WHO Field Coordinators, Libya Country Office Districts Health Situation Update April 2021
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International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27. -
MPLS VPN Service
MPLS VPN Service PCCW Global’s MPLS VPN Service provides reliable and secure access to your network from anywhere in the world. This technology-independent solution enables you to handle a multitude of tasks ranging from mission-critical Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), quality videoconferencing and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) to convenient email and web-based applications while addressing traditional network problems relating to speed, scalability, Quality of Service (QoS) management and traffic engineering. MPLS VPN enables routers to tag and forward incoming packets based on their class of service specification and allows you to run voice communications, video, and IT applications separately via a single connection and create faster and smoother pathways by simplifying traffic flow. Independent of other VPNs, your network enjoys a level of security equivalent to that provided by frame relay and ATM. Network diagram Database Customer Portal 24/7 online customer portal CE Router Voice Voice Regional LAN Headquarters Headquarters Data LAN Data LAN Country A LAN Country B PE CE Customer Router Service Portal PE Router Router • Router report IPSec • Traffic report Backup • QoS report PCCW Global • Application report MPLS Core Network Internet IPSec MPLS Gateway Partner Network PE Router CE Remote Router Site Access PE Router Voice CE Voice LAN Router Branch Office CE Data Branch Router Office LAN Country D Data LAN Country C Key benefits to your business n A fully-scalable solution requiring minimal investment -
Ajdabiya & Brega 1. Introduction Ajdabiya Is a City Of
CHAPTER SEVEN AJDABIYA & BREGA 1. Introduction Ajdabiya is a city of approximately 134,300 people, located in the eastern Libyan province of Cyrenaica near the Mediterranean Sea. The city lies approximately 6.4 kilometers (4 miles) from the eastern end of the Gulf of Sidra, where the gulf turns westward towards Tripolitania. Ajdabiya lies in an important geostrategic region of the country, with Tripoli 850 kilome- ters (528 miles) to the west, and Benghazi 150 kilometers (93 miles) to the northeast.1 Brega, with a population of approximately 13,700, is located 72 kilometers (45 miles) southwest of Ajdabiya, and 196 kilometers (122 miles) southwest of Benghazi, directly on the Mediterranean Sea, at the bottom part of the Gulf of Sidra. The Marsa Brega Airport lies to the south- east of the town.2 Ajdabiya is the capital of the Al-Wahat District of Cyrenaica. The city itself is composed of three boroughs,3 North Ajdabiya, West Ajdabiya and East Ajdabiya. The Libyan Coastal Highway bisects the city, with smaller roads leading west to the Gulf of Sidra and southeast into the Cyrenaican interior. Another road leads east to Tubruq on the Egyptian border. Brega lies to the west of Ajdabiya, towards Sirte and Tripoli. Prior to World War II, the town was a small fishing village but with the discovery of oil in the Sirte Basin, Brega grew into a major oil production and ship- ping center.4 The city of Brega is composed of a number of smaller towns and industrial facilities and is home to the fifth largest Libyan oil, natural gas and petrochemical refineries.5 1 Ajdabiya, WolframAlpha, available at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i= adjabiya. -
LIBYA: Libya Administrative Map
LIBYA: Libya Administrative Map AL JIFARAH TRIPOLI AL JABAL AN NUQAT Az Zawiyah AL MARJ AL AKHDAR Abu Kammash AL KHAMS Ra's Ajdir !( !( !( AL MARQAB ⛡ Al Baydah Zaltan Mediterranean Sea !( Zuwarah Tripoli Ra's al Hamamah !( Tripoli !( !(!( !( ⛡ !(!( !( !( !( !(!(!( !( !( !( Al Bayda !( Al Athrun Riqdalin !( !( ⛡!(!( !( ⛜!( !(!( Azzawiya \ Susah !( Al Assah!( !( Janzur !( !( !( !( !( Mansur!(ah!( !( !( !( ⛡ !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( Darnah Al Jumayl !( !( Zawiyat al `Urqub !( !( Suq ad Dawawidah !( !( !( !( !( !(!(!( !( !(!( !( ⛡!( !( Al Fatih !( !( A⛜l Abraq !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( ⛡Derna !( !( !( !( !( !(!( !( Qasr Khiyar !(!(!( Al Khums !(!( QabilatS alimah !( Qaryat Sidi Shahir ad Din !( !( !(!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( Ahqaf a!(l Jabhiya!(h ⛜ !( !( !( !( !( !(!( !( !(!( !(!( !(!( Suq al Khamis !( !( !(!( !( !( !( !( !( Martubah!( Suq as Sab!( t !(!(!( !( !( Al Uwayliyah ash Sha!( rqiyah!( Qasr Libiya !(Zawiyat Umm Hufayn !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( Al Aquriyah Khadra' !( !( !( Umm ar Rizam Al Watyah!( !( !( !( !( Al Bumbah North Air Base TUNISIA !( !(!( !( !( !(!( !( Okba Ibn Nafa Air Base !( !( Ki`am !(!( ⛜ Asbi`ah !( !(!( !( !( !( !( Misratah Al!( Mabni Qabilat al Kawarighiliyah !( !( ⛜ !( !( !( Marawah !( !( AlH uwayjat !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( Tansulukh!( !( !( ⛡!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(M!(!( isurata !( !( QaryatB uR uwayyah !( !( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( At Tamimi!( !( Mintaqat ad Daghdughi !( Bamba Bi'r al Ghanam Bu Ghaylan !(!( !( Qaryat ar Rus !( Al M!( arj !(!(!( !(!(!( !(!(!( !(!( !(!( !( !( !( !( Zawiyat al `Izziyat!( -
