Introduction to

by Sagar Kanojia What is Animation?

 Working with the person next to you, write a definition of animation.

 You cannot use any resources (dictionary, Internet, etc).

 You must come up with the definition by yourselves.

 You will be sharing your definition with the rest of the class.

 Write your definition in your notes. What is Animation?

 Animation is the art of creating a series of differing images that create the appearance of movement when played in rapid succession over time.

 Websters: The act or process of imparting life, or motion.

 Art in movement

 The art of movement Movement

 Movement makes static come alive.  It is the quality of the movement (the life) that matters, not the quality of a particular image or or frame of .  Whether it is a drawing or a lump of clay, the places life and meaning into the material by making it move! What does it take to be an Animator?

 A fascination with the way things move.

 Sharp observational skills

 A willingness to be an !

 Problem solving skills

 Lots of patience

 A little bit of perseverance! How do pictures move?

 A trick of the eye and the brain

 Obviously, the images don’t actually move!

 The illusion of movement is created by a physiological phenomenon called . Persistence of Vision

 Light is captured by the eye

 The image is focused upon the retina (at the back of the eye).

• The brain reads and interprets the image. • The brain retains the image slightly longer than it is actually registered on the retina. Timeline: A

1828 – The A simple mechanical toy that created the illusion of movement was made popular by Paul Roget. 1844 - Theatre Optique, Paris

Emil Reynaud opens his Theatre Optique in Paris. The Praxinoscope实 用镜contained mirrors placed on an inside column that reflected out the sequential drawings that were on the inside of the drum. He was able to project 80 frames without changing reels and could project 10 to 15 minute "". But the advent of film drove him out of business and in 1910 he threw all his equipment into a river and died destitute in a sanatorium in 1918. 1893 - The Kinetoscope投 映机

Thomas Edison invents the Kinetisocope. Reels of were stretched over a set of wheels that passed in front of a viewing window. Only one viewer at a time could watch. 1894 – First Copyrighted Film

copyrights the first motion picture, The Record Of A Sneeze.  Thomas Edison opens his Kinetiscope Parlor in New York. 1906 – First example of Frame-By- Frame Animation  James Stuart Blackton makes Humorous Phases Of Funny Faces. This film is usually considered the first known example of animation as some of the drawn sequences are shot frame-by-frame. Blackton used a combination of blackboard and chalk drawing and cutouts to achieve animation.

Play Movie 1914 –

Winsor McCay's Gertie The Dinosaur was the first major triumph in animation (it is still a marvelous film). It was shown as a film in the theaters and also as a multimedia event on stage with McCay interacting with the animated Gertie.

Play Movie 1920 –

Felix The Cat, the most popular character and series of this period, is created by of Sullivan's studio. 1926 – Adventures of Prince Achmed Adventures Of Prince Achmed, a one-hour shadow film was released. This film is considered to be the oldest surviving feature-length animated film.

Play Movie 1928 – is born!

 Steamboat Willy, starring a little mouse named Mickey, opens in New York in November 1928. It is the first successful animated film with sound. It made Mickey Mouse a star and launched the Disney Studios.

Play Movie 1932 – Animation Wins an Oscar

, by Disney Studios, won the first Academy Award for Animation. This film was the first to use three strip in animation.  Line & Cell Animation becomes the standard animation technique for the next 60 years!

Play History of Disney 1993 – Stop-Motion Animation

 Nightmare Before Christmas, by , is released. A departure from traditional cell animation. Uses stop-motion .

Play Movie 1994 – A Billion Dollar

AnimationThe Lion King is released by Disney. This animated film made over $1 billion in theaters. It became a world-wide phenomenon! 1995 – Animated Film

Toy Story, is the first computer animated released and it takes in more money at the box office than any other film in 1995.

