ANCIE NT GREEK COINS

VO LUME ll

- PARTS V X . SYRACUSE

FRAN K S HERMAN BENSO N

PRWATELY PRI NTED

1901 - 2

T F R K N A CA B I N E O G E E CO I S .

Buronn ortr a e in min iatur e et c ear p y d , y l , T he ch anging seasons of H ellen ic ar t ;

Fa r s rin -time w en dim haun t n s ons start i p g , h , i g vi i

For th n to e and or ms d v n e a ear i lif , f i i pp ;

Ful r ad ant summer w en a eaven-born s l , i , h h kill

’ A chieves such height as m an n e er mor e can gain ;

D r ear autumn of eca w er e n r ema n d y, h i i

r m w mm r n wi fill Me e phanto s hic h a gli e i g t light . H ere too the Olympic pan theon displays

Pur e r an ea s of eac dr ea e od , g d id l h d d g ,

Or cher she o ess or ove n m en shr n e . i d g dd , l d y ph i d W ith liken ess too of many a kin g whose nod

m r k T us va r ious-hu we fi n Could e pi es sha e . h ed d

A r i h of da c ys.

337887

AN CIE NT GRE E K COINS

SYRACUSE, SI CI LY

FRAN K S HERMAN BENSO N

PRI VATELY PRI NTED

1901 REPRINTED FROM E N ouR N A L THE AM RICA j OF NUMIS MATICS . A T G K N C I E N REE COI N S .

S R A C S E S I CI L . U . V Y , Y

R I A N GULA R n m a in a n an sea Sicily , lyi g idw y the gre t i l d , and n a m -n a stretchi g cross fro Europe well igh to Afric , by a n a n and a a a re so of its size , its situ tio , its v ried historic l sso ciation s far a in n and m an all , surp sses i terest i port ce other an an an n a n n Mediterr e isl ds . Mou t i ous throughout its e tire x n a n n a m n a at a in e te t , pe k risi g beyo d pe k to cul i te l st the m t n - a E na w as t in n igh y height of s ow c pped t , it yet of such fertili y cou tless plain s an d valleys as to have bee n called in later days the gran ary of Rome ' a n an n n a a n and the g rde of the Mediterr ea . I h bited for the v gue ce turies an S ikels ' an d E l mian s a an n before the eighth by Sik s , y of f bled Troj origi , Tr in akr ia ( the three -promo n toried) w as earlier su ng by Homer as the myste r ious an n ff n an n l d which wit essed the su eri gs of w deri g Odysseus , beset by d a m an m a an and . Skyll Ch rybdis , by Polyphe os the gi ts Hither fro Crete , in m an m D aidalos a n on n n n n had yet ore dist t ti es , so ri g cu i gly devised wi gs a n n in m fled before the wr th of Ki g Mi os , who followed swift pursuit to eet a a n ar tifice r an n his de th , le vi g the skilled to build for his Sik host stro g cities , ll n l m as a an d a a m o E m ian m n . sive tre suries , bove , the holy te ple the y ou t

W ence c e cc e me k S ici ia S ci 1 am s essi na s rr a t uc le i . , E ic , B l , l h u v , y N N T R K OI N A CI E G E E C S .

had m a n m a n ru x n n Here co e Her kles drivi g ho ew rd the u ly o e of Geryo es , had an r x and a had here he wrestled with gig tic E y , fter victory refreshed his

a n in n m a . in dim tw we ri ess the spri gs of Hi er While here , too , the ilight of m an n m an d n a a n an d m had a still ore cie t yth lege d , P ll s Athe e Arte is e ch her “ n a n d an n a n chose spot ; here , where oce breezes blow rou d the isl d of the

and n a m on n m on n n blessed , golde flowers bl ze , so e the grou d , so e resple de t o n - m m n a a n a trees , while others soft shi eri g w ters flo t ; with eckl ces of which — the happy o n es i n tertwin e their han ds an d heads fair Persepho n e Kore

m a n n n o n a n n a a n na had n the ide i ce tly g theri g violets e r her f vorite He , bee

on an d n off om m m an on seized by fierce Aid eus bor e , fr the idst of her co p i s , n m n an d a n a m n o n to his ki gdo , the ether world ; lo g these s e u resp sive shores had she been sought with bitter lame n tati o n s by the bereaved m other ’ o Demeter ; !Etn a s fires fl ami ng for her t rch .

a n a n as a a a a The e ster co st , risi g up b rrier cross the p th of the Greek m a n a n or n in am o n ri er purposely westw rd bou d , drive the s e directi before n a a a n a a am n of a u f vor ble g les , tur lly bec e the sce e the e rliest Greek settle

C . n an n m n in a n . n an d e ts , th t eighth ce tury B whe there spr g i to re ewed life activity the old restless spirit of adven ture an d colon ial e n terprise which w as an an in a a a se soo n to make the Mediterr e l rge p rt Greek a . Thus Dorian s an d n an a n ma o f a o n a a n an d S ikels w ho had Io i s , t ki g s ll heed the b rigi l Sik s a an in n n oa a nd fi n d hitherto pe cefully held this l d , vied fou di g c st cities ; we a a L eo n tinoi an d a an m a a a o N xos , Syr cuse , K t e fir ly est blished sever l ye rs bef re an n m n a a o n a n a a a n m a n a n y sig s of Greek settle e t ppe r the M g Gr eci i l d , where in fact tow n s such as Sybaris an d Kroton were to attai n the height of their o an d at a m a an a n n gl ry prosperity uch e rlier period th their isl d eighbors . n a n art n a The first two ce turies of Sicili history , however , the of coi ge — bei ng yet u n kn ow n do n ot dem a nd o ur atten tion as stude n ts of n um is m atics ; an d w he n we m eet with the earliest coi n issues ( about the m iddle of the sixth cen tury) o n e city had already begu n to show in S ike liot affairs evi de n ce s of the wide i n flue n ce which w as later to expa n d i n to a gen eral an d m n n an I n a a n overwhel i g predom i ce . f ct for bout three ce turies the story of A N CI E N T GR E E K COI N S .

a u m m a m o f all Syr c se see s to e br ce , ore or less fully , the history Sicily ; where n o city w as so great or so in sign ifican t as to feel secure from the savage a an an an d a all at cruelty of the Syr cus tyr ts ; where , equ lly , could rejoice the !

a at a an . appro ch , or the success of the Syr cus deliverers A nd w e a a an can if seek historic l pictures , wh t Sicili city show such variety in govern men t an d domi n ion as Syracuse in the fourth cen tury ! To fa an an d o n s the cruel , ithless , but brilli t p werful Dio ysios the Elder succeed n a an d son n a n his u st ble vicious , first the willi g , docile pupil of Pl to , the with a -a n n x an n a an d n at we k self ssertio rushi g to every e cess of tyr ic l vice , , whe a a n l ast forced to flee before the wr th of his outr ged subjects , retiri g to m in n e nd a a as a a . an an d Cori th to his d ys pe cefully school ster Me while , a n m n a in n a m in n a large p rt i stru e t l this eve t , h ve co e tur the deliverers ; ble ,

a n n a n an d m n - a a h ughty , u fortu te Dio ; Ti oleo , pure , true he rted , cour geous

and a the n S ikeliot . A nd n a hero p triot , oblest figure of story the , with st rt n n n in an a an t an li g sudde ess , less th two dec des we see the rise of other yr t , m o a a m o n in - n an e n n o an d ce n re s v ge , re e ergetic ill doi g th ve Dio ysi s ; the o an d m a n n a an d o - a tury closes with the p wer g ifice ce , the tre chery blo d r ge of l A gathok e s . a t an d n a an na n The v rie y sple dor of Syr cus coi ge , reflecti g for three

n a n f un an ce turies the ch ges of civic ort e , give to successive issues over

- m n n o a and a . m n n a whel i g i terest , hist ric l rtistic The ost skillful coi e gr vers ’ celebrated the city s victo rious achievemen ts by beautiful an d appropriate

n x a m a n n o n m o a an desig s , which e cited the d ir tio less of co te p r ries , th of art -lovers in all succeedi ng ages ; an d whose wide -spread i n fluen ce appears m as a a and K li i I n o n in coi n ages as far re oved G lli Asiatic i k a . c pious ess n m o n a a and a a a n o auto o ous c i ge equ ls , few roy l series surp ss th t of this — an a n an a n m m ow n a an m n city ! bu d ce ttested by the u ber of y Syr cus speci e s , which comprise above on e -eighth of the en tire collectio n ; n ot an u nusual m a m n proportion in cabi n ets fo r ed to give co prehe sive view of this subject . a m a - m n n a a a a and n m Such rked pre e i e ce , historic l , rtistic , geogr phic l , u is ’ ma m m n a n n tic , ust surely justify y choice of this city s coi ge for these ope i g papers on Sicilian issues . 6 A I E R E E C I N N C N T G K O S .

A word must be added on the subject of on e peculiarity in the coi nages n am n m t - an a of Sicily ; ely , the u ifor i y of their weight st d rd , which , with the n m a Chalkidic n u as a exceptio of so e e rly issues of the colo ies , s ch N xos , Zan kle and m era A i in etic an a a w as Hi , where the g st d rd prev iled , Attic ; the a a m n 2 0 a n an d a m I full tetr dr ch weighi g 7 gr i s , the didr ch 35 , with its n i subdivisio s n the same ratio .

n ar af C . n n an two . a For hu dred ye s ter 734 B , whe Cori thi Archi s , with n ra — n m m his followers , fou ded Sy cuse desti ed to beco e the ightiest of the — Doric colon ies the en ergy of its in habitan ts w as con fin ed to a gradual and n a a n n in n n n n n tur l exte sio the eighbori g u occupied portio s of Sicily , u til the n a n n an had m n ra an m n n e tire southe ster cor er of the isl d co e u der Sy cus do i io . A a a n in n m n m m n all S ikeliot n gr du l evolutio civic gover e t , co o to tow s , where m a n in an n an na the supre e power, ret i ed the h ds of desce d ts of origi l settlers , n as a n n m an d m o a a a had te ded co seque ce ore re tow rds close olig rchy , meanwhile been takin g place at Syracuse ; an d in the latter part of the sixth n fi nd a n a a a Gam or oi an n ce tury we ruli g ristocr tic cl ss , the , or L dow ers , to a a an n a whose period should be assign ed the e rliest Syr cus coi ge .

