Metal content

+ + 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 6+ № SITE CODE К Na В Al Al Mn Fe com * Cu Cu Ni Ni Co Pb Zn Cd Cr

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 1 PIPE 33.1 06 APAT 01_2 1,91 7,62 < 0,05 0,05 0,036 0,0008 < 0,05 0,0005 0,0005 0,0010 < 0,0005 < 0,00005 < 0,0005 0,0014 < 0,0001 < 0,0005 2 PIPE 33.2 06 APAT 02_2 1,85 7,35 < 0,05 0,05 0,042 0,0002 < 0,05 < 0,0001 0,0005 0,0002 < 0,0005 < 0,00005 < 0,0005 0,0014 < 0,0001 < 0,0005 3 STREAM 06 APAT 03_2 1,35 5,68 < 0,05 0,10 0,090 0,0008 0,24/0,52* 0,0012 0,0011 4 PIPE 32.1 06 APAT 04_2 1,83 6,95 < 0,05 0,04 0,050 0,0002 < 0,05 0,0003 0,0007 0,0006 < 0,0005 < 0,00005 < 0,0005 0,0011 < 0,0001 < 0,0005 5 PIPE 32.2 06 APAT 05_2 1,79 6,86 < 0,05 0,03 0,050 0,0003 < 0,05 0,0002 0,0007 0,0002 < 0,0005 < 0,00005 < 0,0005 0,0011 < 0,0001 < 0,0005 6 PIPE 35 06 APAT 06_2 1,40 7,35 < 0,05 0,05 0,106 < 0,0001 < 0,05 < 0,0001 0,0008 < 0,0002 0,0007 0,0015 0,0007 0,0014 < 0,0001 0,0008 7 RIVER 06 APAT 07_2 1,20 4,50 < 0,05 0,02 0,016 0,0001 < 0,05 0,0001 0,0022 0,0002 0,0009 0,0008 0,0008 0,0032 < 0,0001 8 PIPE 10.R 06 APAT 10_2 1,34 15,8 < 0,05 0,03 0,048 0,0004 < 0,05 0,0011 0,0006 0,0008 < 0,00005 < 0,0005 9 PIPE 2 E 06 APAT 11_2 1,77 7,70 < 0,05 0,07 0,074 0,0004 < 0,05 0,0002 0,0002 0,0007 < 0,00005 < 0,0005 10 PIPE 13.2 06 APAT 12_2 1,83 7,16 < 0,05 0,05 0,043 0,0004 < 0,05 0,0004 0,0003 11 PIPE 9.2 06 APAT 13_2 1,27 7,98 < 0,05 0,10 0,101 0,0003 < 0,05 0,0002 0,0005 12 PIPE 36 06 APAT 14_2 < 0,05 0,18 < 0,05 0,0007 < 0,0005 0,0014 0,0007 0,0012 < 0,0001 0,0007 13 PIPE 12.1 06 APAT 15_2 1,72 6,66 < 0,05 0,06 0,034 0,0002 < 0,05 < 0,0001 < 0,0002 < 0,0005 < 0,00005 0,0011 0,0014 < 0,0001 14 PIPE 12.2 06 APAT 16_2 1,72 6,94 < 0,05 0,07 0,029 0,0002 < 0,05 0,0001 0,0002 < 0,0005 < 0,00005 0,0011 < 0,0001 < 0,0005 15 PIPE 7 06 APAT 17_2 0,82 9,17 < 0,05 0,51 0,424 0,0003 < 0,05 0,0002 0,0010 < 0,0001 16 Spring 40 06 APAT 18_2 1,73 6,88 < 0,05 0,07 0,037 < 0,0001 < 0,05 < 0,0001 < 0,0002 < 0,0001 0,0009 Note: 1) * results of samples analises taken by GOUP "Apatityvodokanal" on July 2006; 2) no results means: no measurements available; 3) < 0,05 means: ingredient content below the limit according to the analysis applied; 4) aluminum and borum contents were identified in GOUP "Apatityvodokanal" by fluorimetric method; 5) Fe content was identified in GOUP "Apatityvodokanal" by photometric method; 6); in italics are the results of sample analyses by atomic-absorption spectrometry in Mining Institute KSC RAS 7) metal content by atomic-absorption spectrometry according to the Russian methodics is conservation of water sample with hydrochloric and not nitric acid, so additional samples were taken on August 03, 2006.