Play Movie (2D, , Hand TraditionalDrawn) animation, sometimes referred to as cel animation, is one of the older forms of animation, in it the animator draws every frame to create the animation sequence. Just like they used to do in the old days of Disney. If you’ve ever had one of those Flip-books when you were a kid, you’ll know what I mean. Sequential drawings screened quickly one after another create the illusion of movement. There are four basic techniques used in animation. These are:  Drawn animation.  animation.  or computer generated imagery (CGI) Stop motion is an animation technique that physically manipulates an object so that it appears to move on its own. The object is moved in small increments between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of frames is played as a fast sequence. with movable joints or clay figures are often used in stop motion for their ease of repositioning. Stop motion animation using is called or "clay-mation". Not all stop motion requires figures or models; many stop motion films can involve using , household appliances and other things for comedic effect. Stop motion can also use sequential drawing in a similar manner to traditional animation, such as a . Stop motion using humans is sometimes referred to as or pixilate animation. Model animation Model animation is a form of stop motion animation designed to merge with footage to create the illusion of a real-world fantasy sequence. Techniques Many types of models have been created and developed and are mainly depended on the budget of the film:  Clay Models: Unlike most clay figures used for animation, clay models have an inner metal skeleton designed to allow them realistic movements and expressions Model animation  Build-Up Models: these type of models are more expensive and detailed than clay models. they are made by building up pieces of foam on a metal skeleton it to create a body, and then either brushing on several layers of liquid latex on top, or casting soft rubbery skins and attaching then to the padded armature. Model animation  "Casted" Models: this type of models are the most expensive type used in the industry and are longer-lasting than the other types. these models start as clay sculptures that on top of them a 2 (or more) part mold is made in order to reproduct all the details of it. then the mold parts are assembled with an armature inside of them, and are filled with a liquid material (foam latex, silicone rubber, urethan foam, etc.) that then forms a soft rubbery "flesh" over the skeleton. Traditional animation(2D, Cel, Hand TVPaintDrawn)  A french animation software, TVPaint is the all-in-one 2D animation software you’ll ever need. It’s definitely more robust and complex than Photoshop, but it’s also much pricier. This software is for professional and studios. Traditional animation(2D, Cel, Hand ToonDrawn) Boom Harmony  Toon Boom offers a user friendly set of animation programs that has advanced rigging systems, effects and tools. It is vector based, but the more advanced version also has the option for bitmap drawing. 2D Animation (Vector-Based) 2D animation is the term often used when referring to traditional hand drawn animation, but it can also refer to computer vector that adopts the techniques of traditional animation. Vector-based animations, meaning computer generated 2D animations,uses the exact same techniques as traditional animation, but benefits from the lack of physical objects needed to make traditional 2D animations, as well as the ability to use computer interpolation to same time. 2D Animation (Vector-Based)  Animation is different from other parts. Its language is the language of caricature. Our most difficult job was to develop the cartoon’s unnatural but seemingly natural anatomy for humans and animals. 2D Animation (Vector-Based) There are four basic techniques used in animation. These are:  Drawn animation.  Model animation  stop motion animation.  Computer animation or computer generated imagery (CGI) 2D Animation (Vector-Based)  Adobe Animate (Formerly known as Flash) Probably the most popular 2D animation software out there. Animate has a long lineage of animation making, dating back to the early days of internet publishing. It is vector based, very intuitive to use (as are most of Adobe’s programs) and relatively inexpensive. It’s great for getting started with 2D animation, and though it’s not meant for professional animation production (unlike Toon Boom Harmony) you can still get amazing results with it. 2D Animation (Vector-Based)  Adobe After Effects  An interesting choice for 2D animation. After effects gives you great controlwhen creating rigs for 2D, and using the puppet tool is very convenient and intuitive and it to be a great choice if you’re already comfortable with the Adobe environment, but that’s a matter of preference. Since it’s an editing software it’s great to be able to edit and color correct in the same place you animate, and while it’s not the traditional way the pipeline works, it could save some  time. 3D Animation  3D animation, also referred to as CGI, or just CG, is made by generating images using . That series of images are the frames of an animated shot.  The animation techniques of 3D animation has a lot of similarities with stop motion animation, as they both deal with animating and posing models, and still conforms to the frame-by-frame approach of 2D animation, but it is a lot more controllable since it’s in a digital work-space. 3D Animation  Instead of drawn or constructed with clay, characters in 3D animation are digitally modeled in the program, and then fitted with a ‘skeleton’ that allows animators to move the models.  Animation is done by posing the models on certain key frames, after which the computer will calculate and perform an interpolation between those frames to create movement.  When the modeling and/or animation is complete, the computer will render each frame individually, which can be very time-consuming, depending on the quality of the images and the quantity of polygons in the scene. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation  1. Concept and 2. 3. Texturing 4. Rigging 5. Animation 6. Lighting 7. Camera Setting 8. Rendering 9. Compositing and Special VFX 10. and 11. Editing and Final Output 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 1. Concept and Storyboards 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation  2. 3D Modeling: 3D Modeling is not drawing! After the storyboards are finished and approved by the client, the task of building the props, environment and characters begin. The proper term is called ‘modeling’.  Modeling is the process of taking a shape and molding it into a completed 3D mesh. The most typical means of creating a 3D model is to take a simple object, called a primitive, and extend or “grow” it into a shape that can be refined and detailed. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation  Primitives can be anything from a single point (called a vertex), a two-dimensional line (an edge), a curve (a spline), to three dimensional objects (faces or polygons). Using the specific features of your chosen 3D software, each one of these primitives can be manipulated to produce an object. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 3. Texturing The art of giving clothes to the 3D models. When a 3D model is created, 2D images can be overlaid on it to add colors, designs, and textures. This is called mapping, and often the entirety of a model’s color comes from this. These maps can be created in programs like Photoshop, and the illusions of textures can be brushed onto the models as easily as if you painted them yourself; some animators even use real of the textures they’re trying to create, simply captured and then altered to make seamless repeatable patterns. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 3. Texturing 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 4. Rigging and Skinning We’ve gotta put in those skeletons into a 3D character before he can move!  Setting up a character to walk and talk is the last stage before the process of can begin. This stage is called ‘rigging and skinning’ and is the underlying system that drives the movement of a character to bring it to life.  Rigging is the process to setting up a controllable skeleton for the character that is intended for animation. Depending on the subject matter, every rig is unique and so is the corresponding set of controls. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 4. Rigging and Skinning  Skinning is the process of attaching the 3D model (skin) to the rigged skeleton so that the 3D model can be manipulated by the controls of the rig. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 5. Animation Animation is the process of taking a 3D object and getting it to move. Animation comes in a few different flavors. There’s keyframe animation, where the animator manipulates the objects on a frame-by-frame basis, similar to old hand-drawn cartoons. Other methods of animation include placing objects on splines and setting them to follow the path of the curve, or importing data and applying it to a character rig. Yet another way to animate is to use your 3D application’s built-in physics engines, such as when your scene requires that objects fall.

