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An Exploration of the Impact of Learning the Irish Language on First Generation Immigrants’ Social and Cultural Integration Into Irish Society

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An Exploration of the Impact of Learning the Irish Language on First Generation Immigrants’ Social and Cultural Integration Into Irish Society AN EXPLORATION OF THE IMPACT OF LEARNING THE IRISH LANGUAGE ON FIRST GENERATION IMMIGRANTS’ SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INTEGRATION INTO IRISH SOCIETY JOANNE BOWRING Student No: 14336249 JUNE 2016 This thesis is submitted to the School of Social Work and Social Policy, Trinity College Dublin, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Applied Social Studies Under the Supervision of Dr Julie Byrne 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 5 Key Words: ......................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 7 Immigration in Ireland: ....................................................................................................... 7 Integration policy in Ireland: .............................................................................................. 7 Language policy: ................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 10 Introduction: ..................................................................................................................... 10 Definitions, Goals and Measurements of Integration: ...................................................... 10 Approaches to Integration: ............................................................................................... 11 Integration of Young Immigrants: .................................................................................... 12 Education as a Tool for Integration: ................................................................................. 15 Language as a Tool for Integration: ................................................................................. 16 Evidence from Countries with Two State Languages, One a Minority Language: .......... 17 Irish Language as a Tool for Integration: ......................................................................... 20 The Irish Language and ‘Sense of Identity’: .................................................................... 21 Summary:.......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 24 Introduction: ..................................................................................................................... 24 Research Aims, Design and Methodological Approach:.................................................. 24 Sampling and Recruitment: .............................................................................................. 25 Instruments and Data Collection: ..................................................................................... 27 Data Analysis:................................................................................................................... 29 Ethical Considerations: ..................................................................................................... 29 2 Demographic Profile: ....................................................................................................... 30 Summary:.......................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS ................................................................................................... 32 Introduction: ..................................................................................................................... 32 SOCIAL INTEGRATION:............................................................................................... 33 Making Friends and Fitting In: ......................................................................................... 33 Sense of Belonging: .......................................................................................................... 34 Family Involvement:......................................................................................................... 35 CULTURAL INTEGRATION: ........................................................................................ 36 Roles and Relationships: .................................................................................................. 36 Cultural Integration through History, Literature and Folklore: ........................................ 37 Irish Humour and Mentality: ............................................................................................ 38 Familiarity with Customs and Norms through Irish Words: ............................................ 38 SENSE OF IDENTITY: ................................................................................................... 39 Confidence, Pride and Self-esteem: .................................................................................. 40 Citizenship and Sense of Identity: .................................................................................... 41 Summary:.......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 44 Introduction: ..................................................................................................................... 44 Social Integration:............................................................................................................. 45 Cultural Integration: ......................................................................................................... 46 Sense of Identity: .............................................................................................................. 49 Summary:.......................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 52 Conclusion: ....................................................................................................................... 52 Reflection on the Research Process: ................................................................................. 53 RECOMMENDATIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL POLICY............................. 54 3 Research: .......................................................................................................................... 54 Attitudes to the Irish Language: ....................................................................................... 54 Familiarity with Customs and Norms and Irish Culture Awareness: ............................... 54 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 56 Appendix A: Instruments - Questions for Interviews .......................................................... 68 Appendix B: Information Sheet for Agency (Cumann Gaelach) ......................................... 71 Appexdix C: Consent form for Agency - (Cumann Gaelach and Seomra na Gaeilge) ....... 72 Appendix D: Information sheet for participants .................................................................. 73 Appendix E: Consent form for participants ......................................................................... 75 Appendix F: Interview Sample ............................................................................................ 77 Appendix G: Declaration ..................................................................................................... 90 4 ABSTRACT Research has shown that young immigrants experience integration into their host society through many different processes. There is no one common definition for integration, and approaches to policies for integration differ between countries. Significant immigration to Ireland is a new phenomenon with increasing numbers starting to arrive from the early 1990’s. Many of these immigrants are now part of Irish society. Immigration became an issue for the Irish government at that time, and although there was a pause after the financial crisis in 2007, there is now a new wave of arrivals following the economic recovery. By 2011, there were over 544,000 non-nationals living in Ireland (CSO, 2011). It is therefore increasingly important for both economic and social reasons that immigrants participate fully in Irish society and are not marginalised. Government policies in Ireland include the use of language and education as tools to achieve integration, with an emphasis placed on the education sector for policy implementation. English language proficiency is a key goal of immigration policy, with little reference made to the Irish language. Immigrants coming to Ireland before the age of 11 do learn the Irish language at school through the government’s national Irish language policy. However, the focus for many immigrant children is on English, as it is not their mother tongue and is the everyday spoken language and language, of administration, in Ireland. Although the Irish
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