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Evening Primrose Family) Phylogeny of Rosids Rosids I II Eurosids Vitaceae Eurosids Saxifragales Saxifragales Eurosids II: Eurosids I: Brassicales Zygophyllales Malvales Celastrales Sapindales Malpighiales Myrtales Oxalidales Geraniales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae Textbook DVD WSJ Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassica oleracea var. botritus Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Brassica oleracea var. italica Textbook DVD KRR Brassica oleracea var. acephala Brassica oleracea wild type Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Brassica rapa Note the 4 petals arranged like a cross –– “cross bearing” (Cruciferae); Also note the 6 stamens, 4 long, 2 short –– tetradynamous; Ovary superior Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Draba laciniata Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Hesperis matronalis Erysimum sp. Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae Note that Brassicaceae fruit is either a silique or a silicle. Textbook DVD BSC Textbook DVD KRR Arabidopsis thaliana Silique: a dry, dehiscent fruit of the Brassicaceae, typically more than twice as long as wide, with two valves separating from the persistent placentae and septum (replum). Silicle: the same as silique, but less than twice as long as wide. Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae Note that two valves separating from the persistent placentae and septum (replum). Lesquerella ludoviciana Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae Brassicaceae - 365 genera/3250 species. The Brassicaceae we taught here is the traditional Brassicaceae s.s., which is clearly monophyletic. But studies have suggested that Brassicaceae s.s. may be nested within the paraphyletic tropical family “Capparaceae”. If that’s true, then we should include “Capparaceae” into Brassicaceae s.l.. Herbs; Leaves alternate, simple to compound. Flowers actinomorphic; Sepals and Petals 4, polypetalous, cruciform. Petals often clawed; Stamens 6, tetradynamous (4 long, 2 short). Carpels 2, connate; Ovary superior with a “replum” (a false septum formed by thickened placentae), separating the two locules. Fruit a silique (more than twice as long as wide) or silicle (less than twice as long as wide) . Onagraceae (Evening primrose family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Oenothera grandis (Evening primrose ) Onagraceae (Evening primrose family) Textbook DVD WSJ Ludwigia peruviana Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Fuchsia pringsheimii Fuchsia x hybrida Note the hypanthium prolonged above the inferior ovary; Flora parts in 4 Photo: Yaowu Yuan Oenothera grandis Onagraceae (Evening primrose family) Textbook DVD BSC Oenothera (Gaura) lindheimeri Photo: Yaowu Yuan Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Oenothera biennis Note the 4 fused carpels, hypanthium and inferior ovary; Sometimes flowers are zygomorphic Oenothera (Gaura) sp. Onagraceae (Evening primrose family) Onagraceae - 16 genera/650 species. This small family is prominent in the western US and includes Oenothera (evening primrose) , Clarkia, Chamerion(fireweed), Fuchsia, Epilobium, etc. Herbs; Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, simple. Flowers actinomorphic, but sometimes zygomorphic; Sepals and Petals 4, polypetalous; Stamens (4 or) 8; Well-developed hypanthium prolonged above ovary Carpels 4, connate; Ovary inferior; Fruit a capsule, seeds often comose (with tuft of hairs), think about fireweed. Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family) The family Malvaceae is circumscribed broadly in your textbook, including four traditionally recognized families (i.e., Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae, and Malvaceae s.s.). Since Malvaceae s.s. is still a monophyletic group and is the only one of the four families represented in our native flora. The family we are teaching here is Malvaceae s.s.. Textbook DVD WSJ Hibiscus moscheutos Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family) Textbook DVD KRR Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Note the five fused carpels, and numerous stamens that are monadelphous. Monadelphous: stamens united by the filaments and forming a tube around the gynoecium Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family) Textbook DVD DLN Abutilon theophrastii Note that perianths are in 5, and stamens are numerous and monadelphous. Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family) Hibiscus moscheutos Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD WSJ Callirhoe papaver Again, Note that perianths are in 5, and stamens are numerous and Monadelphous; Fruit a capsule weblogs.baltimoresun.com/.../blog/okra.jpg Abelmoschus esculentus Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family) Malvaceae s.s. - 11 genera/1800 species, including okra, Hibiscus, etc. Mostly tropical herbs or shrubs, also trees. Leaves alternate, palmately veined. Stellate hairs; Mucilaginous cells that secrete slimy/sticky substances (e.g., makes okra slimy) Flowers actinomorphic; Sepals and Petals 5, polypetalous; Stamens (5-) many; monadelphous; Carpels 5 (- many), connate; Ovary superior; Fruit a capsule. Aceraceae (Maple family) Aceraceae is a monophyletic group, so is Hippocastanaceae (Horse chestnut family), but Sapindaceae s.s. is paraphyletic in relation to the other two families. So your text book include all three families into Sapindaceae s.l.. But Sapindaceae s.s. is mainly a tropical family. We are teaching just one clade in the Sapindaceae Photo: Yaowu Yuan s.l. –– Aceraceae Acer macrophyllum Aceraceae (Maple family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Note the samaroid schizocarp; Samara: A dry, indehiscent, winged fruit; Schizocarp: A dry, indehiscent fruit which splits into separate one-seeded segments (carpels) at maturity. Aceraceae (Maple family) Textbook DVD WSJ Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum Textbook DVD WSJ Note the opposite leaves; Acer negundo N. hemisphere woody plant families with opposite leaves A MAD CAP HORSE = Oleaceae (Ash family) Maple family (Aceraceae, included in Sapindaceae now) Adoxaceae (Elderberry family) Dogwood family (Cornaceae) Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family) Horse chestnut family (Hipposcastanaceae, included in Sapindaceae now) Aceraceae (Maple family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Flowers could be unisexual; then plants can be mono- or deoecious, or androdioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, some plants with male flowers only) Acer negundo Aceraceae (Maple family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN platanoides Acer Acer Petals are reduced and sepal-like; Nctary disk; Superior ovary (2 fused carpels), developing wings; Aceraceae (Maple family) Aceraceae - 2 genera/113 species, including Acer and Dipteronia. Woody trees or shrubs, mostly N temperate. Leaves opposite. Flowers actinomorphic; perianths 4-5 parted; petals reduced and sepal-like; Stamens 4-10; nectary disk; flowers bisexual or unisexual; if unisexual, plants either mono- or dioecious, or androdioecious; ovary superior (2 fused carpels), winged; Fruit of 2 fused carpels each with pronounced wing and single seed that split apart at maturity and dispersed by wind –– samaroid schizocarp. Hybridization and Polyploidization What is hybridization? Hybridization is the process of producing offspring of two organisms belonging to different varieties or species. –– the process to create hybrids. Why does hybridization matter? Well, nearly all of our major crops, livestock, pets, and ornamentals are hybrids between different species or varieties/races/strains. Hybridization and Polyploidization http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis Textbook DVD WSJ Strawberry; Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Fragaria x ananassa; Pansy; Hybrid between F. virginiana Viola x wittrockiana and F. chiloensis; Hybridization and Polyploidization Hybrid vigor (Heterosis): An increase in fertility, survivability, yield, or other superior qualities arising from the crossbreeding of genetically different organisms. http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/UserFiles/I mage/siteImages/B73Mo17,hybridEarsLG.gif http://www3.bayercropscience.ca/getfile.aspx?aliaspath= %2f_files%2fProducts%2fHybrid-vigor_jpeg Hybridization and Polyploidization The “deleterious recessive genes avoidance” hypothesis and “overdominance” hypothesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Heterosis.svg Hybridization and Polyploidization Sometimes hybridization leads to allopolyploidy 50% or more of flowering plants and 95% of ferns and fern allies are polyploids. Polyploid crops include rice, wheat, cotton, soybean, etcl. http://www.plantgroup.org/images/research/cpires%20graphics.jpg Polyploidy: with three or more complete sets of chromosomes in a cell. Allopolyploidy: presence in a cell of two or more genomes from different species. Autopolyploidy: presence in a cell of three or more chromosome sets from the same species. Hybridization and Polyploidization Note: materials on this slide and the following slides are optional –– they won’t be on the lecture exam. So you can fall asleep now! How to detect natural hybridization? A phylogenetic approach. A B C A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 Detecting natural hybridization: case studies Hyoscyameae Atropa belladonna Detecting natural hybridization: case studies Yuan et al., 2006. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12): 2263-2267 Detecting natural hybridization: case studies SINE Yuan et al., 2006. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12): 2263-2267 Detecting natural hybridization: case studies Yuan and Olmstead, in prep Detecting natural hybridization: case studies Yuan and Olmstead, in prep.
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