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Druhý Život a Second Life Příběhy Lidí, Stories of People Jejichž Novým Domovem Who Found a New Home Se Po Roce 1968 in Switzerland Stalo Švýcarsko After 1968

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Druhý Život a Second Life Příběhy Lidí, Stories of People Jejichž Novým Domovem Who Found a New Home Se Po Roce 1968 in Switzerland Stalo Švýcarsko After 1968 Druhý život A Second Life Příběhy lidí, Stories of people jejichž novým domovem who found a new home se po roce 1968 in Switzerland stalo Švýcarsko after 1968 Druhý život A Second Life Příběhy lidí, Stories of people jejichž novým domovem who found a new home se po roce 1968 in Switzerland st alo Švýcarsko aft er 1968 Druhý život A Second Life Švýcarské velvyslanect ví v Praze Embassy of Switzerland in the Czech Republic 2018 Obsah / Contents 9 Československý exil 1968–1989 17 Czechoslovak Exile 1968–1989 32 Irena Brežná 42 Dana Cimburek 52 Ludmila Čelakovsky 60 Jana Fikart 68 Yvetta Fournichot 76 Jan Jedlička 84 Helena Kanyar Becker 94 Svatopluk Karásek 102 Jiří George Kozel 112 Jaroslav Krupička 122 Vladislav Křepelka 132 Milan Kubr 142 Ivan Lefkovits 150 Juraj Lipscher 158 Václav Požárek 166 Jiří Růžička 176 Oldřich Steiner 188 Petr Sýkora 198 Bernard Šafařík 208 David Šimek 216 Otakar Široký 224 Jaroslav Marek Vejvoda 234 Jiří Vomáčka 244 Jarmila Woodtli 254 Radmila Zochow-Klima 5 Před padesáti lety, v srpnu 1968, bylo brutálně potlačeno pražské jaro. Bylo mi tehdy deset let a jednalo se o první mezinárodní politickou událost , která mne hluboce zasáhla. Pamatuji se, jak jsem s rodiči sledoval zprávy, byl jsem šokován, rozčilen a pln otázek. A to bylo krátce předtím, než měly tragické událost i další důsledky: do Švýcarska a do mého rodného měst a přijížděli uprchlíci, včetně mého trenéra házené a jeho rodiny. Druhý život je jejich příběh a příběh Švýcarska, které se ujalo více než dvaceti tisíc čes- koslovenských občanů, z nichž více než čtrnáct tisíc zůst alo. Předst avením pětadvaceti z nich si připomínáme osudy velkého množst ví lidí i dramatické událost i, které vytvořily silné a trvalé lidské pouto mezi našimi zeměmi. Ale na tyto událost i by se nemělo pouze vzpomínat, měly by se pro nás st át poučením v době, kdy svět čelí obrovským migračním výzvám a všude se živě diskutuje o tom, jak se s touto situací co nejlépe vyrovnat. Nikdo neopouští svou zemi a nežádá jinde o azyl, aniž by se ocitl ve st avu nejvyšší nouze a zoufalst ví. 1968 je příběhem lidí, kteří trpěli nast alou poli- tickou situací, kteří toužili po svobodě a neviděli persp ektivu lepší budoucnost i ve své rodné zemi. Je rovněž příběhem lidí soucítících, vítajícího národa, který byl ochoten podpořit a inte- grovat nově příchozí. Je to příběh, který poukazuje na to, jak může být migrace prosp ěšná pro všechny zúčast něné: pro imigranty, kteří dost anou šanci na „druhý život“, a pro Švýcarsko, které získává mnohé z jejich dovednost í, odhodlání a aktivní účast i ve všech oblast ech švý- carského života. Upřímně doufám, že výst ava Druhý život bude nejen připomínkou událost í roku 1968, ale i povzbuzením k zamyšlení nad kontroverzním tématem migrace. Dominik Furgler švýcarský velvyslanec 6 Fift y years ago, in August 1968, the Prague Spring was brutally crushed. I was ten years old, and it was the fi rst international political event to dist urb me deeply. I remember list ening to the news with my parents, shocked, angry and full of quest ions. And it was not long before the tragic events received a real face: the refugees arriving in Switzerland and in my hometown, including my new handball coach and his family. A Second Life is their st ory and the st ory of Switzerland, which took in more than 20,000 Czechoslovak citizens, of whom more than 14,000 st ayed in the country. By presenting por- traits of 25 of these individuals, we commemorate the fate of the innumerable people and the dramatic events that forged a st rong and last ing human bond between our two countries. But what happened then should not just be remembered; it should also serve as a lesson at a time when the world faces immense migratory challenges and when the quest ion of how to best tackle these challenges is hotly debated everywhere. Nobody leaves his or her country and asks for asylum in another without being in a st ate of utt er need and desp air. 1968 is the st ory of people who suff ered under sp ecifi c political circumst ances, who longed for freedom and who saw no persp ect ive for a bett er future in their home country. It is also the st ory of a population full of compassion, a welcoming nation willing to support and integrate the new- comers. It is a st ory that highlights how migration can be benefi cial for everybody involved: for the immigrants given the chance to build their second life, and for Switzerland, which continues to benefi t from their skills, commitment and act ive participation in all areas of Swiss life. I truly hope that the exhibition A Second Life will both remind us of what happened in 1968 and encourage people to refl ect on the controversial issue of migration in general. Dominik Furgler