Ga mon or.

w n u . I m t 2 s x ce . . a a 6 r . ! 60 e c . . . . YP T tr dr h , 3 g Si th t ry B C (Pl V ) Obv i A v ma h or m . a o r or wa n R e . e e a a c a c s u a t ses . e to e of ( r i f ) Q drig ight, h lki g F l h d l ft, ar c a c s e in ncuse c r c e ar oun w c ua a e n cuse s ua e an ua e h i tyl , i i l ; d hi h, q drip rtit i q r , gr l t d . om on u a (Fr the M tag s le . )

H ad we comm en ced our study of coin age w ith the still more an cie n t i a t a n xam n am n ssues of Hell s , proto ypes of this reverse would h ve bee e i ed o g a a n an n as a a m n n i a those rch ic Cori thi coi s which , lre dy e tio ed , c rcul ted widely in the western Greek world before the ar t of coi n i n g mon ey had pe n etrated thither ; an d which n aturally would be almost exclusively used in this a i daughter city of the Isthm ic metropolis . It is e sy to trace n the peculiar a n a a n m n m a sh pe of the i cuse squ re , especi lly whe the speci e is so ewh t w n — a n a a w as t n or , reflectio of the sw stik , which the reverse ype of Cori th A N CI E N T GR E E COI N K S . for this sixth ce n tury ; but the i n cluded head w as doubtless that of the local m o a o n n u — as o — ou ny ph Areth us , wh se spri g bubbli g p it still d es the

a-m a n of O r t ia w as n a o n o f o n e o f m o a m n se rgi yg , the i spir ti the st ch r i g of in an n . a n m Sicili lege ds This rel tes how Elis of old Greece , the y ph pur u iv - od A l he ios w as an m n s ed by the r er g p , ch ged by Arte is (quickly respo sive ’ m a n a n a n a n w o n n sea to her ide s pr yer) i to fou t i , hich fl wi g u der the , welled

a a n in O rt ia . n a up g i yg Not eve thus , however, could she wholly esc pe her a n am a a n a n d a n on n rde t lover, whose stre , likewise dis ppe ri g t ki g the l g u der sea n in m a a n a n — and — jour ey , si il r str ge f shio poured yet pours forth its nd a am a a a n a fresh a copious w ters id the s lt w ves of the h rbor e r by . w as a a an d of — Sicily celebr ted for the be uty speed its horses , the ! n a n a an d a i u we ried steeds of Pi d r, perh ps this obverse type is descr ptive a on a a an a of some especi l pride the p rt of the Syr cus s . The qu driga is rep rese n ted in the co nven tion al method so common for the first ce n tury of Sici an o n a n a n o a an d o li c i ge , the e gr ver depicti g two h rses cle rly the ther two o n an ar a m o fo r a o n N o simply by utli es ; tifice lso e pl yed the p ir of horses . 6 N ff n a . o o o s a o of this pl te Nike , pro eri g vict ri u wre th , h vers over these a an n as a a an n in steeds , so th t we c ot here , we sh ll shortly , tr ce y refere ce this in one a n am type to a victory of the gre t Helle ic g es . all a Gam oroi am in m a n an d o re s Like olig rchies , the bec e ti e overbe ri g pp in m m n m m a n and n a a sive their rule of the co o people , who by i igr tio tur l a n m n m o d n n a a n a a an . n i cre se were gr du lly growi g ore u er us u gover ble Fi lly ,

n C . in o in a a . the e rly ye rs of the fifth ce tury B , they rose successful rev lt , and driving the La n down ers from the city established in their stead a pure democracy . an a n ew n m on e m a Me while ruler , desti ed to beco e of the ost celebr ted an t a n had a m an a im n of Sicili yr ts , by f ir or foul e s est blished h self over eigh n a and n son D e inom e n e s w as a an bori g Gel ; Gelo , of , pr yed by the b ished m m n Gamoroi to restore the to their govern men t of Syracuse . His erce ary n in a n ow a n n n a n forces fou d the c pture of this city , we ke ed by its i ter l disse n an a and n n a a w as far ff n m a sio s , e sy co ge i l t sk but the result di ere t fro th t n a m a m a u an ticipated by his allies . The victorious ge er l de hi self bsol te ruler 8 N I E T GR E E K OI N A C N C S .

m an d o an o m a a a of the of the pe ple , tr sferred fr Gel to Syr cuse his se t of n m n an d to n a o a o n of n ew a a an an gover e t , i cre se the p pul ti this c pit l tr spl ted on e a n of n a e a as as all in habi thither h lf of the citize s his tive G l , well the m a a n n n an a . o n t ts of s ller dj ce t tow s , which he the destroyed Gel further r n n n a an an t an n a st e gthe ed his positio by lli ce with other Sicili yr ts , ot bly n A kr a as a D am areta a n in m a a m n Thero of g ; whose d ughter , t ke rri ge to ce e t n w as n as a fi n d x a n this powerful frie dship , desti ed , we sh ll , to e ercise disti n o n a an na n i guishin g i n flue ce Syr cus coi ge . These eve ts took place n 485

C . a a an n n a B . , with which ye r the Syr cus issues e ter upo fresh period , illus tr ate d by the followi ng coi n s

N GELO .

m w 2 r s - t. 6 . . . 8 8 6 1 . e a ac . . ! . i T tr dr h , 3 g B C 4 5 47 (Pl V Obv YPA90 i I ON f n m to a em e of a c a c st e ar oun ou o v ea o n s. R e . H d y ph right, di d d , r h i yl ; d, f r d l phi ua r a to r or ses w a n and cr own e e un n n w ou s ea Q d ig ight, h lki g d by Nik r i g ith t pr d f o s w in gs ! borde r o d t . h n (From t e Bu bury sale . )

a o n a n a n a n This r re c i , which prob bly i iti ted the coi ge of Gelo , is of n m a n as in art and a m n a m a double i terest , e ph sizi g it does tre t e t rked de a u m n a nd n n t a p rt re fro the precedi g issue , prese ti g the proto ype fter which n of a an n were fashion ed a large proportio Syr cus silver coi s . We fi nd that the types have changed sides ; the head of the n ymph Arethousa as worthy of the highest dign ity n ow distinguishi ng the more n a a a - m n n a a a ho or ble obverse , while the qu drig sche e , represe ti g e rthly ssoci ma m a n n as n ra n . tio s co t sted with divi e , rks the less i port t reverse The pro cess of evolution further appears in the tran sform atio n of the four swastika n n an a n m n mm n a n like cor ers i to equ l u ber of dolphi s , which swi i g rou d the h a n m a a n m an n a O r t ia e d of the y ph lw ys he ceforth sy bolize the isl d ture of yg ,

- the sea en circled fou n datio n of earliest Syracuse . This head from its greater size displays m ore clearly than in the case of our Italiot in cuse S pecime n s the characteristic archaic method of represe n ting

a m n a an in o . a ff and h ir by i ute dots rr ged r ws The fe tures sti severe , yet A N CI E N T GR E E COI N S K . 9

a a n n n o n a a a n an d displ y sere e dig ity , while the i scripti l letters l ck sh rp ess

ua t . o n a a n a m a n a n a con reg l ri y Ar u d the he d f i t tr ces y be see of li e r circle , an a a o f a n sider ed by Mr . Ev s surviv l the circul r i cuse which frames the head n on a an d w w as o a n aid fou d our e rlier reverse , hich d ubtless ret i ed to the - in n a o on n a n n die cutter securi g correct pr porti betwee the he d , the i scriptio , n n o n an d the surrou di g d lphi s . Turn i ng to the reverse we fi nd the first appearan ce of the purely ago n istic — a - n a a w as to type , Nike crow ed qu drig , which persist for the three n cen turies of Syracusan co i age . The explan atio n of this design we m ust i m n o n t seek n an achieve e t of Gel while still yrant o n ly of Gela . It seem s

i . a a a n n 88 C . w o n a a at m a had a cle r th t h vi g 4 B , the ch riot r ce Oly pi , he gr te

' fully dedicated to Zeus an offeri ng of a chariot ; an d had established a less perishable memorial of his victory by placi ng on the Gelan coi nage the type

a a . n a a an n ow m of his victorious qu drig Whe three ye rs l ter the tyr t , beco e n m a a w as n a n ew n a u disputed ster of Syr cuse , issui g civic coi ge , he doubtless as as w as a n - m a a n a thought it politic , it fl tteri g to his self estee , to g i displ y m n n ot o n a a t of a Gamor oi a a this co positio , ly v rie y the e rly type , but lso ’ n m n his n new a m co n sta t re i der to prese t subjects of their ruler s gre t triu ph . m a a an o a a - n While , co p red with its Syr cus pr totype , this qu drig desig a a a n in n a a ar e f shows decided dv ce tech ic l skill , we see th t the horses still sti f h in o nd m m n in an d an a an d t e a a . ar e gul r , Nike bsurd p sture ove e t There a n a n a an d a m n a n f ct few i dic tio s of the gr ce , vigor , h r o y of ctio which will so o a of a n r gr an dly disti nguish this gr up before the l pse ce tu y .

E N G LO .

— - m w t 2 r s . 6 2 6 . 8 62 6 6 . e a ach s s . . 8. . ! , 3 4 T tr dr , 7 5 g B C 4 5 47 (Pl V 3 YPAKOi I ON ea of n m to r or to e w ea n a em of ea s Ob . i H d y ph ight l ft, ri g di d b d ; v ua a to or ses w a k n an d c ow n R e . e r n our o n s. a ou d, f d lphi Q drig right, h l i g r d by e flyi ng Nik . r t an d n a (Fr om the H oba t Sm i h E va s s les . )

P rti ns the e esta t is c ari t i e ntifi e the in sc ri ti n ere isc e re at O m ia in 1 8 8 I o o of p d l of h h o , d d by p o , w d ov d ly p 7 an d 1 884 . E T GR E K OI N AN CI N E C S .

I n these three heads n ow become sm aller than that of the earlier Ge loan a a m o m n in a n a o n a a o issue , we see gr du l i pr ve e t h ir represe t ti ; the rch ic d ts n m o an d m o m n an at a n o m n n growi g re re i ute , to be ch ged l st i t si ple co ti uous n m m a n ar e a an o a . li es , which however still rr ged with strict f r lis The pl i a m a a m n a on e a o n a di de is repl ced by ore or te of be ds , while the d lphi s h ve a m m o n n n ssu ed re symm etrical proportio n s and curves . I the i scriptio s ar a 9 h s K ch ic a fi n ally disappeared ; and the later hen ceforth prevails . on a n a an ff The reverse of No . 5 shows the p rt of the e gr ver e ort to disti nguish the various legs of the four horses ; while the idea of speed is ’ n a n a a a t co veyed by the ch rioteer s robe , which is blow b ckw rd by the r pidi y

. a n m n a a o n a of his course Nike h vi g here resu ed her tur l pose , flies h rizo t lly , f an a as o a n but still with sti f gul rity , she h lds forth crow of victory to the n w m horses . The issue represen ted by this coi as if o n e can judge fro the n m an — m o a n d a m a o u ber of ext t pieces ost c pious , prob bly supplied the j r ’ a n p rt of the coi age of Gelon s reign .

G ELON .