Uprising and Post-Qadhafi Tribal Clashes, Displacement in a Fragmenting Libya
30 March 2015 LIBYA Uprising and post-Qadhafi tribal clashes, displacement in a fragmenting Libya The political instability and crimes against humanity that accompanied and followed the uprising which overthrew President Muammar Qadhafi in October 2011 drove tens of thou- sands into displacement. Those perceived to have supported Qadhafi or to have benefited from privileges he dispensed through tribal patronage networks were attacked in retalia- tion. They were often driven out of their cities, unable to return. Some 60,000 IDPs who had fled during the uprising were still living in pro- tracted displacement by February 2015. Civilians walk along Tripoli Street in Misrata. Photo: UNHCR/ H. Caux / June 2011 Following the failure of political processes, Libya’s situation became increasingly anarchic, culminating in the collapse of a fragile central authority and the emergence of two rival centres of power in mid-2014. Against this backdrop, and ensuing infight- ing among myriads of militias, violence increased. There was more than a six-fold rise in the number of IDPs, reaching at least 400,000 by December 2014, some eight per cent of the population. Precise figures are not available given lack of access and on-going pervasive chaos. IDPs’ basic needs for shelter, food and medical services remain grossly unmet. Their physical security has been seriously threatened by indiscriminate shelling, attacks on IDP camps and sieges that have pre- vented them from seeking security. The situation of tens of thousands of displaced migrants who remain trapped in Libya and are particularly vulnerable is a cause for serious concern. State collapse and fragmentation of Libya’s essentially tribal society have hampered an effective national response to displacement and coordination of policies to address IDPs’ needs. -
Week-33-2020.Pdf (English)
EWARN & Diseases LIBYA/ Surveillance Bulletin Epidemiological Reporting REPORTING TOTAL TOTAL Week Period SITES CONSULTATION EWARN 10 Aug. 2020 33 62 11467 2512 16 Aug. 2020 Municipalities surveillance status. Hospital surveillance status Leading causes of morbidity By week 33 : 2020, AURI is still the leading cause of morbidity, with ALRI and AD. In table 1: number of cases for each disease and percentage from total consultations. Condition Number of cases Percentage from total consultations Acute Upper Respiratory Infections 1426 12.436 % (AURI) Acute Lower Respiratory Infections 246 2.145 % (ALRI) Acute Diarrhea (AD) 589 5.136 % Table 1: number of cases for leading causes of morbidity and their percentage from total consultations AURTI are generally mild in nature, commonly caused by viruses, sometimes with bacteria. ALRTI epidemiologically includes acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, influenza and pneumonia. 1 Morbidity Patterns: Figure ((1,2,3)) shows a distribution of reported cases on municipalities for week 33: Figure 1: distribution of (AURI) Cases of week 33 Figure 2: distribution of (ALRI) Cases of week 33 Figure 3: distribution of (AD) Cases of week 33 2 Distribution of AURI, ALRI, and AD Cases by Municipality for Week 33/2020: Figure 4: Distribution of AURI, ALRI, and AD cases by municipality for week 33: 2020 AURI reported cases were mainly coming from: Almarij, Baniwaleed, Subrata, Alabyar, Ashati and Bnghazi while the highest numbers of ALRI reported cases coming from Almarij and Albaida. AD reported cases mainly from Baniwaleed, Albaida and Zliten. Figure 5: Trend of AURI, ALRI and AD by weeks to week 33 / 2020 3 Vaccine preventable diseases (VPD): Disease No. -
Libya: State Collapse Triggers Mass Displacement