Investigations of Finnish experts

SAMPLING AND ANALYSES IN THE LABORATORY

The water samples were taken in Malaya Belaya river valley the 4. and 6. of July 2006 (Fig. 18). The sampling sites were decided after field visit on the base of the recommendations of Russian experts and colleagues. The groundwater samples were taken from the groundwater observation wells (13 samples), from a spring (one sample), from the Malaya Belaya river (one sample) and from a brook streaming from a natural spring from the slope of the fell (one sample). One water sample was taken from the tap of the Vodokanal waterworks and another from the tap of the Vodokanal laboratory, for comparing the quality of natural, untreated groundwater in the valley of Malaya Belaya river and treated tap water in Apatity.

Temperature, pH value and electric conductivity (EC) were measured in the field. Un- treated water samples of 500 ml were taken for polyethylene bottles for determinations of physico-chemical properties and anions in the laboratory. Filtered (0.45 μm) and acidified (0.5 ml HNO3/100 ml water) samples were taken for acid washed bottles for determinations of metals and trace elements. Electric conductivity and pH were also measured in the laboratory. The samples were stored in cool boxes and a refrig- eratory before bringing into the laboratory. The measurements, analysed inorganic compounds and elements with their detection limits are presented in the table 9.

Figure 18. The sites of water samples in the Malaya Belaya river valley.

Table 9. Analyzing methods of the water samples in the Geological Survey of Finland and the detection limits.

Measurement Method Analytical detection limit ______pH By potentiometry Electrical conductivity mS/m, 25oC By potentiometry Colour mg/L Pt By comparison KMnO4 consumption mg/L ______Alkalinity mmol/L By titrimetry Bromide Br mg/L Ion chromatography 0.1 Chloride Cl mg/L Ion chromatography 0.2 Fluoride F mg/L Ion chromatography 0.1 Nitrate NO3 mg/L Ion chromatography 0.2 ______Phosphate PO4 mg/L Ion chromatography 0.02 Sulphate SO4 mg/L Ion chromatography 0.2 Silver Ag μg/L ICP-MS 0.01 Aluminium Al μg/L ICP-MS 1 Arsenic As μg/L ICP-MS 0.05 ______Boron B μg/L ICP-MS 0.5 Barium Ba μg/L ICP-MS 0.05 Beryllium Be μg/L ICP-MS 0.1 Bismuth Bi μg/L ICP-MS 0.02 Calcium Ca mg/L ICP-AES 0.1 ______Cadmium Cd μg/L ICP-MS 0.02 Cobalt Co μg/L ICP-MS 0.02 Chromium Cr μg/L ICP-MS 0.2 Copper Cu μg/L ICP-MS 0.1 Iron Fe mg/L ICP-AES 0.03 ______Potassium K mg/L ICP-AES 0.01 Litium Li μg/L ICP-MS 0.1 Magnesium Mg mg/L ICP-AES 0.1 Manganese Mn μg/L ICP-MS 0.02 Molybdenum Mo μg/L ICP-MS 0.03 ______Sodium Na mg/L ICP-AES 0.4 Nickel Ni μg/L ICP-MS 0.05 Phosphorus P μg/L ICP-MS 10 Lead Pb μg/L ICP-MS 0.05 Rubidium Rb μg/L ICP-MS 0.01 ______Sulphur S mg/L ICP-AES 0.1 Antimony Sb μg/L ICP-MS 0.02 Selenium Se μg/L ICP-MS 0.5 Silicon Si mg/L ICP-AES 0.06 Strontium Sr μg/L ICP-MS 0.1 ______Thorium Th μg/L ICP-MS 0.01 Thallium Tl μg/L ICP-MS 0.01 Uranium U μg/L ICP-MS 0.01 Vanadium V μg/L ICP-MS 0.02 Zinc Zn μg/L ICP-MS 0.1