D r m w — 6 . a t 1 r ! R ev o man to c . 8. se s . . . 8 . 5 id h , 34 g B C 4 5 47 (Pl V . H r e f n a ea n a secon or se o or ses wa n ! or e r o o s . right, k d, l di g d h ; b th h lki g b d d t — 66 . D ra m w v r m n to r 66 r s . . . o a c t . 8 8 ! R e se h , g B . C 4 5 47 (Pl . V . H ight , n e n f a o se w a ! o er o o s. k d, h r lki g b rd d t

The peculiar i n terest of these two reverses co n sists in their disti nguish in a n om n a n n o n n co m g e ch de i tio by m ea s of a c rrespo di g type . Thus they le te a o in a a m n a a a a a p gr up which the tetr dr ch is desig ted by qu drig ; its h lf, a m a a i — o n n o n in the didr ch , by p r of horses the sec d horse represe ted ly o n as in a a a — an d a m a utli e , the c se of the qu drig its fourth , the dr ch , by n ar e o n in n an of n a si gle horse . There to be f u d the e tire r ge Greek coi ge on but e or two i n stan ces of a sim ilar descriptive scheme of values .

GELON .

L w — 6 . a t 1 r a of . 2 s . . . 8 8. . ! . i YPA e 7 itr , g B C 4 5 47 (Pl V Obv H d n m to r t w ar n a m of a s or er of o R v u e e e ! s . e . e s . y ph igh , i g di d b d b d d t C ttl fi h A N CI E N T GR E E COI N K S . n

- — old a n an a a o n a Mr a o f on had The L ti weight st d rd , p u d (libr , p ) br ze , been brought to Sicily in the im m igratio n of that Sikel race which Greek n a nd a o had a of a a o n e ergy v l r l ter dispossessed the v lu ble c ast la ds . It so chan ced that the silver-equivalen t of this weight of bro n ze w as exactly on e t a m a nd n ew a u a n m m n fif h of the Attic dr ch the silver litr th s obt i ed , co o to n a n a f n m in n n S ike liot n both tio lities , would be ou d ost useful bri gi g the coi a e n a m o n a a n a n n a a o g i to h r y with th t of the borigi l i habita ts . Re dily d pted for a o n ra w as a n m this re s by the Greek cities . the lit c refully disti guished fro ow n o x o f a a m n n of their bol or si th dr ch , co seque tly slightly lighter weight — b a m a ff n in of ra a y rked di ere ce the reverse type . This Sy cuse , the sepi or c uttle fish a had n n a a , prob bly refere ce to the cult of Poseido , peculi rly ppro r iat s a- p e to our e girt city . 1 — These (Nos . 6 6 7) and sim ilar pieces composed the regular coi n age of this impo rtan t reign ; but we fi n d in additio n o n e remarkable issue comm e m o r ative of a n a on — an o w as an d the gre t eve t which elev ted Gel tyr t th ugh he , thus n aturally an object of hatred in the eyes of the liberty-lovi ng Greeks to the lofty level of the heroic victors at M aratho n an d Salam is . o o n on a n n had o n in a o n to The c l ists their dve t i to Sicily f u d , dditi the n a n a n n an a n - a at a a tive tow s , cert i Phoe ici tr di g posts est blished f vor ble spots m - h d on a . n m an a n a con ce n the co st Drive fro these , the Tyri erch t settlers tr ated all n at n e n d an their i terests the wester of the isl d , where their three — a n o m at a — a n a a n m o an had in cities P r os the he d h vi g tt i ed i p rt ce , the n m n a n d om n o n course of tw o ce turies co e u nder the i fluen ce d i i of Carthage . m m ow w om an n o w as for This ighty Se itic p er , hich fr its Afric stro gh ld three n a to a w ar a a n m e n a n a had hu dred ye rs w ge bitter g i st of the Ary r ce , thus becom e a close a nd jealous n eighbor of the Greek ; a n d but a slight excuse w as n as a a a a n an of m a a eeded , such the ppe l of b ished tyr t Hi er , to precipit te m l o a C . H i kar a m n I n 0 . a a a a . 8 collisio 4 B , with gre t h st s iled fro Afric to ’ “ regai n his ally s city ; n ear which by the well -watered shore of the river ! m a an d on am da as w as o a a am Hi er , the s e y f ught the b ttle of S l is , he e n cou n tered and was utterly ro uted by Gelo n at the head o f a picked force of a an and A kr a an tin e s had a n a a n Syr cus s g , who h ste ed cross the isl d by forced 2 A N CI E N T GR E E K COI N S 1 .

m arches to succor the beleaguered sister city . S o crushi ng w as this defeat that for three quarters of a cen tury the S ike liot tow n s were u n molested by even a threat from their African rival an d Gelo n w as everywhere hailed a nd m m as the a n m in in m an n as re e bered s vior of Helle ic freedo the west , like er a am in n the victors of S l is were revered the easter Greek world . an m n m n n a a n Such overwhel i g triu ph , the Pu ic ge er l sl i , his thrice on e hu n dred thousan d followers either victim s of the sam e fate or reduced a o m n am was a at to sl very , the terr r of the Se itic e destroyed , celebr ted r a a and m n an d w as m m m a Sy cuse with st tely gorgeous cere o ies , co e or ted ’

a n n . D am ar eta e n n a by disti ctive issue of coi s , G lo s quee , touched with m an t n a a an d u a a wo ly pi y for these hordes of e sl ved w rriors , for the cr el b se m n t had n an a m e t of their proud ci y , i terceded with her husb d for e sy ter s of a and n n a n and a n pe ce ; the co quered tio , surprised gr teful , bestowed upo her n a a n e n a golden crow or wreath . S o valu ble gift o hu dred tale n ts of gold — w as ran the an d m a n in w as speedily t sferred to city , fro its equiv le t silver struck a coi nage of de kadr achm s called D am ar e te ia from this origin and ra a m w in a n a o x an tet dr ch s ; hich , dditio to their regul r purp ses of e ch ge , would . em a n n as in m a am of o se to h ve bee prese ted prizes the triu ph l g es Apoll , e a a st blished to rec ll the victory .

D A MA R E T E I O N C S S LA .

m w PI 68 ra r a t 26 r . . ! . e c . s . K . . . i YPA Oi I ON T t d h , 3 g B C 479 ( V Obv ea of e to au ea e in n ea c r c e ar oun our o ns R v . e . H d Nik right, l r t , li r i l ; d , f d lphi ua a to or ses wa n and c ow ne e in exe ue on un n n Q drig right, h lki g r d by Nik ; rg , li r i g t o right . Fr m h n u a ( o t e Bu b ry s le . )

all D am ar ete ia te n ar e n ow o n as ar e Of the but to be f u d , which they ra m a a of n m o a n m m a ar t an d illust tive of the ost be utiful ph se co te p r ry u is tic , mm m a as an n in S ike liot o a a a n co e or te well eve tful crisis hist ry, h ve lw ys bee con sidered the peculiar treasures of a few fo rtu n ate m useums a nd private n n o n a n a n collectio s . Thus it is with feeli g of hesit tio th t I prese t the tetra

I 1 4 A N CI E N T GR E E K CO N S .

da n ot n n a - o n o f as E ichar m os poets of his y , o ly the tive b r Sicily , p , the n n m al o of A e sch i ve tor of co edy , but s those Old Greece , rugged , powerful y - o m o n an d o m n a a lus , sweet v iced , copious Si ides , pr ud , subli e Pi d r , l urel n a m mo at a on e m crow ed , whose odes h ve preserved the e ry of le st Oly pic “ r a an m n a n in a n d a victo y of the Syr cus o rch rejoici g his steed , of th t other “ triumph when in the race -course o f the Pythian festival the herald an noun cin ama n in a o n o o in a o g uttered procl tio beh lf of Hier , vict ri us the ch ri t ! a a m n t an d n n a n r ce . Th t he ight with dig i y fit ess e tert i such illustrious u u a n d be autifie d a a omm n n a o g ests , the r ler rebuilt his c pit l , c e ci g th t pr cess a a a o n m n n n w as m a of rchitectur l d r e t which , co ti ued by successive rulers , to ke a n in - n o f a Syr cuse eve the world wor eyes Cicero the gre test of Greek cities , ll ! and the fairest of a cities . While thus in learn i ng a n d refi n eme n t Hiero n surpassed to the highest m n o n o w a s n in degree his si ple , u lettered predecess r , less wide the diverge ce n a a a a a a n d n o n a o an their tur l tr its of ch r cter ; u f rtu tely the br ther of the fr k ,

m a na n m n w as ra an d o . a g i ous Gelo c fty , cruel suspici us Like the ide l Greek t an in a a m n n m of o x yr t he lived perpetu l dre d , e ployi g u berless spies b th se es o n n n an d m n to disc ver or , if eed be , to i ve t plots cri es which were the ruth s n w as n in of all n o a les ly pu ished . His rule i deed , spite its sple d rs , true n reign of terror for the Syracusa s . ’ The deed which in Hiero n s ow n eyes w as desti n ed to shed u ndyi ng lustre upo n his n ame seem s to us but a typical an d heartless exhibitio n o f a ra an m n m a an all n a an an d rbit ry power, the b ish e t fro K t e of its i h bit ts , the n m a of m t n ew - n repeopli g , fro v rious sources , the e p y city , christe ed by the n m I E n a I n n o w a a n n a a o n or a e of t . y could fl tteri g Pi d r give his p tr higher m m a an n n him in an n a on n fE tn a ore welco e pr ise th by e titli g , i voc ti to Mou t , !

n n o n n am a . the illustrious fou der of the eighb ri g city , ed fter it

in m n an n a t n and o But Greek i ds other eve t , of heroic qu li y i deed w rthy ’ an an n at m a n n u to r k with his st d by Gelo s side Hi er , obly disti g ished ’ d n a n off m in an C . n a ! m . Hiero s c reer the co plete fi l destructio , Ky e , 474 B , of the Etruscan pirates who had lo ng ravaged the western coasts of Italy ; A N I E N T GR E E K OI N C C S . 1 1 and had in fact re n dered so i n secure the n eighbori ng part of the Mediter r a n ean that its n atural design atio n am o n g the Greeks w as the Tyrrhen ian ( or a se Etrusc n) a .

H m non .

— - - 6 . e r a ms w t 2 2 r s 60 . ac s. 0 . . 8 66 . ! 1 0 9 77 T t dr h , 7 g B C 47 4 (Pl . V K f n m to w t r . i YPA Oi I ON ea o a e ar an emen of a Obv H d y ph right , i h v i d r g t h ir, wea n r oun ear -r n an d a n or ea e n c ace a oun ou s v e o n . R e ri g d i g pl i b d d kl ; r d , f r d lphi . ua r a to or ses w a n c ar o ee c ow n e e in exe ue sea Q d ig right, h lki g ; h i t r r d by Nik ; rg , on o s m ster ! bor der f dot . F om th n a u an d ot e r s ( r e Mo t g h ales . )

o 1 a a on of m i I n N . 0 we see direct adapt ti the D a arete o n tetradrachm ; the nymph Arethousa agai n resum i n g her place as the protectress of the m n n o n of m a a n . a a a a n city While the re i i g c i s , si il r ch r cter , displ y i cre si g size in a and a a a a oa to a m in a m n a the he ds , gr du l ppr ch re lis the tre t e t of fe tures f n and the various methods o arra gi ng hair . too in n a e ma n n a n an The reverses their pri cip l type r i u ch ged , dist t but ’ imperishable echoes of Hiero n s chariot v ictories in the Olympic and Pythian am in x n a m an a a fi nd g es ; while the e ergue , be e th the triu ph t qu drig , we , ’ for n v an an o n a m a a v substituted Gelo s quished Afric li , si il r llusi e figure , the x sea-m on m o n a a m o an d a sea pistri or ster , sy b lizi g the b rb ric , ysteri us , dre ded - - Oa k a 'r r ox a r oéw power o f the Etruscan s p es , supreme upo n the sea whom ’ as as a a n an a had now ov o n . n a well the C rth gi i s , Syr cuse erthr w Lyric Pi d r s “ cr ff n n o o a of a y Such su eri gs they e dured , verp wered by the le der the Syr cusan s w ho om - a n a a an o n o , fr their swift s ili g g lleys c st the Etrusc y uth i t the sea n om av o n the m o o o o f , freei g Greece fr bitter sl ery , s u ded st her ic ch rd ’ Hieron s m an y - sided n ature ; an d we m ust con fess it a proper and pardon a to a m m an of no ble pride which wished perpetu te the re e br ce this , the blest of n achiev eme n t his reig .