30 March 2015 LIBYA State collapse triggers mass displacement The political instability and crimes against humanity that accompanied and followed the uprising which overthrew President Muammar Qadhafi in October 2011 drove tens of thou- sands into displacement. Those perceived to have supported Qadhafi or to have benefited from privileges he dispensed through tribal patronage networks were attacked in retalia- tion. They were often driven out of their cities, unable to return. Some 60,000 IDPs who had fled during the uprising were still living in pro- tracted displacement by February 2015. Civilians walk along Tripoli Street in Misrata. Photo: UNHCR/ H. Caux / June 2011 Following the failure of political processes, Libya’s situation became increasingly anarchic, culminating in the collapse of a fragile central authority and the emergence of two rival centres of power in mid-2014. Against this backdrop, and ensuing infight- ing among myriads of militias, violence increased. There was more than a six-fold rise in the number of IDPs, reaching at least 400,000 by December 2014, some eight per cent of the population. Precise figures are not available given lack of access and on-going pervasive chaos. IDPs’ basic needs for shelter, food and medical services remain grossly unmet. Their physical security has been seriously threatened by indiscriminate shelling, attacks on IDP camps and sieges that have pre- vented them from seeking security. The situation of tens of thousands of displaced migrants who remain trapped in Libya and are particularly vulnerable is a cause for serious concern. State collapse and fragmentation of Libya’s essentially tribal society have hampered an effective national response to displacement and coordination of policies to address IDPs’ needs. -
Inter-Agency Mission Report: Site Visit to Ajdabiya, Libya 7 June 2011
Inter-Agency Mission Report: Site Visit to Ajdabiya, Libya 7 June 2011 Mission Objective To obtain an overview of the humanitarian situation in Ajdabiya Mission Composition On 7 th June 2011, an Inter-Cluster assessment mission composed of UNHCR (Shelter/NFI and Protection), WHO (Health), UNMAS (Mine Action), UNICEF (WASH, Education), WFP (Food Security), UNDSS (Safety and Security) and OCHA (Coordination) visited Ajdabiya by road. The mission visited the main hospital, market area and met with representative of local Relief Committee, member of the Libyan Red Crescent Society (LRCS) and engineer from power department. Transitional National Council is currently administrating Ajdabiya. The trip started at 08:30hrs and arrived in Ajdabiya at 10:30hrs. The mission departed back to Benghazi at 14:30hrs. Overview Ajdabiya is located in northeastern Libya at a distance of 160 KM from Benghazi city. The mission was informed that the town is divided into three basic People's Congresses “Sha’byat” : North Ajdabiya, West Ajdabiya and East Ajdabiya. The town is part of the Al Wahat district (previously known as Ajdabiya district) with an estimated town population of 140,000 people while the population of the Al Wahat district is approximately 200,000 people. Ajdabiya town has been a frontline of fighting during March and there have been reports of displacement from the town towards east. The Libyan Red Crescent (LRC) confirmed that many of the civilians fled due to fighting, particularly in March when Ajdabiya was under attack. The town changed hands several times between opposition and Government forces during March, Map - Benghazi to Ajdabiya (Google Map) until opposition gained control of the town in late March 2011. -
Libya and Egypt
Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Libya (Tripolitania & Cyrenaica) & Egypt By Henry L. deZeng IV Benina/North 21.02.41 Shown: 10 hangars (7 of which are partially destroyed), administrative and related buildings, barracks, quarters, storage buildings and a number of others, airfield operations buildings and the munitions dump. Benina/South is at the bottom right of the photo Edition: March 2016 Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Copyright © by Henry L. deZeng IV (Work in Progress). (1st Draft 2016) Blanket permission is granted by the author to researchers to extract information from this publication for their personal use in accordance with the generally accepted definition of fair use laws. Otherwise, the following applies: All rights reserved. No part of this publication, an original work by the authors, may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the author. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This information is provided on an "as is" basis without condition apart from making an acknowledgement of authorship. Luftwaffe Airfields 1935-45 Airfields Libya and Egypt Introduction Conventions 1. For the purpose of this reference work, “Libya and Egypt” means the borders that existed on 10 June 1940, the date Italy declared war on Britain and France, with hostilities commencing along the Libyan-Egyptian border the following day. 2. All place name spellings are as they appear in wartime German, Italian and Allied documents with the addition of alternate spellings where known, these mainly being transliterated spellings from Arabic. -
Libya: EWARN & Diseases Surveillance Bulletin
