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ვაზისა და ღვინის კულტურა საქართველოში GRAPE and Wine Culture in Georgia

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ვაზისა და ღვინის კულტურა საქართველოში GRAPE and Wine Culture in Georgia მაია მირველაშვილი, დავით მაღრაძე Maia Mirvelashvili, David Maghradze ვაზისა და ღვინის კულტურა საქართველოში GRAPE AND WINE CULTURE IN GEORGIA თბილისი/Tbilisi 2015 1 უაკ 634.8+663.2+39 UDC 634.8+663.2+39 სარჩევი Contents მაია მირველაშვილი, დავით მაღრაძე. Maia Mirvelashvili, David Maghradze, 2015. წინასიტყვაობა Foreword 2015. Grape and wine culture in Georgia წარდგინება Introduction ვაზისა და ღვინის კულტურა საქართველოში. Ed. Liana Beriashvili. თავი 1. საქართველოს მევენახეობა და Chapter 1. Viticulture and winemaking in რედ. ლიანა ბერიაშვილი. Tbilisi. National Wine Agency of Georgia. მეღვინეობა Georgia თბილისი. ღვინის ეროვნული სააგენტო. 220 pages. ill. ქვეყნის გეოგრაფიული მდებარეობა Geographical situation of the country 220 გვ. ილ. 13 თავი 2. ვაზის წარმოშობა, დომესტიკაცია Chapter 2. Origin and domestication და მევენახეობა – მეღვინეობის ისტორია of grapevine, history of viticulture and საქართველოში 17 winemaking in Georgia შულავერის კულტურა Shulaveri culture ნაშრომში სამეცნიერო-პოპულარული ენითაა In the given work the issues, related to the მტკვარ-არაქსის კულტურა Kura (Mtkvari) – Arax culture გადმოცემული ვაზისა და ღვინის კულტურის grape and wine culture in Georgia, are included თრიალეთის კულტურა Trialeti culture საკითხები საქართველოში სხვადასხვა and are described with a scientific - popular გვიანი ბრინჯაო – ადრე რკინის ხანა Late bronze – early iron age დისციპლინის (აგრონომია, ისტორია, language from the point-of-view of different კოლხური კულტურა Colchis არქეოლოგია, ეთნოგრაფია, რელიგია, disciplines like agriculture, history, archeology, ანტიკურ-ელინისტური პერიოდი Antique and Hellenistic period ლიტერატურა, ხელოვნება და ა. შ.) მიხედვით. ethnography, religion, literature, arts and ვანი: ძველი კოლხური ქალაქი Vani: An ancient city of Colchis განხილულია ვაზისა და ღვინის მნიშვნელობა etc. Merits of Georgia and of the Georgian ვაზის ორგანოების არქეობოტანიკური Archeo-botanical remains of the ქართველი ერისათვის; მევენახეობისა და nation in the development of viticulture and ნაშთები grapevine organs მეღვინეობის როლი საქართველოს ეკონომიკურ wine making, domestication of grapevine and ლეგენდები ვაზის წარმოშობის შესახებ Legends about origin of grapevine ცხოვრებაში; საქართველოს და ქართველი breeding of new varieties is discussed, as well ქვევრში დაკრძალვის წესი ელინისტურ The habit of funeral in the “Qvevri” in the ერის წვლილი მევენახეობისა და მეღვინეობის as the role of viticulture and winemaking in the საქართველოში Hellenistic Georgia განვითარებაში, ვაზის დომესტიკაციისა და development of the Georgian economical life ვაზის სასხლავი უძველესი იარაღი The oldest pruning instruments for grapevine ჯიშების სელექციის საქმეში. and the significance of grapevine and wine for უფლისციხე: კლდეში ნაკვეთი ქალაქი Cave-town Uplistsikhe the Georgia. ვაზთან და ღვინოსთან დაკავშირებული Habits and customs related to the vine წეს-ჩვეულებანი and wine წიგნი განკუთვნილია ვაზისა და ღვინის The given book is meant for the wide auditory შუა საუკუნეები Medieval centuries კულტურით დაინტერესებულ მკითხველთა of readers interested in the grape and wine XIX საუკუნე XIX century