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Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881

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Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881 _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses Female employment in nineteenth-century ironworking districts: Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881. Milburn, Amanda Janet Macdonald How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Milburn, Amanda Janet Macdonald (2013) Female employment in nineteenth-century ironworking districts: Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42249 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ FEMALE EMPLOYMENT IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY IRONWORKING DISTRICTS: MERTHYR TYDFIL AND THE SHROPSHIRE COALFIELD, 1841-1881 AMANDA JANET MACDONALD MILBURN Submitted to Swansea University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy SWANSEA UNIVERSITY 2013 l i b r a r y ProQuest Number: 10797957 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10797957 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract This thesis examines female employment in the two ironworking districts of Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield between 1841 and 1881. Historians have previously suggested that women were practically absent from the workforce in industrial areas. Examination of female employment in the study districts, however, demonstrates not only that women did work, but that they did so in strikingly diverse occupational settings. Evidence drawn from the census, newspapers, parliamentary papers and local manuscript sources will be used to show that their work was vital to the functioning of their local economies, and by consequence, the national prosperity of nineteenth-century Britain. The endemic gendered ideologies of the period undoubtedly influenced the employment opportunities open to these women, yet their work cannot be explained with reference to ideology alone. Analysis of employment patterns in the concentrated geographic settings of Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield demonstrates that, in many cases, wider economic fluctuations and localised industrial, urban, and social developments had more of an impact on women’s work than contemporary discourse. Declarations and Statements DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ......... (candidate) D ate .............................. STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ............................................................. (candidate) Date 1.3............................. STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ........................... (candidate) Date P2.,'P:.2.0)3 Contents Abstract ii. Declarations and Statements iii. Contents z'v. Acknowledgments v. List of Figures vi. List of Tables vii. List of Illustrations x. Abbreviations xi. Introduction 1. Chapter I. Gender ideology and female employment in nineteenth-century Britain. 18. Chapter n. 54. Female employment, occupational diversity and women workers in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881. Chapter HI. 93. Primary and secondary occupations: female industrial workers in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881 Chapter IV. 151. Primary and secondary occupations: female non-industrial workers in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881 Chapter V. 172. Tertiary occupations: female service and sales workers in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881. Chapter VI. 224. Tertiary occupations: female professional workers in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881. Conclusion. 255. Appendix. 261. Bibliography 265. iv Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the support of a number of individuals and institutions. Thanks go to the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) for their generous doctoral award, and to the Glamorgan County History Trust, for their financial contribution to additional research expenses. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Louise Miskell, for her support, guidance, and encouragement from the conception of this project to its completion. Thanks are also owed to the members and contributors, past and present, of the Swansea University Postgraduate History & Classics Forum, for fostering a stimulating academic and social community in the Department. Staff at the following institutions were very helpful during the research phase: The Glamorgan Record Office; The Shropshire Archives; The Ironbridge Gorge Museum Library and Archives; and SCOLAR at Cardiff University. Special mention must be given to Carolyn Jacob at Merthyr Tydfil Public Library, and to the other library users, for pointing me in the direction of some very interesting source material. I am indebted to my family and friends, too many to mention one by one, for their unwavering support during this project. Specific thanks must be given to a few notable individuals. To my parents, Stephen and Susanne Milbum. Their support for this particular research topic has spanned many years, from a school project on Victorian ladies in Ironbridge ‘by Amanda Milbum, age1\ still kept in their attic, to the present day. Their moral support and love have been just as enduring. To Luke Duffin, for putting up with the stress, and chopping all the vegetables. Finally, to Laura Foster and Sophie Fuller, for proof-reading the whole thing, and providing valuable comments and suggestions. Any errors that remain are, of course, my own. v List of Figures 1. Proportion of women employed in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield 1841-1881. 56. 2. Number of women employed in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield 1841-1881. 57. 3. Occupations of females employed in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield in 1841. 61. 4. Occupations of females employed in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield in 1861. 62. 5. Occupations of females employed in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield in 1881. 63. 6. Female Employment by Marital Status in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield, 1841-1881. 69. 7. Female employment in industrial occupations in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield as a proportion of total women employed 1841-1881 95. 8. Number of women in industrial occupations in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield 1841-1881. 95. 9. Female employment in heavy industry in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield as a proportion of total women employed 1841-1881 96. 10. Female employment in the iron production sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield as a proportion of total women employed 1841 -1881. 98. 11. Number of women employed in the iron production sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield 1841-1881. 98. 12. Female employment in the coal extraction sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield as a proportion of total women employed 1841-1881. 114. 13. Female employment in the iron extraction sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield as a proportion of total women employed 1841 -1881. 124. 14. Number of women employed in the brick making sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield 1841-1881. 139. 15. Female employment in the sewing sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield as a proportion of total women employed 1841 -1881. 157. 16. Number of women employed in the sewing sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire Coalfield 1841-1881. 157. VI 17. Number of women employed in the domestic service sector in Merthyr Tydfil and the Shropshire
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