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Environmental Assessment for the Release of Elk Into the Jarbidge

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Environmental Assessment for the Release of Elk Into the Jarbidge Environmental Assessment for the Release of Elk into the Jarbidge Mountains Elko County, Nevada November 1989 Responsible Agencies: USDA, Forest Service Humboldt National Forest 976 Mountain City Highway Elko, Nevada 89801 USDI, Bureau of Land Management Elko District Office P.O. Box 831 Elko, Nevada 89801 Responsible Officials: John Inman. Forest Supervisor Humboldt National Fo~est Rodney Harris Elko District Manager Bureau of Land Management For Further Information Contact: Roderick Howard Jarbidge District Ranger Humboldt National Forest 1008 Burley Ave. Buhl ID 83316 (208) 543-4129 Abstract This Environmental Assessment describes and evaluates alternatives regarding the Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW) proposal to release elk into the Jarbidge Mountains. The assessment considers the suitability of the release in relation to existing laws, regulations, and land and resource management plans. The issues. concerns, and opportunities developed through the public scoping process are addressed as they relate to the proposed reestablishment of elk in the Jarbidge Mountains. This document includes assessment of mitigation of impacts that may result from a reestablished elk population. 1 I. INTRODUCTION A. Present Situation, Purpose, and Need for Action: The Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW) has submitted to the Humboldt National Forest and the Elko District of the Bureau of Land Management a proposal to reestablish. elk (Cervus elaphus) into the Jarbidge Mountains of northeastern Nevada for the purpose of establishing a resident elk herd therein. The Nevada Department of Wildlife proposes to release 30-50 elk in the East Fork of the Jarbidge River drainage and 30-50 elk in the O'Neil Basin with the intent of establishing an initial population of 250-300 elk in an identified management area of approximately 250,000 acres (see map). All of this management area is historic elk habitat. The initial release date would be during the winter of 1989-1990. Elk reestablishment would provide both consumptive and non-consumptive use to sportsmen and recreationists in Nevada. The Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service have approved land and resource management plans which allow for the reintroduction of elk into habitats suitable and capable of supporting them, with the proviso that conflicts with other resources be resolved and/or appropriate evaluation and analysis be conducted. These documents are the Jarbidge Resource Management Plan, p. II-58, Record of D~cision dated March 23, 1987; the Wells' Resource Management Plan, pp. 10,19 h 20, Record of Decision dated July 16, 1985; the Elko Resource Management Plan, pp. 3,30, Decision Summary dated March 11, 1987; and the Humboldt National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, pp. IV-5 and IV-73, as approved August 19, 1986. This proposed elk transplant is consistent with direction in these plans. One of the issues raised during scoping was the question if elk are native to the Jarbidge Mountains. This question has significance because ,of the proximity of the Jarbi'dge Wilderness and Forest Service policy not to introduce new species into wilderness areas. Wildlife species that were indigenous to wilderness areas can be reintroduced. Elk are prehistoric. historic, and present inhabitants of the 'Jarbidge Mountains, see "maps on pages 22-24. Archaeological records document that elk occurred in northeastern Nevada in: 1. The Ruby Mountains (Tuohy, Donald R.. "Report to the Forest Supervisor's Office, USDA and to the Secretary, Smithsonian Institution on Archaeologic Research on Public Lands in Wells Ranger District of the Humboldt NAtional Forest. 1972. Nevada State Museum, Carson City, Nevada. 182+ pp.). 2. The Independence Mountains near Carlin at the James Creek Shelter (Robert Elston. Intermountain Research. 1984. "Proposed Data Recovery Activities at the James Creek Shelter «26EU843), Eureka County, Nevada, A Mitigation Proposal Submitted to Carlin Gold Mining Company". Intermountain Research, Drawer A, Silver City, Nevada 89432). 4. Elko at the South Fork Shelter. (Heizer, R.F., M.A. Baumhoff, & C.W. Clewlow Jr. 1968. Archaeology of the South Fork Shelter (NV-EL-ll) Elko County, Nevada. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports, Mo. 71:1-58.) 5. The Cassia Mountains 40 miles east of the Jarbidge Mountains. Pictographs there clearly portray elk. 2 ---- ---- 6. The Deer Creek Cave on the northern Jarbidge Mountain foothills where a fragment of antler belonging to either deer or: elk dating to 3000 BPD was found. (Shutler, R. and M.E. Shutler. 1963. Deer Creek Cave. Elko County. Nevada. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers. No. 11. Carson City, Historical records indicate that elk have occured in and around the Jarbidge Mountains. 