Ambassador of Switzerland 7 8 Československý exil 1968–1989 Československý exil 1968–1989 Helena Kanyar-Becker Čtvrtá exilová vlna ve 20. st oletí přišla neočekávaně, st ejně jako pražské jaro 1968. V první vlně v letech 1914–1918 odcházeli do zahraničí politicky angažované osobnost i, které se v exilu podílely na vzniku nové republiky. Tento exil se nazývá masarykovsko-benešovsko-štefánikov- ský.1 Tomáš G. Masaryk se během svého pobytu ve Švýcarsku v roce 1915 insp iroval federálním st átním syst émem. V národnost ně heterogenní Československé republice se mu bohužel nepodařilo federaci prosadit, ztroskotal na odporu českých politických st ran, které se nechtěly se Slováky, s Němci, Maďary a dalšími menšinami dělit o moc. Nerealist ický koncept tzv. čes- koslovenského národa přisp ěl k rozpadu první republiky. Druhou exilovou vlnu v letech 1938–1939 vyvolalo opět válečné nebezpečí. Před nacist y se snažili zachránit demokratičtí a levicoví politici, ale také mladí lidé, kteří chtěli bojovat proti německému násilí. Část uprchlíků byla ohrožena i z rasových důvodů. Cílem exilu se st aly zá- padní st áty nebo Sovětský svaz. Třetí exilová vlna reagovala na komunist ický puč v únoru roku 1948 a byla orientovaná západně. Odcházely nejen politicky exponované osobnost i, ale zemi opust ili i lidé s tzv. bur- žoazním původem, aby se vyhnuli pronásledování. Tragický byl opakovaný útěk, do druhého nebo dokonce třetího exilu. Čast o titíž lidé, kteří hledali záchranu před perzekucí v rakousko- -uherském mocnářst ví a museli uprchnout před nacist y, se zachraňovali před komunist y. Nezřídka odcházeli bývalí vězni nebo zahraniční vojáci. Čtvrtá exilová vlna byla sp ecifi cká ve svém sociálně demografi ckém složení a v motivaci. V roce 1968 byli občané přesvědčeni, že lze vybudovat socialismus s lidskou tváří. Po okupaci Československa vojsky Varšavské smlouvy2 21. srpna 1968 st ály za odchodem do ciziny přede- vším zklamání a bolest ze ztráty iluze svobody, ponížení a vzdor, nesouhlas s tzv. normalizací, obavy o budoucnost a nechuť žít v totalitním ráji pod sovětskou nadvládou. První emigranti odcházeli bezprost ředně po okupaci, optimist é, kteří věřili, že se situace obrátí k lepšímu, a byli znovu zklamáni, se rozhodli opust it Československou socialist ickou republiku během následu- jícího roku anebo později. Politická předehra V list opadu 1962 byl zlikvidován Stalinův pomník v Praze na Letné. Největší sousoší v Evropě bylo dokončeno v roce 1955, dva roky po Stalinově smrti. V prosinci 1962 schválil XII. sjezd Komunist ické st rany Československa směrnici o vědecko-technické revoluci. Tým sp olupra- covníků Vysoké školy ekonomické pod vedením Oty Šika vypracoval návrh Nové hosp odářské soust avy. Marketingové změny centralist ické ekonomiky měly osamost atnit st átní podniky, zodpovědnost za jejich prosp eritu měly převzít podnikové rady. XII. sjezd KSČ projednával rehabilitaci obětí st alinismu, odsouzených v politických procesech v padesátých letech. Libe- rální politika rozdělila komunist y na reformní a konzervativní. Kulturní revoluce Díky liberálnímu uvolňování mohly vycházet knihy zakázaných autorů, jako byl například Bohumil Hrabal. Na mezinárodní konferenci v Liblicích v roce 1965, kterou zorganizoval germanist a a býva- lý politický vězeň Eduard Goldst ücker, se dočkal renesance Franz Kafk a. O dva roky později usp o- řádal Goldst ücker konferenci o ideologicky sp orné pražské němec- 1 Vedle prvního a druhého prezidenta Československé republiky, ké literatuře. Před knihkupect vími se st ály fronty na novinky od Ivana Tomáše G. Masaryka (1850–1937) Klímy, Milana Kundery, Josefa Škvoreckého a dalších mladých pro- a Edvarda Beneše (1884–1948), patřil zaiků a básníků. Na malých scénách byly uváděny satirické a absurd- k zakladatelům Československa generál Milan Rastislav Štefánik (1880–1919). ní hry, nejen od Václava Havla, který patřil ke kultovním dramatikům. Filmy Františka Vláčila, Vojtěcha Jasného, Miloše Formana, Ivana 2 Varšavská smlouva byla vojenský pakt socialist ických st átů (1955–1991), který tvořil Passera, Jana Němce, Jiřího Menzela a Věry Chytilové předst avovaly protiváhu k západnímu paktu NATO (1949–). československou novou vlnu, která měla internacionální úroveň. 9 Na IV. sjezdu Svazu československých sp isovatelů, konaném 27.–29. června 1967, kri- tizovali autoři cenzuru a nesvobodu. Za kritické projevy byli z komunist ické st rany vyloučeni pozdější nositel Nobelovy ceny Jaroslav Seifert, Ivan Klíma, Pavel Kohout, Antonín J. Liehm a Ludvík Vaculík, pouze Václav Havel nemohl být jako bezpartijní potrest án. Literární noviny, orgán Svazu československých sp isovatelů, post ihl zákaz, později mohly vycházet pod vede- ním sp olehlivých soudruhů jako Literární list y. Když 31. října 1967 vyšli do ulic st udenti s transp arenty s nápisy „Chceme světlo!“, policie proti nim brutálně zasáhla. Úst řední výbor KSČ kvalifi koval jejich demonst raci jako protisocia- list ickou, ačkoliv pouze žádali nepřerušované dodávky elektrického proudu. Rozhořčení nad nepřiměřenou reakcí vyvolalo solidární demonst race v dalších měst ech.
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