RESULTS IN THE STUDY AREA OF MALAYA BELAYA RIVER VALLEY

The groundwater samples were mostly basic. There were small differences of the pH values measured in the field and in the laboratories in Finland and Russia. The pH values were 7.6-9.65 in the field, 6.4-9.1 in the laboratory of Finland, and 7.28-9.63 in the laboratory of Russia (Fig. 19). The electrical conductivies were 2.5-7.8 mS/m in the field and 2.1-7.6 mS/m in the laboratory (Finland) (Fig. 20).

The concentrations of cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium), anions (bromide, chloride and fluoride) and inorganic compounds (nitrate, phosphate and sulphate) were very small, with an exception of fluoride concentration (4.4 mg/L) in the sampling site 10 (Figs. 21-23). The concentrations of bromide were lower than the detection limit, and most of the magnesium and phosphate concentrations as well. The concentrations of heavy metals and other elements were also very small. Almost all of the concentrations of silver, beryllium, bismuth, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lithbium, nickel, phosphor, lead, selenium and thallium were lower than the detection limits (Table 10). Aluminium concentrations were 18-384 μg/L (analyses in Finland) and 30-510 μg/L (analyses in Russia). The maximum concentration (384 & 510 μg/L) was in the sampling site 17 (Fig. 24), and it is higher than the upper permissible concentration (200 μg/L). The other concentrations were lower than the upper permissible concentration. In seven samples the colour numbers (mg/L Pt) exceeded the target value (5 mg/L Pt).

The yield of groundwater in the Malaya Belaya river valley is very big and the concentrations are as a whole very low, due to the rapid circulation of groundwater. The differences of the concentrations of the analyses made in Finland and in Russia were mainly minor. The biggest differences were those of fluoride in the pipe 10.R and iron in the stream water. The differences might be due to the different preliminary treatment or the assay.

pH values, field measurements/lab. Finland/lab. Russia

8 pH/Field 6 pH pH/Lab. Finland pH/Lab. Russia 4

1 2 1 2 5 R E 2 .2 6 1 2 7 0 3. 3. 2. 2. 3 OK 0. 2 3. 9 3 2. 2. 4 3 3 3 3 VER LAB 1 1 1 1 PE PE PE PE NG PE PE PE PE RI PE PE PE PE PI PI VOD PE PI PI PI PI PI STREAMPI PI APA_ PI PI PI PI SPRI APA- Sampling sites

Fig. 19. pH values measured in the field and in the laboratories in Finland and Russia.

Electrical conductivities, field measurements/lab. Finland

EC mS/m/ Field 6 EC mS/m/Lab. Finland EC mS/m 4

2 .2 M .2 B .2 .1 .2 7 40 A LA 9. 36 E 33 E 32 _ 13 12 12 TR RIVERODOKA IPE IPE PIP ING IPE S IPE PIPE 35 -V P PIPE 2 IPEE P P IPE IPE R PIPE 33.1P PIPE 32.1P A A PIPE 10.R P P P P P S A Sampling sites

Fig. 20. Electrical conductivities measured in the field and in the laboratory in Finland.

Calcium, sodium and potassium concentrations

16 14 12

10 Ca mg/L 8 Na mg/L mg/L 6 K mg/L 4 2 0

. .1 .2 .1 .2 5 R .R E .2 .2 6 .1 .2 7 0 L B 3 3 AM 2 2 3 E 0 2 3 9 3 2 2 E 4 A 3 3 3 3 E 1 E 1 E E 1 1 IP NA E E E E IP RIV E E IP E E P NG TRE P IP IP I KA R/L IP IP S IP IP IP P IP P P IP IP R P P P P P P P P P DO TE S O /V WA P P TA TA Sampling sites

Fig. 21. Calcium, sodium and potassium concentrations analysed in Finland.