3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 6.Lighting in a 3D world is just as essential as it is in real life. Lighting, (in combination with textures, camera angle etc.) is where a scene has the potential to come alive. Used improperly, light can wash out a scene, make objects appear hard or flat, and destroy all the hard work. But skillfully applied, lighting can makea scene convincing, or if realism is the aim, create (in combination with materials and geometry), a scene that is virtually indistinguishable from real life.

3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 7.Camera Angles and Techniques Good camera angles and techniques make the difference between good cinematograhy and bad ones. 8. Rendering This is where the graphics get ‘made’ and exported…but it’s not the end yet!!! Rendering an image is typically the last step in the 3D production pipeline (but not the last step in the overall production pipeline), and is perhaps the most important part. It is a step often overlooked or glossed over by beginners, who are more focused on creating models and animating them. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation There are many aspects to creating a good final render of a scene, including attention to camera placement, lighting choices which may affect mood and shadows, reflections and transparency, and the handling of special effects, like fluids or gasses. . 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 9. Compositing and Special FX This is where the final renders are brought into compositing programs to edit, touch-up and add on special effects. Compositing includes everything from what your probably normally think of as special effects, where things explode, evaporate, , etc. It also includes stage extensions (making the scene stage larger digitally in post production), to environment creation (anything from buildings to complete worlds), to 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 9. Compositing and Special FX blue/green screen replacement (shooting in-front of a blue or green screen and then replacing the background with digitally created footage or footage shot elsewhere). Basically, the art of taking live footage and blending it with computer generated footage would be considered compositing. 3D Animation- The Process of 3D Animation 10. Music and Foley Music and foley (sound effects) are added to give the animation the depth and boost in audio enjoyment. 11 Editing and Final Output This is where it ends! This is where it all ends! This is where the composited renders, music and foley are compiled and edited to ensure that everything is in synchronization. Once satisfied, the compiled product is exported as one of the many formats suitable for broadcasting standards and delivered to the client!