AN CIENT GRE E K COINS

VI

SYRACUSE, 2

FRAN K SHERMAN BENSON

PRI VATELY PRI NTED 1m! R EPR INTED FROM ER CAN S CS ! AM I J OURNAL OF NUMI MATI .

N CI E N R E E K OI N A T G C S .

m n to a x an d all n m n n The i pulse give we lth , lu ury , the refi e e ts of livi g o o n o n om an d - o n m n a the pr ud c sci us ess of freed self g ver e t , the r pid but a o m n of a as n o n of ste dy devel p e t the rtistic spirit , evide ced by the c i s this half n an d o n n a n o f m a n n a a ce tury, the c ti u ce those g ifice t rchitectur l works n in a H im eraia n a a a oa which , begu gr titude for the victory , gr du lly ppr ched or attai ned com pletio n u n der the ceaseless labors of ho rdes of Carthagi n ia n a a m on n n om n to o a sl ves , were g the powerful i flue ces which c bi ed pr duce wh t s n a n and n n ha bee well c lled the Golde Age of free i depe den t Sicily . N o t a n a m w as o i o n an d n th t eve this h ppy ti e with ut its d visi s co flicts , aroused an d kept aliv e by the restless n ess and disco n te n t with which Sicilian m o n ll an n n n t a o . o i flue ces see ed i spire who trod Sicili s il Si ce , h wever , these o n n o o f m an a n m n o ccurre ces were u pr ductive i port t ch ges , they i pressed

m a o n a an n a a nd n n ot o n m in rk up the Syr cus coi ge , we eed dwell up the a m n n u o n n a and a a n a a n det il , erely oti g the fresh str ggles , b th i ter l g i st dj ce t town s ; the fears i n spired by certai n demagogues aim i ng at tyran n ical power ; w ar of x m na n a a a n an a n m the e ter i tio w ged g i st the Etrusc pir tes , o ce ore a an d an a nd o n D uce tius a a l wless defi t ; the c test with , the gre t Sikel le der , whose aim it w as to fou nd a stron g n ative state which sho uld restore his fellow-co u n trym en to their an cie nt po sition of supremacy in the isla nd ; n a o of m a a an n eve ts which , succeeded by peri d co p r tive tr quility , bri g us

o a 2 . down to ab ut the ye r 4 5 B C . The chro n ological arrangem e nt followed on plates V I a nd V I I is that in f in um . an a o a ism a proposed by Mr Arthur J . Ev s series rticles the N tic ' ’ d a a am a itr om Cle . a an an C The uthor s brilli t c reful schol rship , his f ili rity with all a n an a a and o n our a br ches of Sicili rch eology , his devoti to speci l subject , clearly determ i n e his positio n as the leadi ng authority o n the v aried coi nages a n a o n n — a o n a n n n of Sicily . His ch i of re s i g rec g ized st rti g poi t bei g aff u n in a a a n an n a o n 0 an d orded by the destr ctio , the gre t C rth gi i i v si s of 4 9 f u a n a n a o n n and mm a C . o 0 6 . 4 B , fo r le di g Sicili cities , with c seque t i edi te cessation of their m i n t activity although somewhat startli ng in its radical an m so a an d n as to a a n our a u om ch ges , see s cle r co clusive w rr t dep rt re fr the a o logical and elsewhere accepted arrangemen t d pted by Dr . Head in his A N I N T GR E E K COI N C E S .

cu I n n H istory of the Coin ag e of Syr a se. this he assig s the coi n s of these at in a a o n a n n a a o m n two pl es l rge p rt to the Di ysi Dy sty , peri d fro fiftee to a an a a o n a a n m n thir ty years l ter th the d tes cc rded by our prese t rr ge e t .

D C C EMO RA Y .

— - — w 2 r 2 V I 1 . ra r m t 2 6 6 s . . . 66 . . ! 8 8 . e ac s . 7 5 T t d h , 9 3 g B C 4 4 5 (Pl Obv ea of n m to r w a e ar r an em en of a w ear n i YPAKOi lON H d y ph ight, ith v ri d g t h ir, i g - ur o n v ua r ses un o s. R e a o r o an d a n n ec ace a o . t ear r ing pl i kl ; r d , f d lphi Q d ig ight, h r r o eer or or ses c ow n e n e ! a n or ot e or e walki n g cha i t h r d by flyi g Nik pl i d t d b d r. m th un ur o ar t m t Ma 1 an d ot e sa s F r o e 00 e . ( B b y, H b S i h , y, 9 , h r l )

A compariso n of these obverses with those already exam in ed (Plate V ) n a in o f a a a now shows a decided i cre se the size the l ter he ds , which h ve for m m clearly reached the lim its possible so s all a field . I n fact tetradrach heads of the succeedi ng periods depart little from the standard here estab lished — a on a xam an ano n as m a m , occ si l e ples which tr sgress this c , it y be ter ed , n m a d f n m m a ar t a a o an n . o u is tic , displ yi g rked loss of p wer dig ity The irregular but rhythm ic curves of the sportive dolphi n s form a graceful an d a am or n m a n a a m n r o appropri te fr e setti g , which see s to cce tu te the h r o ious p

portion s of these Syracusa n portrait heads . For that such they have now m — a a o a n o m a t beco e ide lized perh ps , but still p rtr its is evide t fr their v rie y u as m a of na an m o n m and a m . re lis J st the sters the Re iss ce , e pl yi g oftti es

n m o a n a a nd an of u worthy dels , yet glorified c v s p el with the purest types n a so a an a - n a m a n divi e be uty , these Syr cus rtist e gr vers ust h ve fou d their ’ true ideal of the bel oved city s protecti n g goddess in so me n oble or per an m a or m a on da a m n n a u ch ce lowly id tr of the y , whose ch r i g refi ed fe t res an d gracious prese n ce would form an abidi ng i n spiratio n for a race ever con o f a stan t to its cult physic l beauty . The hair is n ow either co n fi n ed by a si ngle cord passed several times a oun a or n in a n e t or in a a o n a in a r d the he d , e closed , s kkos fte peculi r sh pe an d orn ame n ted with the graceful meander pattern ; while in place of a m n a n fi nd o o a an o n a m a n si ple rou d e rri g we the d uble c il , tr siti l for prev ili g f n an u n til the time o the Athe i siege . 6 A N I E N T GR E E K OI N C C S .

v w a n x n n The re erses sho little ch ge , their e ergue , however , bei g disti ’ guished by the abse n ce of an y emblem ; Hieron s van quished se a -mo n ster recalli ng far too pai nfully the days of tyran n y to fi n d favor in the eyes of

n ew mo a . a a n tw o o this De cr cy The qu drig , still represe ted by h rses fully a n and tw o in ou n a am f n a s in a dr w tli e , displ ys the s e sti f dig ity the e rlier xam — a a n a m n for a o n of e ples , fe ture which is the stro gest rgu e t our ttributi so- a a n o n a o n m a n a o this series to the c lled Tr siti l Peri d , si ce y of the he ds sh w a dign ity and a fi n e n ess of modelli ng which are u n surpassed save by the x m of u n a n m a a e a a n . best e ples the s cceedi g g of highest rtistic tt i e t Nike , w ho l off a n ot n ow n or n a a n in m o m sti l pr ers her wre th , i deed ever g i , sy b lis of m or a w a of n a a nd an of a Oly pic vict y , but l ys the i cre sed power gr deur Syr — n oa an a a n n w n and cuse begi s to fl t with iry gr ce hitherto u k o , suggestive , f n a n o . if but f i tly , her future perfectio

ll a o o n a 2 . w as o o a The dec de f ll wi g the ye r 4 5 B C . thr ugh ut Sicily a o of n a n a nd an x o an a on n a o m peri d restless u cert i ty i us ticip ti , si ce b ut this ti e the affairs of our turbule n t isla nd began to assum e a fresh importan ce from the i n creased atte n tio n an d threate n ed i n terfere n ce o n the part of those great a s of a o on n a n W ar had a a n o tw o St te Hell s , which the Pel p esi lre dy divided i t

o n a a . a n m a an as o n irrec cil bly hostile p rties Cert i s ller Sicili cities , such Le tin oi an d a of v n o r a n n Segest , hopeless reco eri g their rights ret i i g their liber o of n a d ar m m o f n o o n ties by the p wer their u i ed , bethought the lo g f rg tte but n ow gladly revived ties of co n sa nguin ity o r of simple allian ce with the m o n a n n cr aid n n ow in ther cou try ; so th t the Leo ti e y for to Athe s , the full of m a a n a nd a a nd n to x n tide her i peri l gre t ess , both re dy willi g e te d her dom in io n in the West as she had already so gloriously don e in the Aegean m a n S e a w as m e t an m m a n . a a a , by i edi te respo se First s ll , the l rger fleet w as n to aid a Chalkidic at a m a a se t the llied cities , th t ti e fiercely tt cked by the a an a n o w as a om a n d n n Syr cus le gue ; but result cc plished , the wise i flue ce of a H er m okr ate s at n o a n a a of a n the gre t le gth bt i ed pe ce , short dur tio h n as w as oo n o n on n . a na n of i deed , it s br ke by the Le ti es T us , with lter tio s n a n a a n d a a a a n m an a n u cert i pe ce petty w rf re , p ssed few u i port t ye rs , u til the N I E N T GR E E K OI A C C N S .

a a n n a a o n a a nd n o qu rrel reg rdi g bou d ries r se betwee Segest Seli us , which w as to a a n o n of of a a n d n h ve such l sti g results the future Sicily , Hell s , i deed

n o . a a n n o n a o n of the e tire Greek w rld The lli ce the c cluded with Segest , wi g m an a of S e estaian s a n d an to the ore th Greek cr ft the g , the brilli t , deceitful m a of a w n a n a o n in a a e nthu diplo cy Alkibi des , s ept the Athe i s l g wild w ve of siasm which fou n d expression in the dispatch of their first great arm ament agai nst Syracuse in the spring of 4 1 5 B . C .

