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Thesis Template for Researchers University of Huddersfield Repository McCabe, Mark Godfrey of Bouillon: Representations of Kingship and Masculinity on the First Crusade Original Citation McCabe, Mark (2015) Godfrey of Bouillon: Representations of Kingship and Masculinity on the First Crusade. Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27860/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ GODFREY OF BOUILLON: REPRESENTATIONS OF KINGSHIP AND MASCULINTIY ON THE FIRST CRUSADE MARK MCCABE A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters by Research in History The University of Huddersfield September 2015 Copyright statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions 2 Abstract This thesis uses a gendered reading of twelfth-century narratives of the First Crusade (1096-99) to analyse their presentation of Godfrey of Bouillon (d.1100), one of the crusade leaders and first Latin ruler of Jerusalem. Godfrey’s short reign has meant many modern historians consider his life a myth and that most of our knowledge of him was created after his death. This has caused these historian to place little value on researching him. However, using masculinity as an analysis of his deeds allows us to gain ideas about kingly masculinity in the twelfth-century, and how these ideas were disseminated through narratives. This thesis encompasses many of the twelfth-century crusade narratives which are disregarded by crusade historians because they were not eye witness to the events they describe. However this large corpus of texts can be better utilised to give us more ideas and knowledge about twelfth-century Western European thinking on the ideas of crusading, kingship, war, politics and religion. This means all texts regarding the First Crusade in the twelfth century have value for the insight they offer in this regard. Masculinity is not something gained through passing a certain age, it had to be learned, and therefore this work focuses on kingly masculinity which is the apex of masculinity and would have been used to inspire many of the warrior classes to go on crusade or how to act in general. These texts helped form the construction of their masculinity by their didactic nature, and they would have learned to be an ‘ideal man’ through the precedents set by their forbearers. As such these texts are deconstructed in this thesis to show exactly what constituted kingly masculinity in the twelfth-century. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 4 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................... 11 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 11 Sources ............................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................... 23 The Election of Godfrey ......................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................... 29 The Leader........................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................... 39 The Warrior.......................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................... 53 The Pious ............................................................................................................. 53 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 65 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 68 Word count: 24,665 4 List of abbreviations AA Albert of Aachen, History of the Journey to Jerusalem, Volume 1: Books 1-6 The First Crusade 1095-1099, ed. and trans. by Susan Edgington, (Farnham, 2013) CA The Chanson d’Antioche An Old French Account of the First Crusade, ed. and trans. by Susan B. Edgington and Carol Sweetenham, (Farnham, 2011) FC Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127, trans. by Frances Rita Ryan, ed. By Harold S. Fink, (New York, 2011) GF Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, ed. and trans. by Rosalind Hill, (London, 1962) GN Guibert of Nogent, The Deeds of God through the Franks, ed. and trans. by Robert Levine, (Teddington, 2008) GP Gilo of Paris, Historia vie Hierosolimitane, ed. and trans. by Christopher W. Grocock and J. Elizabeth Siberry, (Oxford, 1997) PT Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, ed. and trans. by John Hugh Hill and Laurita Hill, (Philadelphia, 1974) RA Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, ed. and trans. by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill. (Philadelphia, 1968) RC Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi: A History of the Normans on the First Crusade, ed. and trans. by Bernard S. Bachrach, and David Steward Bachrach, (Abingdon, 2005) RM Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana, ed. and trans. by Carol Sweetenham, (Aldershot, 2006) William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the WT Sea, ed. and trans. by E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. (New York, 1943) 5 Introduction In 1095 Godfrey of Bouillon, a minor noble from Lower Lorraine, heeded Pope Urban II’s call for an armed pilgrimage to the Holy Land to liberate Holy Sepulchre from its Muslim occupiers. Godfrey’s exemplary conduct throughout the campaign and its incredible success led him to receive the highest distinction. Following the conquest of Jerusalem in July 1099 he was elected to rule the city and its territories. While not technically king some twelfth- century writers did bestow the title on him, partly because he was the founder of the dynasty of Latin Jerusalemite kings.1 But he was also given this title because he was held to embody all the qualities of ideal kingship and, therefore, of ideal masculinity too. Godfrey was chosen to rule from amongst a group of noble leaders, who, along with many other remarkable individuals, were celebrated as heroes throughout Western Europe for their deeds on crusade. This group of nobles included Bohemond of Taranto, Raymond of Saint- Gilles, Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Stephen of Blois and Hugh Magnus. But, according to contemporary accounts, it was Godfrey who stood out amongst these distinctive heroes, and was elected by his peers on 22 July 1099 to govern and protect the newly founded Christian kingdom of Jerusalem.2 Following his untimely death in July 1100, twelfth-century chroniclers eulogized Godfrey, praising his character: Guibert of Nogent noted that Godfrey was known for ‘his remarkable humility and modesty, worthy to be imitated by monks,’ describing him as, ‘slender,
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