1. The Elko Shoshoni word for elk is, "padahuya". Had there been no elk in their homeland. they would not likely have had such a word. (Rufus Wood Leigh. Nevada Place Names, Their Origin and Significance. 1964. p. 42.) 2. The Gosiute indian phrase for elk is, "parra hi". Had there been no elk in their homeland, which lay east of the Elko Shoshoni, they would not likely have had such a phrase. (Rufus Wood Leigh. Nevada Place Names, Their Origin and Significance. 1964. p. 42.) 3. Trapper Zena Leonard saw, " ...deer, elk, bear, and beaver plenty.", in the Raft River Valley 100 miles east of the Jarbidge Mountains in 1834 (Fletcher. F.N. Early Nevada -- the Period of Exploration 1776-1848. 1980. Univ. of Nevada Press. 195 pp. p. 89). 4. In 1849 Washington Irving wrote, "The country lying to the southwest of the mountains [around the Great Salt Lake] and ranging clear down to California, was as yet unknown... Still, it was said the deer, the elk. and the big horn were to be found there ... " (Washington Irving. Bonneville's Adventures - revised edition. 1849. p. 61.) 5. Capt. J .H. Simpson in 1859 wrote, "An elk. was seen yesterday in Stevenson's Canon. and one to-day in Red Canon... " These sightings were on the northern end of the Snake Range east of Ely 180 miles southeast of the Jarbidge Mountains. (Capt. J .H. Simpson. Report of Explorations Across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah for a Direct Wagon-Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, in Carson Valley in 1859". 1983. Univ. of Nevada Press, Reno NV. 518 pp. p. 121.) 6. An early fur trapper saw elk on the plain near Mountain Home, Idaho (Ross 1855. Vol. 11:93-93) 7. The town and county name, "£Iko" is based on there being, "large droves of elk". in the East Humboldt and Ruby Mountains in 1868 when Elko was the end-of-construction station for the Central Pacific Railroad. These elk were hunted to provide meat for the railroad construction crews. (Rufus Wood Leigh. Nevada Place Names, Their Origin and Significance. 1964. pp. 42-43.) 8. Elk were extirpated from the Goose Creek mountains fifty miles east of the Jarbidge Mountains in the 1880's. (Walgamott, C.S.. 1936. Six Decades Back. Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho. 358 pp. p. 35.) 9. McConnell states, "During the period of first settlement big game was reported to be plentiful in what is now the Cassia Division [50 miles east of the Jarbidge Mountains] elk were present ... " (Burt R. McConnell. "A Productivity Study of Mule Deer on the Cassia Division of the Sawtooth National Forest". 1957. M.S. Thesis University of Idaho. 75 pp., p. 12)) 3 10. F.H. Winter wrote that in 1891 near the present town of Jarbidge he and a small group of prospectors, " ...climbed high peaks, hunted, fished the streams; saw bear, cougar, mountain sheep and deer in abundance. There were a lot of elk tracks. It (H. Hickson. "Letters from·- Jarbidge". in- Northeastern Nevada Historical Society Quarterly. Spring, 1978 [78-2]. p.49). 11. "Elk were seldom found on the arid plains but roamed largely in and near the mountain ranges being recorded in and near the Bruneau and Elk I-lountains." (Murie, A. 1951. The Elk of North America. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, PA. 376 pp. p. 24). 12. Field notes written by A. K. Fisher report seven elk in the Bruneau Mountains near Mountain City in 1898 (Murie. Ibid. p.32) 13. Dr. C. Hart Merriam's field diaries record elk having inhabited, " ...the pine areas of the mountains above Charleston." (Murie, Ibid.) 14. Q. David ffansen, District Ranger on the Jarbidge Ranger District in the 1930's, reported that a prospector named Bill Austin killed an elk prior to the 1930's near Sugar Loaf, east of Jackpot, Nevada. 15. 15-20 elk were seen near Elk Mountain in the late 1930's.(La Dell Handy, personal communication through John Erickson). 16. Jack Wilcox, District Ranger on the Jarbidge Ranger District during the 1950' s found shed elk antlers on Biroth Ridge and elk tracks and droppings near God's Pocket Peak' (personal communication through Mike Wickersham). 17. In the spring of 1959, twenty-two elk were seen' at the head of Canyon Creek by Joe Baranaga (ibid.). 18. In the fall of .1959 State t+apper Harry Elliot saw a bull elk in the head of Caudle Creek. 19. Ex-District Ranger Tom Ramsey reports that seven elk were killed on the Jarbidge Ranger District in the 1970' s (personal communication through Don Oman) . 20. The Jarbidge mountains are shown to be inhabited by elk in a 1978 distribution map. (Wildlife Management Institute. 1978. Big Game of North America. Ecology and Management. Stackpole Books. Harrisburg PA17105. 494 pp. p. 13.) 21. The Jarbidge Mountains are mapped as well within the historic range of the Nelson subspecies of elk (E. Raymond Hall. The Mammals of North America. 1981. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY NY. 1181 pp: p. 1085-1087). 22. The Jarbidge Mountains are shown to be inhabited by elk prehistorically and as of 1982 in the authoritative book Elk of North America: Ecology and Management.
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