D C EMO RACY .

m w t 2 - 1 PI V I ra ac 6 . 6 e . 2 r s . . . . ! . K N 8 . i YPA Oi I O T t dr h , 4 g B C 4 5 4 5 ( Obv ea of n m to e w ear n ear r n an d a n n ec ace a r oun w t cor a H d y ph l ft, i g i g pl i kl ; h i b d i h d , n oo r un ou o n s R ev ua a t few esses se a o . . o e o ses a o tr flyi g l ; d, f r d lphi Q drig l ft, h r g ll p i in s e c a o eer c ow n e n e in exer ue o n ur sun fi sh n . g t p ; h ri t r d by flyi g Nik ; g , d lphi p i g F om th a s ( r e E v n s ale . )

w - ra r ac m t 2 6 r s . 2 1 e . V I ! 8 ...... YP K I 7 T t d h , 3 g B C 4 5 4 5 (Pl Obv i A Oi ON ’ to as but w t a r o e n r ave r s n tur m ar e s a e . R v m t a EY e . a o s Si il l t i h h ir ll d ; g ig Si il r l t, ’ but en r a er s s n atur e EY in exe r ue tw o o n s or e r of o s g v ig g , d lphi b d d t .

a a m ar e an of m n a of a These tetr dr ch s the h diwork Eu e es , the e rliest th t a a - n a a a n to a group of gre t rtist e gr vers , who were for h lf ce tury be utify the n a o f a an d and o o o n of a d m n n coi ge Syr cuse Sicily , wh se p siti ccepte pro i e ce is a d as a a m n n m of a n o n no a n d a tteste , lre dy e tio ed , by the custo pl ci g , ble ch r acte r istic o n n a in or in o n a a pr ductio s , their sig tures either full rec g ized bbrevi tio n . has o n n n a all o m of art n a n o It fte bee show th t f r s , besides bei g cre tio s f n n a ar e a a n x n m a an d the purely i ve tive f culty , to cert i e te t i it tive eclectic . The truth of this axiom is displayed with especial clearn ess in such a series

— - — as this co i n s bei ng co n sidered as m i n iature bas reliefs where we m ay a in xam a a an o a m n tr ce successive e ples the gr du l ch ges t w rd higher develop e t , and see how the truly a rtistic eleme n ts of a co mpositio n were preser ved and m a and m a n m o x n w as a a n e ph sized subli ted u til their st perfect e pressio tt i ed . a n a m r i had ow v m an n m of n an d a m n E ch e gr ver of e t h e er his eris s desig tre t e t , which produced a style peculiar to him self an d n ow easily recogn ized with a N I E N T R E E K OI N A C G C S .

an d a a m n a a little study pr ctice . Thus the he ds of Eu e es show disti n ct dep rt m of o m m a n I n ma ure fro those the peri d i edi tely precedi g . size slightly s ller , o a o a a o n a n and flat on to with ut el b r te he d c veri g , the h ir bei g rolled the p of in a n n a n a or as a . the he d , , the r rer first i st ce , No 9 , few tresses flyi g loose m n a a o n n n o o n nu a m a a n fro be e th c fi i g c rd , they c ti e the re lis lre dy i troduced and o n of m a n a m of a m a an na sh w evide ces the rked i dividu lis ster , origi tor ,

n o f a — a as as a for in ci ' v oxo'lr eiov the fou der school liter lly well figur tively , the p y p of Eume n es it seems probable that his great successors E uaine tos an d Bukle i n das were appre ticed to their ar t .

’ But it is o n the rev erse side that Eumen es in ve n tive powers really x n n n n a e hibit their full stre gt h . The co ve tio l artifice hitherto employed for n a n of a a a a a and o n the represe t tio qu drig is c st side , we see f ur disti ct steeds , a an n in at a a o a nd a n still dv ci g step but g ll p , with their legs c refully disti uishe d n f n a n o a a w as a w a in g , eve to sti f ess ; t ble dep rture , which to le d the y ’ an of m n s a to a a an m a an d the skillful h ds Eu e e gre ter pupils v ried , i ted yet - o a o oo has a m a an . t a a ma o n well b l ced gr up The ch ri teer ce sed to be ere uto t , an d seem s to take a lifelike i n terest in urgi n g on his steeds with whip and n a a m n a gesture . The i iti ls EY give us the e rliest for used by this e gr ver for his sign ature .

D E C C MO RA Y.

w B 2 — 1 V I m t 2 r s . . a 6 . . C ! 88. e ac . . i YP K I T tr dr h , 5 g 4 5 4 5 (Pl Obv A Oi ON ’ t r a r s s a ur R ev u r u n e n e . a a m a to as b e EYME NOY . to r or ses Si il r l t ; g v ig t Q d ig ight, h a o n n e ea n a e on w c EYAI N ETO in exe ue tw o o n s g ll pi g, flyi g Nik b ri g t bl t, hi h rg , d lphi bor de r of dots . a m w t 6 r s 2 — 1 V I m 8 e r ac . 2 . . . . . a to a . s 9 T t dr h , 7 g B C 4 5 4 5 (Pl Obv Si il r l t , n u e R v m a to as b n e c ow n n c ar ot r a e . u but s EY . t ee and in ig t r Si il r l t, flyi g Nik r i g h i ; - exe ue c ar o w ee . rg , h i t h l

’ These obverses con ti n ue to show all the characteristics of Eum en es n fo m of tw o n n o m fi er work , while the r er the is sig ed with the full ge itive f r m n o n of n am at one m a m a which deter i es the c rrect spelli g his e , ti e tter of doubt . A N I E N T CR E E OI N S C K C . 9

as f in of tw o n a ar e u But , be ore , it is the reverses these coi s th t we str ck a a a n m a in n art an d a how mm a a o by the gre t dv ce de coi , re lize i e sur bly superi r to the m aster w as the pupil ; for this is o ur first m eeti ng with the work of ’

E uainetos a m a n n a o f . , d ittedly the gre test coi e gr ver the world s history f m n and a n a tw o The reedo , bold ess yet delic cy of desig displ yed by these quadriga s m ake us at on ce feel that the Transition al Period has Closed an d

a a n n a n n . a th t we h ve e tered fi lly upo the Period of Fi est Art E ch horse , m o a a d n n n and a m n exquisitely delled , d shes forw r with i depe de t yet h r o ious a n x n o an d as n a n n an of a ctio , e erti g such vig r power to eed the restr i i g h d s a v n m a n o not o m killed ch rioteer to pre e t ish p ; which i deed c uld , it w uld see , a a a o as o n a m n n n a lw ys be v ided , is sh w by i ute but i teresti g det il , which ,

a a n o n o n m an m n n n n a na m . ppe ri g b th desig s , gives the ele e t of ge ui e se s tio lis n an d n an n a n a of a This is the broke e t gled rei , cle rly visible be e th the feet e ch f o in x 2 a o - a . 1 a a rthest h rse , while the e ergue of No prostr te ch ri t wheel s n a of m n n a n on e m o n a n hows the ture the i pe di g ccide t , which ust fte h ve bee n in om n in a n a m ad n an wit essed the hippodr e , whe fi l rush the co test ts were

n eari ng the goal . ’ The horses legs hav e n ow assumed their n atural i ndependence of posi d o m con on an n a a n d a . ti , Nike h vers with truly refi ed delic cy gr ce It ust be o a a ado E uaine tos a fessed , h wever , th t the t blet device here pted by for displ y in n am o a a a ff n of so a an a and g his e pr duces the tric l e ect , u worthy gre t rtist , a x a n n a as on m xam s th t the use of the e ergu l li e for his sig ture , so e e ple of

N o . 1 2 in far a an d m in n nan a n . , is better t ste ore co so ce with rtistic dig ity

D E CR C MO A Y.

a rac m w t 2 6 s - 1 I ! Y AK I N e . r . i i . P . . V O O 0 . . 2 0 . 9 T tr d h , 7g B C 4 4 5 (Pl Obv a of e se on e to e t wea n ea n and la n n ec ace a oun w H e d P r ph l f , ri g rri g p i kl , h ir b d ith ’ ' r e an d o u at ! w ea of a ar oun o o n s en ra e s s n u e 4 PYI I AAOi . r th b l y p ppy ; d, f r d lphi ; g v r ig r v ua a to o ses a o n an d en w n e ou w om n R e . Q drig right, h r g ll pi g driv by i g d y th h flyi g e cr ow ns in exe ue a to ea n en t an d ur sun fi sh en Nik ; rg , Skyll right, b ri g trid p i g ; ’ s a u E r r of o graver s ign t re YO bo de d ts. n al (From the Bu bury s e. ) 1 0 A N I N T R E I N C E G E K CO S .

I n a a xam of n a Phr illos fi n d this he d , the e rliest e ple the e gr ver yg , we n a a x n and n a n a an in om a on i cre sed rtistic e celle ce , recog ize disti ct dv ce c p ris of o or as m a a n for a a n with the work his predecess r , , he y h ve bee cert i

o o n Ph illo n . . m o a m n . r s a o peri d , his c te p r ry Eu e es yg , cc rdi g to Mr R S . oo o n o n n a o n a n a o n a e m P le , is the ly c i e gr ver wh se sig ture is fou d lso g , and evide n ces of his fa m iliarity with this sister bra nch of the glyptic art ar e fou nd in the sharp ness an d delicacy of fi n ish so apparen t in his heads ; f a a a a a n in fa these there ore displ y peculi r ch r cter , lyi g it is true the rthest remove from the dom ain of sculpture an d yet possessing a strong indiv idual a m ch r . His creative gen ius gives us as well a new perso n age for a Syracusan o n m a has had n a in o type . Hithert the y ph Arethous u disputed sw y the c i n a e of Phr illos n a a of on the g this city , but yg here first prese ts he d Perseph e , true an d abidi ng tutelary goddess o f Syracuse an d of all Sicily ; whether as n n o n m a n a n - a she figures i ce t Kore the ide , fresh , se sitive , light he rted girl , loving to sport with her comrades o n the violet -carpeted meadows o f He n n a ; or as a n of a a a a a da o n the dre d quee the Sh des , fter th t f t l y which , ruthlessly n a a a a on in of a and am n a o n tor w y by s v ge Aid eus , spite bitter te rs l e t ti s , she w as o o m n a n d a a n n of a or f rced to bec e his co sort , gr vely to p ss se te ce rew rd n m n on I n n a n n pu ish e t up departed souls . this i st ce she is disti guished by a in ar e n n of a o a o her wre th , which i tertwi ed the seed p ppy the b leful fl wer of an d a — a nd a n e ar a n half a in sleep de th of b rley , which , hidde the ye r the bosom of mother earth an d shooting forth for the same lengt h of time in air a n a a to a or - n m the free of he ve , lw ys , the lleg y lovi g Greek , sy bolized ’ on - o a n o m a o f Perseph e s two f ld life , equ lly divided betwee the glo y bode her an a an d a n the husb d , the ruler of H des , those cle r sple dors where dwelt m Oly pic gods . n an a - n a B n The reverse i troduces still other rtist e gr ver , uth represe ted t a n and o n am o o n a m a of con by this ype lo e , wh se full e is theref re ly tter a m n x m n an o n m the ff ectur e . n j His tre t e t , e e plifyi g the tr siti fro sti ess of m n o om of E uain etos a a m a his Eu e es to the b ld freed lre dy discussed , i p rts to steeds a shade of their old-time co n ven tion al aspect ; while the i n troduction