Sulphate and nitrate concentrations; KMnO4 consumption

20 SO4 mg/L NO3 mg/L mg/L 15 KMnO4 mg/L

5 2 6 7 . .1 .2 .1 .2 3 .R E .2 . 3 .1 .2 40 B 3 3 2 2 ER 0 2 3 9 2 2 A 3 3 3 3 V 1 1 1 1 IPE L REAM IPE RI PE IPE PE PE T PE PE IPE PE I PE PE P I I S I I P IPE P I P P I I RING P P P P P P P P P S ODOKANALATER/ V W P/ P A A T T Sampling sites

Fig. 22. Sulphate and nitrate concentrations, and potassium permanganate consumption, analysed in Finland.

Fluoride concentrations, Finland/Russia

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 F mg/L, FIN 2.5

mg/L F mg/L, RUS 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

.2 M .2 5 R E 6 3 2 3 . 3 3 A 3 2 9.2 E IVER 10 E E E RE P R E P PE T PE P IP PIPE 7 I I PI IP PI P PI PIPE 33.1P S PIPE 32.1P P PIPE 13.2 PIPE 12.1PIPE 12.2 PRING 40 S Sampling sites

Fig. 23. Fluoride concentrations analysed in Finland and Russia.

Aluminium concentrations, Finland/Russia

0.6

0.5

0.4

Al mg/L, FIN 0.3

mg/L Al mg/L, RUS

0.2

0.1

.1 .2 M .1 .2 5 R .R E .2 .2 6 .1 .2 7 3 3 A 2 2 3 0 2 3 9 3 2 2 40 3 3 3 3 VE 1 1 1 1 IPE TRE IPE RI IPE IPE IPE P IPE IPE S IPE IPE P IPE P IPE P P IPE IPE RING P P P P P P P P P S Sampling sites

Fig. 24. Aluminium concentrations analysed in Finland and Russia.

Table 10. Groundwater and river water quality in the study area of the Malaya Belaya river valley, and the upper permissible concentrations and target values (Finland & European Union/Russia).

Max. permissible conc./target value PIPE 33.1 PIPE 33.2 STREAM PIPE 32.1 PIPE 32.2 PIPE 35 RIVER PIPE 10.R PIPE 2E Finland & EU/Russia Field measurements: Temperature oC 2.5 2.6 12.9 3.6 3.8 3.7 10.7 4.7 3.9 pH 8.0 8.3 7.6 8.97 9.03 9.12 8.71 9.65 8.55 6.5-9.5/6.0-9.0 Electrical conductivity mS/m, 25oC 4.0 3.7 3.2 4.4 4.2 4.0 2.5 7.8 4.1 250 Laboratory measurements: pH 7.3 6.9 6.5 7.2 6.9 7.0 6.4 9.1 7.5 6.5-9.5/6.0-9.0 Electrical conductivity mS/m, 25oC 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.9 3.8 3.5 2.1 7.6 3.6 250 Colour mg/L Pt <5 10 40 5 15 10 10 5 <5 5/20-35

KMnO4 consumption mg/L 1.2 1.2 30 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.9 1 1.1 5.0/20 Alkalinity mmol/L 0.33 0.32 0.25 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.21 0.5 0.34 0.5-6.5 (Russia) Bromide Br mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Chloride Cl mg/L 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.8 250/350 Fluoride F mg/L 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 4.4 0.6 1.5/1.5

Nitrate NO3 mg/L 0.2 0.2 <0.2 0.2 <0.2 <0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 50/45

Phosphate PO4 mg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 3.5 (Russia)

Sulphate SO4 mg/L 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.3 2 1.8 1.3 4 1.7 250/500 Silver Ag μg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Aluminium Al μg/L 46.8 45.7 97.3 35.6 36.5 44.1 18 33.4 67.6 200/200 (500) Arsenic As μg/L 0.27 0.28 0.16 0.44 0.39 0.33 0.09 2.23 0.53 10 (Finland) Boron B μg/L 1.27 1.15 1.53 1.54 1.43 1.31 0.89 6 1.83 1000/500 Barium Ba μg/L 0.55 0.16 3.43 0.25 0.28 0.15 0.97 0.09 0.11 Beryllium Be μg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Bismuth Bi μg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

Table 10. cont.