ფართო წრისათვის. culture. XX საუკუნე XX century XXI საუკუნე XXI century თავი 3. ნიადაგურ-კლიმატური ფაქტორების Chapter 3. Soil and climatic factors გავლენა ვაზზე influencing on the grapevine კლიმატი Climate რეცენზენტები: Reviewers: დღის ხანგრძლივობა 51 Day length ღრუბლიანობა Cloudy conditions ზურაბ სტურუა, ტექნიკურ მეცნიერებათა Zurab Sturua, Academy Doctor of Technical სითბოს რაოდენობა Sum of temperature აკადემიური დოქტორი, მებაღეობის, Sciences, Institute of Horticulture, Viticulture ყინვაგამძლეობა Frost resistance მევენახეობის და მეღვინეობის ინსტიტუტი and Oenology ნიადაგები Soils თავი 4. საქართველოს ისტორიულ- Chapter 4. Historic-geographical regions of მინდია ჯალაბაძე, ისტორიულ მეცნირებათა Mindia Jalabadze, Doctor of Historical გეოგრაფიული რეგიონები და მათი როლი Georgia and their role in the development დოქტორი, საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი Sciences, National Museum of Georgia მევენახეობა-მეღვინეობის განვითარებაში 65 of viticulture and winemaking კახეთი Kakheti ქართლი Kartli იმერეთი Imereti რაჭა Racha ლეჩხუმი Lechkhumi გურია Guria აფხაზეთი Abkhazeti სამეგრელო Samegrelo აჭარა Adjara თავი 5. ვაზის ქართული გენოფონდი Chapter 5. Germplasm of the Georgian ველური ვაზი grapevine ISBN ვაზის კულტივირებული ჯიშები 83 Wild grape Grapevine cultivars 2 3 თავი 6. ტრადიციული მევენახეობა Chapter 6. Traditional viticulture in ქართული სუფრა „ტაბლა“ Georgian cuisine - ”Tabla” საქართველოში 105 Georgia თამადა Toast master “Tamada” სავენახე ადგილის შერჩევა Site selection for a vineyard სადღეგრძელო Toast ვენახის გაშენება Planting of a vineyard უცხოელები საქართველოს შესახებ Foreign persons about Georgia მყნობა Grafting თავი 13. ვაზისა და ღვინის კულტურასთან Chapter 13. Vocabulary related to the ვაზის ფორმირება Grapevine training დაკავშირებული ლექსიკა 191 vine and wine culture ვაზის გასხვლა Grapevine winter pruning თავი 14. ღვინით მკურნალობა – ენოთერაპია Chapter 14. Wine treatment – Enotherapy ვაზის მწვანე ოპერაციები Grapevine canopy management 197 წყლით უზრუნველყოფა Water suply გამოყენებული ლიტერატურის სია References რთველი Vintage “Rtveli” 202 რთველისთვის საჭირო ინვენტარი Equipment for the vintage თავი 7. ღვინის სახლი „მარანი“ და მისი Chapter 7. Wine house “Marani” and its მოწყობილობა 117 equipment მარანი “Marani” ზედაშე “Zedashe” საწნახელი Grapepress “Satsnakheli” საქაჯავი Press “Sakajavi” თაღარი “Taghari” ქვევრი “Qvevri” – a clay pitcher for wine მენა fermentation and storage ქვევრის ინვენტარი “Mena” ღვინის სასმისები “Qvevri” equipment Wine drinking vessels თავი 8. ღვინის დაყენების წესები Chapter 8. Methods of wine making in საქართველოში 133 Georgia კახური თეთრი ღვინის დაყენება ქვევრში Kakhetian white wine making in Qvevri კახური წითელი ღვინის დაყენება ქვევრში Kakhetian red wine making in Qvevri იმერული თეთრი ღვინის დაყენება ქვევრში Imeretian white wine making in Qvevri ევროპული ღვინის დაყენება ქვევრში European wine making in Qvevri ბუნებრივად ცქრიალა ღვინის დაყენება ქვევრში Naturally sparkling wine in Qvevri ბუნებრივად ნახევრადტკბილი ღვინის Naturally semi - sweet wine დაყენება ქვევრში Georgian desert wines ქართული სადესერტო ღვინოები თავი 9. ადგილწარმოშობის დასახელების Chapter 9. Appelation of Origin Wines, ღვინოები, სუფრის ღვინოები და ღვინის 143 table wines of high quality and wine ბრენდები საქართველოში brandys in Georgia ადგილწარმოშობის ღვინოები