1 2 N I N R E OI N S A C E T G EK C .

a n in sea in n an m a had u to a m lo e ; for the fights , which Athe i supre cy p th t ti e n n a a n a an a o a b a ta n bee u ivers lly ck owledged , the Syr cus s il rs , t ught y c p i s m m o o n a nd a fro the ther city of C ri th , with their vessels rebuilt speci lly a m on in n a o a of a o and m r ored for c tests the rr w w ters the h rb r , the selves n o n n om a on an held i spired by the c ti ued success of their c r des l d , first their ow n and n in a n a n a m n a off o , the sever l ge er l e g ge e ts either c rried the vict ry or so cr ipple d the en emy as to preve n t his givi ng a ny assistan ce to his land n a d ff n for n o a a n a . a forces , lso e g ged su eri g w t of such supp rt Thus fight fter on an and sea n in a for n a m fight l d resulted o ly defe t the i v ders , who Tyche ,

f n a m a . their ever ortu te goddess , see ed to h ve deserted a a a a mam n n a n e w n a a m o a The rriv l of fresh r e t u der ge er l , lthough te p r n u a n n an o n o m a n n a an a and rily e co r gi g for the Athe i s , pr duced per e t dv t ge , at last nothing w as left for the forty thousan d besiegers but to co n fess w ith am fa a am n a sh e their utter ilure , to le ve their c p , their u buried de d , their o n m a a nd a n o n n om n t w u ded co r des , to retre t i t the i terior , whe ce s e frie dly ci y a n o a a n m n a n could be re ched . But everythi g f ught g i st the , eve he ve itself a o a m o n a a n an n in a t t l eclipse of the o , lw ys co sidered evil porte t those d ys of

n n o an n n a . O n e w a scie tific ig r ce , preve ti g their dep rture while yet possible y a a an w as and n m a a and at a of esc pe fter other tried fou d i pr ctic ble , l st seve n ’ o an me n a a a th us d , the sole survivors of pitiless eight d ys sl ughter surre n n a and n a nd i n dered , to be drive like c ttle , with blows bo ds curses , to the n ar a a nd m o n sto e qu ries of Syr cuse , the surest ost cruel of pris s .

C DEMO RACY .

m w r 1 PI V I 62 . . ! 1 e r a ac t. 2 s. . . 9 . T t dr h , g B C 4 3 ( Obv. i YPAKQi I ON ea of n m A r e ousa to e t wear n ear r n an d a n n ec ace a H d y ph th l f , i g i g pl i kl ; h ir con fi n ed ’ n n e or nam en te w t star s an d on am x e n r a er s s natu sp e do d , p g g e ¢ PY a oun d by h i h y v i r ; r , v ua r a t t o ses a o n an d s R e . o e en ou o n . f r d lphi Q d ig l f , h r g ll pi g driv by Perseph on e n d c ow n e n e in exer ue ear of ar ea n o c a e . b ri g t r h r d by flyi g Nik g , b l y F un ur ( rom the B b y sal e . )

n xam Phr illos an d fi nd a has now A other e ple of yg , we th t he chose n for m t so am a to a an n a and has i his the e the ype f ili r the Syr cus e gr ver, n his turn

n a a a n m n a n . give us he d of Arethous , the y ph of the fou t i A N CI E N T GR COI N S 1 EEK . 3

Com pari ng this latest production of our coi n -artist with his precedi ng am at n o n - ow n ow as o o m ex ple , we o ce rec g ize the full bl fl er pp sed to the si ple bud ; the work of his years of ripe m aturity a nd power as disti nguished from ffo a a n had not a m n an d co n e rts of e rlier d ys , whe his style yet cquired fir ess f n an d fide nce . m a as a n o o n o A sterpiece such this , displ yi g b th b ld ess desig a a m n in o o on a - - a delic cy of tre t e t its perfect pr p rti , its cle r cut , high bred fe tures and n n n n a m x on o a Phr illos its te der , wi i g ch r of e pressi , sh uld surely pl ce yg m uaine tos an m n o a a E d o . by the side of th se gre t sters , Ki Phr illo s o n o a an n n yg w rked duri g the peri d of epigr phic tr sitio , whe the n ew n 9 w as n n n n a nd an Io ic letter bei g i troduced to represe t lo g 0 , it is amusing m isappreciation of its true value which m akes him in the i n scriptio n Q n a n an d S YPAKQi I ON n a substitute for the short i ste d of the lo g 0 , write i ste d KO lfl N of S YPA i . The reverse prese n ts yet an other of the rich list of Syracusan die — — en gravers although this particula r example is n ot sign ed bei ng a pro on om an E uar chidas n om m a a an d ducti fr the h d of , evide tly , fr the rked v riety m in a n a a n m m of o freedo the ctio of his horses , le di g e ber this c terie of truly

- a o n a . o n a a on e of m o as o gre t c i rtists Perseph e be rs torch , her sy b ls g ddess a m n an o n n n an ear of the re l s of ight , while ther of her disti guishi g sig s , of i a a a n x . b rley , ppe rs the e ergue But the great i n terest of this coi n lies in its symbolical and comm em orative a a w as n o a n a ch r cter , which first poi ted out by Profess r S li s , the dis ushed a nd a n o of m I n ting i le r ed direct r the Palerm o Museu . our brief sketch of the Athe n ian siege of Syracuse we fou n d that from a conditio n of accepted nf o a an a n a a a a nd ar o i eri rity the Syr cus s , h vi g gr du lly cquired , by drill v i us a o n a n in n a a o n had n devices , superi rity over the Athe i s v l evoluti , bee vic r ious in a se a n a m n m n a n n to sever l severe e g ge e ts . The cul i ti g poi t of success m ay be said to have been reached in the last a nd fiercest n aval battle of the m war a . . 1 n n an am n a n on , th t of Septe ber 9 , B C 4 3, whe the Athe i se e , t ki g board their ships as m a ny of the heavy-armed soldiers as could well be ca m a a a m n ff to a o a n rried , de l st deter i ed e ort bre k thr ugh the ch i s , the poi n ted piles an d the solid li n e of vessels with which the Syracusan s had 1 N N R E OI N 4 A CI E T G E K C S .

c o -m m w as s m an losed their harb r outh . This atte pt a fully resisted by the a n n a n a a n a n a l tter, i spired by the thirst for ve ge ce g i st the h ted i v ders of their na an n an an m a a a o n a tive l d , while the Athe i s were i ted by the re liz ti th t by r a n c o victo y lo e ould they h pe to escape death or slavery . A truly mortal con test it w as in this co n fi n ed space where trireme c a n m a an a a a n or n n r shed i to trire e , e ch perch ce with he vy be k dis bli g si ki g o n n a n a a o m n its ppo e t ; where the j veli s of the d rters , the rr ws of the bow e , m n a n a on a an the issiles of the sli gers , wrought c r ge either side ; where h d to -han d struggle on galleys locked together by special grappling iro ns would surge first i n to on e and then i n to the other ; an d where ever y m anoeuver of a a n in a air n o m o success or f ilure , e sily discer ible this cle r , u cl uded by the s ke a m n n a m n w as a a or m o n n a n an of oder e g ge e t , ppl uded ur ed by the Athe i l d an d m n n an d old m e n of a all a nx s e cta forces the wo e , childre , Syr cuse , ious p f n o of o n n a m an d o . a a n n tors the eve t At l st , fter h urs c flict , e thusi s co fide ce

a a m n a nd a n an as had e s prev iled over discour ge e t desp ir , such Athe i ships caped destr uctio n were hurriedly row ed ashore that their survivi ng crews might ’ a and on da a a a or esc pe , this y s cred to Her kles , the city s peculi r deity, vict y a a n a an a so na an d o m n a g i rested with the Syr cus s , victory fi l verwhel i g th t it m a a a n w ar o n o on on a y be s id to h ve e ded the ; for there c uld l ger be , the p rt a n n an an o a sea a of the dishe rte ed Athe i s , y th ught of esc pe by , while the f tal w an a a results of their attempt to withdra by l d we have lre dy seen . n o a m n om m m o a It is , the , this victori us chieve e t which is c e r ted by the o n a n n a a nd a as w rd rush of the goddess of He Syr cuse , she guides her speeding chariot and bears aloft her fl am i ng torch to symbolize the complete

r n . oa n ow a n dest uctio of the hostile fleet Nike , fl ti g lightly t rds the divi e a o n an a o n of r an d ch ri teer , prese ts with her right h d cr w victo y , with her left — — an other emblem an u n usu al but yet u n m istakable on e which should be ar n as a n n a on a na c efully oted , h vi g i spired the h ppy c jecture of Professor S li s . an a a n am n as a n It is without doubt plustre , the gr ceful or e t which , ki d of ’ na a an a ar a nd a m a n an d w as v l st d rd , curved upw d forw rd fro vessel s ster , f a m ca n off in n o m . a usu lly re oved by ptors , to be bor e toke triu ph So th t s a or its presence here n aturally symbolizes a great e vict y . N N CR OI N 1 A CI E T EEK C S . 5

x an a n n a as m a na a This e pl tio bei g ccepted , see s re so ble , the d te of our co n o a and m a n n as i is thus p sitively est blished , the i port ce of its evide ce to the exact period whe n this style of n umism atic ar t prevailed can n ot be over m I m an a a and m a n n m n a . t esti ted for s with other v lu ble g ifice t speci e , shortly xa m n a n n m to m a an a a chr onolo i to be e i ed , defi ite poi t fro which ke ccur te g cal c a a n of a a a n a on n l ssific tio the wide rtistic v ri tio s displ yed coi s .

I N FR M H ANCI ENT GR EE K S I LV ER CO S O T E BE N S ON COLL ECTI ON .

R EPR I N TED FR OM A THE AM ER IC N J OURN AL OF N UMIS MATICS . A T K N C I E N GREE COI N S .