Max. permissible conc./target value PIPE 33.1 PIPE 33.2 STREAM PIPE 32.1 PIPE 32.2 PIPE 35 RIVER PIPE 10.R PIPE 2E Finland & EU/Russia Calcium Ca mg/L 0.56 0.55 1.56 1.02 0.92 0.69 0.53 0.93 30-140 (Russia) Cadmium Cd μg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 5 (Finland) Cobalt Co μg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Iron Fe mg/L <0.03 <0.03 0.04 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.2/0.3 Potassium K mg/L 1.65 1.6 0.66 1.72 1.67 1.53 1 1.17 1.52 Litium Li μg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Magnesium Mg mg/L <0.1 <0.1 0.31 0.11 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Manganese Mn μg/L 0.08 0.08 1.63 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.23 0.06 50/100 Molybdenum Mo μg/L 2.4 2.53 1.02 3.62 3.24 2.65 1.7 17.6 2.9 Sodium Na mg/L 6.02 6 4.24 6.75 6.51 6.26 3.85 14.1 6.87 Nickel Ni μg/L <0.05 <0.05 1.01 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.06 <0.05 <0.05 20/100 Phosphorus P μg/L <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 Lead Pb μg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 10 (Finland) Rubidium Rb μg/L 1.36 1.35 1.01 1.1 1.12 1.21 1.57 0.58 1.11 Sulphur S mg/L 0.62 0.63 0.87 0.8 0.7 0.63 0.47 1.39 0.6 Antimony Sb μg/L 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.15 0.04 Selenium Se μg/L <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 10 (Finland) Silicon Si mg/L 3.72 3.7 3.76 4.04 3.94 3.82 2.81 3.95 3.66 Strontium Sr μg/L 16.3 16.5 68 29.3 27.6 20.5 51.1 28.7 15.5 Thorium Th μg/L <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 Thallium Tl μg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Uranium U μg/L 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.34 0.09 Vanadium V μg/L 0.37 0.38 0.51 0.5 0.51 0.45 0.08 0.61 0.45 Zinc Zn μg/L 1.03 0.41 2.04 0.52 0.39 0.45 0.68 0.83 0.62

Table 10. cont.

Max. permissible conc./target value PIPE 13.2 PIPE 9.2 PIPE 36 PIPE 12.1 PIPE 12.2 PIPE 7 SPRING 40 TAP/VOD. TAP/LAB. Finland & EU/Russia Field measurements: Temperature oC 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.9 4.1 3.9 pH 7.85 8.95 8.82 8.73 8.64 9.57 9.27 6.5-9.5 Electrical conductivity mS/m, 25oC 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.6 4.2 3.7 250 Laboratory measurements: pH 7.2 7.1 7.6 7.3 7.2 8.6 7.3 6.9 6.9 6.5-9.5 Electrical conductivity mS/m, 25oC 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.7 3.2 11 11 250 Colour mg/L Pt <5 5 <5 10 <5 5 10 20 20 5/20-35

KMnO4 consumption mg/L 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 10 9.3 5.0/20 Alkalinity mmol/L 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.39 0.32 0.53 0.48 0.5-6.5 Bromide Br mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Chloride Cl mg/L 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.3 6.6 250/350 Fluoride F mg/L 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.5/1.5

Nitrate NO3 mg/L <0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 <0.2 50/45

