A Health Needs Assessment for 5-19 Year Old Residents of the London Borough of Hackney and the City of London
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A Health Needs Assessment for 5-19 Year Old Residents of the London Borough of Hackney and the City of London black 11 mm clearance all sides white 11 mm clearance all sides Produced by Hackney Design, Communications & Print • September 2016 • HDS409 • September & Print Design, Communications Hackney by Produced CMYK 11 mm clearance all sides A Health Needs Assessment for 5-19 Year Old Residents of the London Borough of Hackney and the City of London 1 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements and thanks to the many people who have contributed to the production of this report – both from within the London Borough of Hackney and City of London Public Health team and across our wider stakeholders. 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Introduction This report presents the findings of a health needs assessment – it identifies need across the wider determinants of health in the 5-19 age group for the Borough of Hackney and the City of London, and delivers recommendations to guide future areas of work and inform commissioning of services for these children and their families. 2.2 Key Findings 2.2.1 The Population 2.2.1.1 Hackney Hackney is a densely populated inner London borough with 263,200 residents and a relatively young population with 44,700 children and young people aged 5-19. The number of children and young people is forecast to rise by 7% over the next five years. The highest proportion of the population aged 5-19 is found in the north east of the borough and is likely due to the high birth rate in the Charedi (Orthodox Jewish) community where more than half of the population are under 16 years of age. Local calculations suggest that one in five of Hackney’s young people belong to the Charedi community. Hackney is ethnically diverse with fewer than 40% of 5-19 year olds identifying as White. After White British (27%), the next most common specific ethnic group in Hackney’s children and young people is Black African (16%). One in five of Hackney’s children and young people (aged 3-15) report that English is an additional language to them, and Turkish is the most London Borough of Hackney City of London Corporation common first language in people who have English as an additional language. However, three quarters of children who have English as an additional language are still reported to speak English well or very well. The male life expectancy at birth in Hackney is significantly lower than London and national averages. The female life expectancy at birth is similar to the national average, but significantly lower than the London average. 2.2.1.2 City of London In contrast, the City of London has a far smaller resident population of only 8,100 people within one square mile, but this is dwarfed by the workday population which is over 50-fold greater. The City of London currently has relatively few children and young people with only 700 aged 5-19. However, this is forecast to rise to 800 by 2020. As a result of these small numbers data presented for the City of London must be viewed with some caution. The City of London is less ethnically diverse than Hackney, but this is changing in the younger generation with less than 60% of children and young people identifying as White, compared to 80% of the City’s whole population. One in ten children and young people do not count English as their first language which is half the rate in Hackney, but still twice the national rate. The life expectancy at birth is significantly higher for each gender than London or England averages. 2.2.2 Wider Determinants 2.2.2.1 Hackney Hackney is the eleventh most deprived local authority1 in England (of 326 local authorities). However, five years ago Hackney was rated the most deprived local authority in England, and it has seen the largest decrease in the proportion of its neighbourhoods classified as highly deprived from 42% in 2010 to 17% in 2015. One quarter of all Hackney residents live in houses classified as overcrowded which is greater than the London average. Over half of households containing dependent children are socially rented, which is higher than London and national averages. The highest proportion of social housing by ethnicity is found in the Black community where over 70% of households are socially rented. Three quarters of household homelessness applications that are deemed eligible, unintentionally homeless and in priority need involve dependent children, and three quarters of these are lone female parent households. The rate of family homelessness is increasing faster in Hackney than across London or England and now stands at 6.5 homeless families per 1,000 households. 1 Note – using the rank of the extent summary measure of deprivation Health Needs Assessment for 5-19 Year Olds P a g e | 2 While the proportion of children living in poverty has fallen from 49% in 2007 to 30% in 2012, this is still above the London average of 24% and the national rate of 19%. This places Hackney tenth in the ranking of local authorities with the highest proportion of children living in income deprivation. One third of Hackney’s pupils attending state-funded primary and secondary schools are eligible for and claiming free school meals. While this proportion is higher than the London and national averages, the gap is closing. The Child Wellbeing Index covers a range of domains, including deprivation. The index was last produced in 2009 (drawing on data from 2005) and it ranked Hackney as 352nd with only two local authorities scoring lower. While Hackney fared better in education, the environment and health and disability, it performed worst at material wellbeing, housing, crime and children in need. 2.2.2.2 City of London Overall the City of London is ranked jointly with 24 other local authorities as the least deprived in the 2015 ranking of extent measure of deprivation. The total proportion of children living in poverty is only 12% (2012) which places it 277th when ranking local authorities by the proportion of children living in income deprivation (i.e. only 49 local authorities have a lower proportion of children living in poverty). However, significant pockets of deprivation persist with 2009 data revealing that 41% of children live in poverty in Portsoken ward but only 8% in Farringdon Within. Although the total proportion of households being overcrowded is lower than the London average, some ethnic groups are heavily overrepresented with over two-thirds of Bangladeshi people living in overcrowded housing in the City of London. The total proportion of housing that is socially rented in the City of London is relatively low, but over one third of households that contain dependent children are socially rented – higher than both the London and national averages. Despite the relatively low level of deprivation, the City of London is ranked 284th in the Child Wellbeing Index, placing it in the lower half of local authorities nationally. It performs well on crime (having the best score nationally), health and disability, education and children in need; and performs less well on material wellbeing, housing and environment (for which it is ranked last). This dichotomy of having the best ranking for one domain (crime) and the worst for another (environment) is rare, and is likely to be a feature of the unusually small geographical area that the City occupies. London Borough of Hackney City of London Corporation 2.2.2.3 Education There are 111 schools in Hackney serving 42,656 pupils – 86 schools are state-funded and 34 are independent which is approximately three times higher than the national proportion of independent schools2. In comparison, the City of London has only 2,107 pupils across one state-funded and four independent primary schools and there are no secondary schools. All further information relates to the 86 state-funded Hackney schools which are managed by Hackney Learning Trust, which, since 2013, is the responsibility of Hackney Council. The performance of pupils at key stage 4 (GCSEs) can be broken down into ‘non- disadvantaged’ pupils and ‘disadvantaged’ pupils3. The proportion of disadvantaged pupils in Hackney is double the national rate (54% compared to 27%). Although non-disadvantaged pupils continue to outperform disadvantaged pupils in Hackney, the gap is narrower than national figures and Hackney outperforms the national average for both groups of pupils. When analysing the performance of pupils who receive free school meals (as a crude indicator for pupils from lower socioeconomic groups), over half of these pupils in Hackney obtain five A*-C grades at GCSE which is in the top quartile of results nationally. Compared to national levels Hackney has a higher proportion of pupils with English as an additional language, higher proportion of pupils with special educational needs and at both key stage 2 and 4 has a higher proportion of pupils that start below the expected level. The percentage of half-day school absences by Hackney pupils is significantly lower than the national average; the proportion of children receiving a fixed period or permanent exclusion is significantly higher than nationally. In 2014, 3% of Hackney’s 16-18 year olds were not in education, employment or training (NEET) – significantly lower than both the London and national average. However, the proportion of 19 year olds classed as NEET is higher, raising the total proportion of 16-19 year olds who are NEET to 6.7% in Hackney (2013). Those who are parents, carers or are currently pregnant have the highest rates of being NEET in Hackney.