V I I A E C . . S R U S Y , 3

HE total destruction of the Athen ian arm amen t as just descr ibed produced tw o importan t results o n the Syracusan policy ; n am an n m o n o n a n n O f m ely , eve re pro u ced sce de cy the de o a a n o o o m had n cr tic p rty, u der wh se rule this gl ri us triu ph bee a an d a m na n n n w ar a a n chieved , deter i tio to co ti ue the g i st n as a a a n to o n n a n a Athe s , p rti l retur the Pel po esi llies for m d id e nd n their ti ely an powerful a . To this rei forcemen ts a n a a a w as n were disp tched to the fleet which , u der le dership of Sp rt , cruisi g a n an sea a nd w as a a n n n rou d the Aege , tt cki g or rousi g to rebellio the richest f - a m depe nde n cies o the wide spre d Athen ian e pire . x o n o an n a a The ill success of this e pediti pr duced ebullitio of popul r r ge , w un x n in an m n all a a a - a hich fo d e pressio the b ish e t of the ristocr tic p rty le ders , m He r m okrate s n x a in ff the chief of who , , occupied the e t few ye rs futile e orts a n a m n n o o n a m n a n to reg i d issio i t his bel ved tive city , e ployi g first persu sio

a nd n a a a a m n in a in 0 . the force ; l st desper te tte pt resulti g his de th , 4 7 B C . an in 0 had o m a a a n an n a on n Me while , 4 9 , c e the first gre t C rth gi i i v si , which bei g n n a on o n an n o a nd m a n ot co ce tr ted the destructi of dist t Seli us Hi er , did aff a n x a a n n directly ect Syr cuse , where the e t three ye rs p ssed u eve tfully . T K OI N AN CI E N GR E E C S .

n a e am 1 a m an n a a But a gla ce t x ple No . of the cco p yi g pl te will show th t — m a n n n o . 1 0 before e teri g upo this peri d , B C . 4 3 4 5 , we ust retr ce our steps n n a n an a a n d m a a n n a n eve beyo d the d te of the Athe i defe t , ust g i tur our tte tion to those ear lier days when coi n -ar t w as m aki ng a first determ i n ed effort om n a a m and n n n a nd to free itself fr the bo ds of rch is co ve tio , to fulfill the m m n n pro ise co nveyed by the ter Tra sitio al Period .

D EMOCRACY.

- wt 2 6 r s 2 1 V I I ! . i YPA 2 m . . . . e a rac . . 9 . T tr d h , 7 g B C 4 5 4 5 (Pl Obv ea of n m A r e ousa to e w ea n ea r in n ec ace an d ha con n e H d y ph th l ft, ri g r g, kl , ir fi d by s en on e o n am en e w t s a s on a m x a swan and on an en ea s hen ph d r t d i h t r ; py , b d b th p ’ un u n s R v ua a to e on e en a e s s na u e EYKAE I ar o o o . e . d , gr v r ig t r d, f r d lphi Q drig l ft,

o ses a o n in s e c a o ee c ow n e n e in exe ue two o n s. h r g ll pi g t p ; h ri t r r d by flyi g Nik ; rg , d lphi

n - n n a an n -a E ukle idas n ow r e r e A other well k ow Syr cus coi rtist , , is first p sen ted in this obverse ; and the coupli ng of his work with a reverse display n 86 an d 8 as in ing all the m an n erism s which disti guish Nos . 7 proves ( the i 88 and a E ukle idas a w as a case of E ua netos in Nos . th t lso pupil of m n m a a n a m an w as n a Eu e es , who , g i like the brother cr fts , he desti ed to surp ss i d x on both n tech n ique an e pressi . n a a m n an d a a a This desig gives us ch r i g gr cious he d of Arethous , the a n a n an n a n a an n l dy of the fou t i , ide tific tio est blished by the sw which is see ’ swimm i ng upo n the am pyx ; while the gem -like delicacy of E ukle idas work n in m n n and on n a n EYKAE I is show the i ute ess perfecti of the sig ture letteri g , n a a in a n and a tur lly illegible the deep sh dow of this reproductio , decipher ble f ’ in deed in the origi n al o n ly by the use o a le n s . We have Pli ny s authority

a m n a a n n a a n n in for the st te e t th t the cie ts were well cqu i ted with le ses , the m a a a a a a for either of spheric l gl ss shell filled with w ter , or of b ll of r ock n an n m an m r a . c yst l But eve without y such co te por eous record , the icroscopic fin en ess displayed here an d in other less extreme exam ples would be a con v in cing proof th at to these die a nd ge m -engravers the use of some form of m agn ifier m ust have been fam iliar ; si n ce the productio n of so m i nute a device N I E N T R E E OI N S A C G K C .

a n m an n a n a a would h ve bee i possible for u ided eye , eve lthough peculi rly a a n a an d a n n d pted to this pursuit by ture tr i i g . m a n N 86 an d 8 on e ar all of Co p ri g this reverse with os . 7 sees so cle ly ’ — Eum en es peculiar ities the horses wooden in aspect an d advan cing in per fect n a a a and a a an step , the disproportio tely l rge ch rioteer, the c refully rr ged wheel of four spokes that n o signature is n ecessar y to deter m in e the n ame n a m m r n a an of the e gr ver . At the sa e ti e we a e im pressed by the disti ct dv ce in n and n m a xam m n a a desig executio co p red with those e ples of Eu e es , lre dy am n a n a m one a s n ex i ed ; sure sig th t this ust be of his l test work , borderi g n n m i deed closely upo the ti e of the siege .

D C CY EMO RA .

a ra m w t 2 6 c P1 V I I c . 8 r 1 K Q . e s. . . . . ! . i YPA Oi I N 93 T tr d h , g B C . 4 5 ( Obv ea of A e ousa to e wea n ou e ea r n a n n ec ace an d a a a n e H d r th l ft, ri g d bl r i g, pl i kl , h ir rr g d in ow n oc s con ne in s en on e a oun our o n s on sc o en ea n ec fl i g l k fi d ph d ; r d , f d lphi r ll b th k , ’ a u R v ua to e t o ses a o n a en a e s s n e EYKAE I . e . a c o ee gr v r ig t r Q drig l f , h r g ll pi g ; h ri t r w n i x r u do n c o ne e n e e e . r d by flyi g Nik ; g , lphi om h un u sa e (Fr t e B b ry l . )

new and n n a n n a r e r e A e tirely origi l co ceptio of Arethous , who is here p n - m n sen ted as divi g down in to her pool with upward strea i g tresses . This secon d obverse of E ukleidas compared with the preceding specime n shows the aston ishi ng developm e n t possible when natural tale n ts were stimulated by ’ n a and a a a n m in cessa t pr ctice study . While this rtist s e rlier he d of the y ph is a a a a n d o n a o a a ch r cterized by delic cy y uthful pretti ess , his l ter p rtr y l shows

- n ow and n as ar e n in xam n ar t. such stre gth , p er dig ity fou d few e ples of coi Even the surrou n di ng dolphi n s seem to possess the most vigorous and per in fectl . a a n a y developed physique This is pp re t lso the reverse , where the dolphi n of the exergue is an ideal type of activity an d vigor ; while the exte nsio n of its upper fi n across the exergu al li n e imparts to the figure a ’ ar m n n a an d a n a a omm an touch of ch i g origi lity , displ ys the e gr ver s ssured c d nd m a a a - m x s n o al a a of tool a terial . The qu drig sche e e hibit especi ch r cter N I E N R I N A C T G EEK CO S .

— istic except in likewise emphasizing the adm irable m an n erisms of Buklei das and in deed its similarity of arrangemen t to certai n other schemes deter m n a m a a i es our pproxi te d te .

I n on e a m n a on n an d n a a n of those ch r i g ess ys Helle ic Re iss ce subjects , which seem the spon tan eous outpouri ngs of a nature wherein were so rarely an d a o m n a o m a m n an a an d a h ppily c bi ed p etic te per e t , brilli t schol rship , sympathetic admiration for the beauty an d grandeur of an cie nt Greek civiliza

o n n n n m n m n an and fa n a n ti , J oh Addi gto Sy o ds , usi g over the str ge sci ti g life n an a a a n n an stimu of the cultured Athe i , his ctive , v ried occup tio s , his co st t , n n a and m a n in a t a as lati g i tellectu l pursuits . his i p ssio ed pride the f ir ci y of P ll n n a a m a a Athe e , prese ts vivid picture of the dep rture fro Pir eus of th t pow er ful arm am en t which w as con fide n tly expected to over whelm Syracuse and a n m a n to un m a n raise the gre t ess of i peri l Athe s i gi ed heights . He calls up m n a o m n m o n n n the po p which we t forth to Sicily th t s le r i g , whe the whole ’ host prayed together and m ade libation s at the sign al of the herald s tru m as o in m n a n for pet , while th ugh ockery of the cruel desti y prep ri g this tri um hant a a sun n and a a m n a p rr y the sho e , the w ves l ughed , s itte by the o rs ! A n d n n of galleys raci ng to Aegin a . the i sharp con trast to this dazzli ng spectacle he describes the sufferin gs of the Athe n ian captives in those great

a n a m a n n o an m n gl ri g pits (the L to ie of Syr cuse) , where i e th us d free e of the proudest city of Greece were brought by an u n exampled stroke o f fortu n e to

a r am and a m a e nd. n a a n sl ve y , sh e iser ble Here they dwi dled w y , wor out by n a n a da an d n a n wou ds , dise se , thirst , hu ger , he t by y cold by ight, he rtsick ess an d n ff a n n . ra the i su er ble ste ch of putrefyi g corpses The pupils of Soc tes , a m r a n x a m the d irers of Eu ipides , the or tors of the P y , the thletes of the Lyceu , ! n d o n d m a a . lovers a co r des philos phers , died here like dogs

Tur n F rtune tur n th w ee and wer the r u o , y h l , lo p o d , ! Tur n th w w ee in suns ne st rm and c u . y ild h l hi , o lo d

Surely n ever could the fateful in vocatio n of that ge n tle prin cess of Arthurian legen d fin d a more perfect fulfillmen t than in the tr agic chances N I E N R E E OI N S A C T G K C .

- a ex n n n in a an ar and in of this ill st rred peditio . Su shi e the p ge t of the st t the an a n n an a n a a m tr quil voy ge , e live ed by hopeful ticip tio s , cross the c l on an sea r m in tw o a n n n n n I i ; sto the ye rs of co ti uous strife , first co fide t , the desponding ; and cloud in the deep hum iliation of all in that great host had a m in n m m a e a . who de th p ssed by , cru l ost thus sp ri g Fro loftiest “ ! heights to lowest depths indeed did their ow n R hamn usian Nemesis lower the proud . m as w as a a m n w n no Co plete the b se e t of the retched co quered , less over m n w as m a an had as whel i g the triu ph of the victorious Syr cus s . They , Plu n a m and on n and a tar ch tells us , hu g up the r s spoils the fi est l rgest trees a n A ssin ar os and n a an on a lo g the river ( ) , the co querors , with g rl ds their he ds , w ow n n a n and n m an and ith their horses sple didly dor ed , croppi g short the es a n m n a n in m n a t ils of those of their e e ies , e tered the city, h vi g , the ost sig l c n a a a n s and a n o flict ever w ged by Greeks g i st Greek , with the gre test stre gth ! and m ff a an d m an w on a m n . the ut ost e ort of v lor hood , ost e tire victory It would i n deed be strange if m any a happy day of the new peace and tran quillity a a n n ot n n and -con ratu fter those ye rs of co flict , were give up to rejoici g self g n and n xam lation at such i credible u e pled success . But the fi nal and crow n i ng commemoratio n w as fitly reserved for the r n ikias n 1 1 2 an n a a d on m 8 . C . ivers y of the surre der of N , Septe ber , 4 B , there w as a n nar am am al in held the first celebr tio of the Assi i G es , which riv led splendor and religious ven eration the Feast of Zeus Eleutherios established r m a half cen tu y earlier . As a portio n of the prizes for these ga es a special issue of m agn ificen t silver pe ntekon talitr a of which the D am ar e teia of Ge lon n 68 — w as m n n (described u der ) would be the prototypes deter i ed upo , to be n ra t a now a n m a in ar t - n n e g ved by h t ck owledged ster the of die si ki g ,

E uain etos .