Phosphate PO4 mg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 3.5 (Russia)

Sulphate SO4 mg/L 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 17 17 250/500 Silver Ag μg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Aluminium Al μg/L 41.4 79 143 52.4 69 384 49.5 25.9 24.3 200/200 (500) Arsenic As μg/L 0.33 0.42 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.44 0.32 0.24 0.22 10 (Finland) Boron B μg/L 1.35 1.66 1.34 1.26 1.46 1.69 1.36 18.9 17.6 1000/500 Barium Ba μg/L 0.19 0.09 <0.05 0.13 0.11 0.06 0.15 2.7 2.74 Beryllium Be μg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Bismuth Bi μg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02

Table 10. cont.

Max. permissible conc./target value PIPE 13.2 PIPE 9.2 PIPE 36 PIPE 12.1 PIPE 12.2 PIPE 7 SPRING 40 TAP/VOD. TAP/LAB. Finland & EU/Russia Calcium Ca mg/L 0.77 0.19 <0.1 0.45 0.43 <0.1 0.51 5.66 5.9 30-140 (Russia) Cadmium Cd μg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 5 (Finland) Cobalt Co μg/L <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Iron Fe mg/L <0.03 <0.03 0.04 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.14 0.2/0.3 Potassium K mg/L 1.56 1.09 1.24 1.43 1.46 0.69 1.43 2.37 2.42 Litium Li μg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 0.32 Magnesium Mg mg/L <0.1 <0.1 0.31 0.11 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.07 1.06 Manganese Mn μg/L 0.08 <0.02 0.05 0.05 0.4 0.24 0.07 1.18 10.2 50/100 Molybdenum Mo μg/L 2.67 3.27 2.59 2.06 1.98 3.41 2.18 1.81 1.51 Sodium Na mg/L 6.35 7.11 6.51 6.09 5.93 8.17 5.99 11.9 11.9 Nickel Ni μg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 4.44 3.51 20/100 Phosphorus P μg/L <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 12.4 <10 <10 <10 Lead Pb μg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 10 (Finland) Rubidium Rb μg/L 1.2 0.51 0.93 1.16 1.38 0.7 1.2 3.4 3.33 Sulphur S mg/L 0.65 0.55 0.49 0.56 0.51 0.51 0.53 6.15 6.03 Antimony Sb μg/L 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.09 Selenium Se μg/L <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 10 (Finland) Silicon Si mg/L 3.84 3.27 3.28 3.64 3.65 2.78 3.7 0.09 0.11 Strontium Sr μg/L 24.3 13 0.33 11.9 11.7 0.3 14.1 51.6 50.4 Thorium Th μg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Thallium Tl μg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Uranium U μg/L 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 Vanadium V μg/L 0.43 0.3 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.3 0.4 0.26 0.17 Zinc Zn μg/L 0.59 0.43 0.54 0.85 0.37 0.35 0.43 0.48 1.03

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3.2.6 GIS-based 3d-modelling of the study area

3D -model is based on existing Russian data and data collected during the fieldwork sessions in June and July 2006. Existing data was digitized and georefenrended by GIS –software. This was made to have a general view to study area, for example locations of boreholes, profile lines etc. Some problems were found during this process, but they didn’t affect to the final result that much.

During the fieldwork session in July about 10 km of GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) profiles were made in primary research area (Fig.25). Because of the penetration limitations of this tech- nique, details of the structure were found out up to depth of 30-40m, depending on depth of the fine-grained sediment layer. In some places groundwater and bedrock level were located (Fig. 26 and 27), but especially the bedrock on the study area is mostly located so deep that GPR didn’t reach that level.

Fig. 25. Locations of GPR-lines in study area.

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Fig. 26. Example of GPR-profile with interpreted bedrock level.

Fig. 27. Example of GPR-profile with interpreted ground water level.

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When comparing to the earlier studies made by Russian experts in the area, it was realized that results were supporting each other quite well. Therefore the 3D -models were able to create from both existing and collected data.