EWARN: Early Warning Alert and Response Network Libya: EWARN & Diseases Surveillance Bulletin 2018: Epidemiological Week: 04 Reporting Period: 22 January – 28 January 2018 Highlights Number of reporting sites in week 04: One hundred and eighteen (116) submitted their weekly reports complete and in timely manner. Total number of consultations in week 04: 40,678 marking an decrease of 2,570 to last week consultation of 43,248. The number of consultations for other disease this was week was 33,437. NCDC and WHO | EWARN & Diseases Surveillance Bulletin 1 Leading causes of morbidity in week 04: Acute Upper Respiratory Infections (AURI) (n=4649; 11.54% of consultations number), Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) (n=1282; 3.15%) and acute diarrhea (AD) (n=1048; 2.58%) remained the leading causes of morbidity this reporting week. Number of alerts in week 04: Sixteen (16) alert were generated through EWARN. (details: see Alerts and Outbreaks Section). The health authorities of each municipality have the capacity to respond to outbreaks. The alerts were discussed with the focal person and respected surveillance officers of the municipalities. (Details: see Alert and Outbreak Section). NOTE: In all the figures below that represent trends, numbers from week 4 in 2018 were compared to three different averages from 2017 representing the following: The average value for epidemiological weeks 01 – 52 in 2017, representing the entirety of 2017. The average value for epidemiological weeks 39 – 52 in 2017, representing the period of reporting that followed the first EWARN training workshop in September of 2017. The average value for epidemiological weeks 49 – 52 in 2017, representing the period of reporting that followed the second EWARN training workshop in December of 2017. -
Public Attitudes , Security , Justice , Lybia , DFID
PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SECURITY AND JUSTICE SECTORS IN LIBYA FINAL REPORT (WITH RECOMMENDATIONS) FOR THE DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUGUST 2013 CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................5 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................7 3 Research Scope and Methodology ..........................................................................................8 3.1 Research Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Research Approach ............................................................................................................................. 8 3.3 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 9 4 Current Security and Justice Landscape ............................................................................ 14 4.1 The Justice Sector .............................................................................................................................. 14 4.2 The Security Sector ........................................................................................................................... 18 5 Perceptions of Security .......................................................................................................... -
The Development of Libyan Armed Groups Since 2014 Eaton, Alageli, Badi, Eljarh and Stocker Chatham House Contents
The Development of Libyan Armed of Libyan Since 2014 Groups The Development Research Paper Tim Eaton, Abdul Rahman Alageli, Emadeddin Badi, Mohamed Eljarh and Valerie Stocker Middle East and North Africa Programme | March 2020 The Development of Libyan Armed Groups Since 2014 Community Dynamics and Economic Interests Eaton, Alageli, Badi, Eljarh and Stocker Badi, Eljarh Alageli, Eaton, Chatham House Contents Summary 2 About this Paper 4 1 Introduction: The Development of Armed Groups Since 2014 7 2 Tripolitanian Armed Groups 15 3 Eastern Libya: The Libyan Arab Armed Forces 22 4 Armed Groups in Southern Libya 35 5 Mitigating Conflict Dynamics and Reducing the Role of Armed Groups in the Economy 51 About the Authors 63 Acknowledgments 64 1 | Chatham House The Development of Libyan Armed Groups Since 2014: Community Dynamics and Economic Interests Summary • Libya’s multitude of armed groups have followed a range of paths since the emergence of a national governance split in 2014. Many have gradually demobilized, others have remained active, and others have expanded their influence. However, the evolution of the Libyan security sector in this period remains relatively understudied. Prior to 2011, Libya’s internal sovereignty – including the monopoly on force and sole agency in international relations – had been personally vested in the figure of Muammar Gaddafi. After his death, these elements of sovereignty reverted to local communities, which created armed organizations to fill that central gap. National military and intelligence institutions that were intended to protect the Libyan state have remained weak, with their coherence undermined further by the post-2014 governance crisis and ongoing conflict.