Appelation of origin wines სუფრის ღვინოები Table wines of high quality მაღალალკოჰოლური ბრენდები Wine brandys თავი 10. ყურძნის გადამუშავებით მიღებული Chapter 10. Other traditional products სხვა ტრადიციული პროდუქტები და მათი 157 obtained from the grape processing and კულინარიული გამოყენება their culinary use ყურძნისგან დამზადებული საკვების Food receipts using the grape რეცეპტები თავი 11. ვაზი და ღვინო რელიგიასა და Chapter 11. Grapevine and wine in ხელოვნებაში religions and art ჯვარი ვაზისა 163 Grapevine cross საგალობელი „შენ ხარ ვენახი“ Chant “Shen Khar Venakhi” ქრისტეს და მისი მოციქულების ვაზის Portrayal of the Christ and his Apostles in ორნამენტებში გამოსახვა the grapevine ornaments ვაზისა და ღვინის თემატიკა მხატვრობაში Grapevine and wine thematic in the art of თავი 12. სტუმარმასპინძლობის ტრადიციები painting საქართველოში Chapter 12. Hospitality traditions in 179 Georgia 4 5 წინასიტყვაობა Foreword წინამდებარე წიგნი წარმოადგენს მცდელობას The given book aims to provide the interested – მკითხველს მიაწოდოს ინფორმაცია ვაზისა და reader with the information about the signifi- cance of the grapevine and wine, viticulture and ღვინის, მევენახეობისა და მეღვინეობის როლის winemaking in the material and spiritual life of და მნიშვნელობის შესახებ ქართველი ერის the Georgian Nation from the beginning until მატერიალურ და სულიერ ცხოვრებაში შორეული now. Agricultural, historical, archeological, eth- წარსულიდან დღემდე. მასში განხილულია ვაზთან nographical and religious literature is discussed და ღვინოსთან დაკავშირებული აგრონომიული, in it and this made it necessary for us to use the ენოლოგიური, ისტორიული, არქეოლოგიური, term ''Viniculture'', ''Wine culture'' approved in ეთნოგრაფიული, რელიგიური, ლიტერატურული, the foreign literature and rarely used in our coun- ხელოვნების, ლინგვისტური საკითხების try, in which various aspects of human activities ფართო წრე. ასეთი დიაპაზონი სცილდება ერთ related to the wine and vine are implied. რომელიმე კონკრეტულ დისციპლინას, ამიტომ Each of the above mentioned discipline, within გახდა საჭირო გვეხმარა უცხოურ ლიტერატურაში their spheres, explore the issues related to the აპრობირებული და ჩვენში ჯერ კიდევ იშვიათად grapes and wine in details, on which rich infor- გამოყენებული ტერმინი „ღვინის კულტურა“, mation has been obtained and many works dedi- რომელშიც მოიაზრება ღვინოსა და ვაზთან cated to it have been published so far and the დაკავშირებული ადამიანთა საქმიანობის reader can see a part of them referenced at the სხვადასხვა ასპექტი. end of the book. This is why we set our main target in this work to touch upon the main issues ზემოთ ნახსენები თითოეული დისციპლინა თავ- and to through a light upon the theme from many perspectives in order to ensure the reader with თავისი მიმართულებით ფართოდ იკვლევს the basic information on vine and wine culture ვაზის და ღვინის საკითხებს, მათ გარშემო existed in Georgia and to illustrate the richest დაგროვილია მდიდარი ინფორმაცია და ბევრი traditions which the Georgian ethnos has main- ნაშრომია გამოქვეყნებული, რომელთა ნაწილის tained so far. გაცნობაც მკითხველს შეუძლია ამ ნაშრომში მოყვანილი ლიტერატურული წყაროებიდან მათი გაღრმავებულად შესწავლის მიზნით. ამ წიგნში კი ჩვენ მიზნად დავისახეთ ზოგადად შევხებოდით Authors ძირითად თემებს, რათა მკითხველისათვის მიგვეწოდებინა საბაზისო ინფორმაცია
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