Creation of digital elevation model (DEM) is the first step of 3D –model. DEM is created by digitizing the elevation contours (Fig.28.) of the area and converting them to TIN (Triangulated Irregular Networks, Fig. 29.). Then the base map’s elevation value is taken from the TIN created.

Fig. 28. Digitized elevation contours of the study area.

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Fig. 29. Colour-scaled TIN created from elevation contours.

Bedrock and groundwater levels are created from project’s data, where this information is available. Data points are created to the area, and where we have no certain information, points are interpolated by the software used (it has to take account that interpolating may cause some error especially in boundary areas). Then from these point layers, same kind of TIN is created for the visualisation. The thickness of the soil layer saturated with groundwater is a result of simple cal- culating.

Following pictures illustrates the 3D -model of the valley with bedrock and groundwater level (with highly stressed Z-dimension for visualisation, Fig. 30.) and colour-scaled maps of groundwater level (Fig. 31.), bedrock level (Fig. 32.) and thickness of the soil saturated with groundwater (Fig. 33). It can be seen that in the study area there are very thick soil and groundwater layers, especially in the NE-part of the area. Thickness of the soil layers varies between 1 and 100 meters and GW-saturated soil layer between 13 and 84 meters. Saturated soil layer in it’s thickest is located in the NE-parts of the study area, in upstream of Malaya Belaya river.

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Fig. 30. 3D-models from Malaya Belaya river valley. In NE-parts of the area the bedrock is located very deep as seen in figure 30 d. Bedrock and groundwater levels are results of the interpolated and exact data points.

Fig. 31. Colour-scaled map of ground water level in study area. In NE- parts of the area GW level is located in very high position and near the surface.

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Fig. 32. Colour-scaled map of bedrock level in study area. Map shows the bedrock structure which is controlling the route of the Malaya Belaya –river.

Fig. 33. Colour-scaled map of thickness of soil saturated with ground water in study area. In NE- parts where the ground water level is located in high positon and bedrock level is low, the saturated soil layer is in it’s thickest.

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3.2.7 Reserves of ground water

The formation of the reserves of ground water of this deposit takes place due to natural resources of the main aquifer. The ruggedness of the relief and high rate of precipitation favour the replen- ishing of natural resources of the ground water. The Khibiny massif being well exposed, as well as due to its considerable fissuring, the atmospheric water easily infiltrates through the aeration zone, which creates favourable conditions for the main aquifer water feeding in the walls and bed of the valley.

As a result of geological prospecting in 1988-1994 operational reserves of the ground water were estimated to be 30 th. m3/day from the natural resources amounting 39 th. m3/day. The “age” of the ground water has been estimated using the isotope method. It made 7.5 years for the fissured bedrock water and 4.4 years for the quaternary deposits water.

The area for water intake has been selected around the zone of the ground water transit, above the relief zone of the main water bearing stratum.

The productive stratum in the area of water intake has the best filtration properties. The areal water intake of 8 boreholes, 41-56 m deep with designed capacity 3,750 m3 each has been rec- ommended.

The loss for the river effluent during the operation lifetime will make 27% of the average yearly underground effluent. The decrease of the level surface of the ground water during the operation of the water intake will not exceed 2 m over the distance of 2.5 km.

It is clearly seen that this ground water deposit is very potential for Apatity water supply.

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List of experts participating in the project:

Jouni Pihlaja, Project Manager, GTK Ulpu Väisänen, Hydrogeologist, GTK Heikki Sutinen, GPR-expert, GTK Juho Kupila, GIS-expert, GTK Riitta Pohjola, Research Assistant, GTK Martti Melamies, Research Assistant, GTK V. Konukhin, prof., Project Manager, MIK A. Kozyrev, prof., expert I. Isaeva, expert V. Kolobov, expert V. Zaytsev, expert N. Mikhaelis, expert A. Orlov, expert Yu. Smirnov, expert