’ We have already seen this artist s work at Syracuse in the charming

nd a a 2 0 . a r . 88 a 8 everses Nos 9 , produced prob bly bout 4 B C but shortly fter a m a his n n n a an m n this d te he see s to h ve severed co ectio with the Syr cus i t , w xam n a n a a at a an as a hile e ples of his u surp ssed tech ique ppe r K t e , we sh ll d a at am a na n se e an a d r a s a . as ma , lso K ri pe h ps Sege t Be this it y, his 8 AN I I N C E N T GR EEK CO S .

ma in - n a n w as n a adm i d as is n supre cy the world of die e gr vi g u ivers lly tte , show n f r hms by his choice for the productio o these com memorative dekad ac .

D C C EMO RA Y .

a c m w t r PI I I D e a 66 s . 2 V ! . . . . 1 . . i YP K . O IQ 94 k dr h , 5 g B C 4 ( Obv . A i N ea of e se on e to e w ear n w r ea of ar e - ea es ea n of ee en en s H d P r ph l ft, i g th b l y l v , rri g thr p d t , ’ an d n ec ace of ear s en eat en r a e s s natu e I a un o n s EYA N E o ou . kl p l ; b h , g v r ig r r d, f r d lphi ua r a to or e in a n R ev. e s s c o c a o ee c ow n e n e in Q d ig l ft, h high ti ; h ri t r r d by flyi g Nik ; ue an o con s s n of e me cur ass s e an d a exe r e es. rg , p ply i ti g h l t, i , hi ld g v

From the ver y earliest days in which the artistic beauty and value of coins “ n so - a m a on has x n a tic were recog ized , this c lled ed lli e cited such e thusi s praise and u nbou nded adm iration as have bee n accorded to n o other product ’ - n a . n m an n a the of the die e gr ver s skill Wi ckel , th t devoted worshiper of ! c a s in art a a an n all m a n n a n d a n l s ic , sserts th t it tr sce ds i gi i g , th t beyo d m a n m n on an no o . a a these coi n s hu co prehe si c t g . Dr He d c lls it we 41 s ’ ! “ n - n a n n r m n t d oeuvr e of the art of coi e gr vi g . Le o a writes E uainetos is ll in a n has n f the greatest of a artists the br ch that he cultivated . I act all ar a a a a n m n n in a n m m a s ch eologists who h ve tt i ed e i e ce the speci l field of u is tic , V on a o a n - n a n an a one a u S llet , Po le , P y e K ight , G rd er , Ev s , h ve with ccord p m a m a o a n e w in held the supre cy of this tchless p rtr it of Kore , the pure , ge tl n n m a n - s a a an in x an m m a s i g ide godde s , with h ir rr ged lu uri t , yet sy etric l tresse , and in tertwi n ed with the green barley -spray which symbolizes her divi n e youth a nd n s as n a an m a t m t i fresh es co tr sted with the tr quil turi y of her iddle life , yp

fied in certa i n issues by the full ripe c ar . E uain e tos a n fo r a m ow n and e a We see how , t ki g odel his the oth r e rlier n a n on an d a n n n n n a n - m r eprese t tio s of Perseph e , ret i i g the co ve tio l dolphi sche e an d a has n n a s n x n pose of the he d , , by refi i g the fe ture , glorifyi g the e pressio , and a a n a — a n o - n n a n and el bor ti g the ccessories w vi g l cks , triple pe de t e rri g, a a a n a n a on a n n gr du ted pe rl eckl ce give us visi of surp ssi g loveli ess , which ’ m a a m a n a m a t ust lw ys re i the true ide l of De eter s d ughter , the Kore , sough

far and w a as am n a n . ide , bew iled with ce eless l e t tio s

1 0 N I N R E I N A C E T G E K CO S .

’ spread i nfluen ce which E uainetos lovely co n ceptio n exerted upon con tempo rauc an d n n a w as n ous subseque t coi ges . It o ly to be expected that later Syra cusan A athokle s an d Hiketas as as am - issues , of g , well the c p pieces struck by a a n an u n an a u t t we the C rth gi i s d ri g their Sicili w rs , sho ld follow his ype ; but fi nd that even distan t states havin g n o sym pathy or affi liation s with the great Doric city did n ot hesitate to appropriate the Sicilian goddess for their tutelary

n t . xam a a a n an divi i y E ples of this h ve ppe red u der Neapolis d Arpi (Nos . an d a am a m a n n 34 , we sh ll see the s e he d slightly odified decor ti g the coi a of Lokr oi O ountioi Phe n eos an d n in a two a n ges p , Messe e Hell s , of le di g in an d Me ta on tion in a n a Graecia as as cities Crete , of p M g , well the copious Siculo -Pu n ic issues ; while in the rude grotesques of later Gaulish and Iberian town s can still be dimly traced the curvi ng barley-sprays an d sportive m w n dolphin s whose native ho e as Sicilia O r tygia .

an . an has a in n a More th this , Mr Ev s discovered reduced copy the ce tr l a a n k likes a a n n - n a relief of cert i series of y , bro d sh llow dri ki g cups of thi bl ck e a n an an d a n a colored pottery , which w re bu d tly produced throughout Sicily M g

Graecia in m a n r a . n a a a , i it tio of silve w re The origi l silver v ses , prob bly of a a m an m a m a a a n a el bor te work ship , ust h ve for ed speci l cl ss of i terior decor n and m a n a in m a a an d am tio , we y i fer th t the ost v lu ble highly wrought ex ples h s n actual dekadrac m were i serted . a n a a n 1 2 m The date ssig ed bove for our especi l coi is 4 B . C but this ust be u n derstood as applying rather in gen eral terms to the first i ssue of deka a of m an E uainetos a m . a dr ch s There is such v riety these dies fro the h d of , ff n na a a a - or a A a with di ere t devices his sig ture , st r, cockle shell , th t it

m d n xa m . a ar e is i possible to isti guish the e ct order of ti e The prob bilities , a n n o n a however, th t these issues exte ded well i t the fourth ce tury , perh ps ’ n am m n early to the e nd of Dionysios reig . At the s e ti e there is so little n in a m n all a a as m n n — n diverge ce tre t e t of the v rieties th t , before e tio ed u der 1 — m n a n a a No . 9 this deter i tio of the ex ct d te of the first issue , whichever it m a a n a a x in an n a a y h ve bee , est blishes fi ed epoch the ch gi g ph ses of rtistic ! t and n a m a a n a an n s yle , fur ishes ost v lu ble poi t of dep rture for Sicili coi

Chronology. N I E N GR I N S 1 1 A C T EEK CO .

D Y EMOC RAC .

m r w r - m t . . 1 2 V I I a . e ac . s . 0 . . ! . i Y e 95 H id h , 33 g B C 4 4 5 (Pl Obv H d of a as r ee- uar e ace to e t w ea r n n ec ace an d r an helm et w t e P ll , th q t r f l f , i g kl Ph ygi i h tripl u o a n or r t r n r un o ns ! R v. u r a o e o s a o c es a o e . e a es r t ; d, f r d lphi pl i b d Q d ig l ft , h g ll pi g ; o r wn in x r u two o n ! a n o c a ee c o e n e e e e s e . h ri t r d by flyi g Nik ; g , d lphi pl i b rd r om th o a m t (Fr e H b rt S i h sal e . )

While this obverse type is in direct imitatio n of the gra n d faci ng head of a a n on a n m an u a a m n E ukle idas P ll s Athe e co te por eo s tetr dr ch sig ed by , the - m — a n 1 1 quadriga sche e compari ng it with the dek drachm a d with No . of — plate V I is so wholly in the m an n er of E uain etos that the coi n m ay well ’ be co n sidered an example of this artist s skill in the m ore m in ute an d delicate n a art a E ua in etos w as an n a m as as i tric cies of his . Th t e gr ver of ge s well of m n m a n a o n in dies see s u doubted fro cert i peculi r t uches visible eve the bold , n a m n m a n an d am a stro g tre t e t of his ed llio s ; the s e delic cy of touch , which has bee n thought to give perhaps a shade of hard n ess to the Persephon e a n a m a n as n he d , produces , whe devoted to such s ll desig this , the perfectio of n d a m icroscopic sharp ess an det il . u in m a an d n ot ra w as a a n Altho gh Sicily , Hi er Sy cuse the peculi r bidi g a o f n w as in m in a t pl ce Athe e , yet this goddess held high estee the l tter ci y , an d the stately rem ai n s of a spacious temple raised by the Syracusan s in her m n n m m a an n r t i hon or for o e of the few survivi g e ori ls of cie t O yg a . This n a m m - n n a w as worship , i herited prob bly fro the other city Cori th , whose coi ge n n a of a a n m a a n for ce turies disti guished by the he d P ll s Athe e , y ccou t for her

n a n at a n a a n n . prese ce , r re i deed Syr cuse u til l ter d ys , upo our coi

D C CY EMO RA .

- PI I I w r . V ! t s . . . fif r c . . 0 6 Go t a e e . K . i YPA O 9 ld y lit pi , 44 g B C 4 9 ( Obv - Q ea of ver od to e t ! or er of o s . R ev . i YPAKOi I Q N on ou e ase i J N H d ri g l f b d d t d bl b .

a o e w c ee or se r an c n to . b v hi h , fr h p i g right 1 2 A N I E N R E E I N C T G K CO S .

n in m n an d a The first of the few gold coi s y collectio , worthy of c reful a n n n m n n d n a a a . a n tte tio owi g to its ch r i g style u usu l types The he d , evide tly that of a river-god (whether A n apos or A ssin aros seem s u n certai n ) is mod elled a m a am a n a a n E directly fter si il r ex ples of perh ps eve gre ter be uty sig ed , n n an E uain e tos a n ot n n de oti g the h d of , whose ctivity did co fi e itself to silver . a a m m a The bridleless horse of the reverse , lw ys the sy bol of de ocr tic free dom a n a n m n an , here prob bly disti guishes th t e tire predo i ce of the people , h d in i as a a a n a 0 . . m n a n m which , lre dy expl i ed , 4 9 B C cul i ted the co plete dis com r a n n h fitu e of the aristocratic p rty . The stro g in flue ce of this type o n t e - n na a a a Siculo Pu ic coi ges will ppe r l ter.

It is the m isfortu ne of a series of articles dedicated to a ny special subject a all m a n a n n n an d x an a m th t tters of ge er l i terest , eve if ki dred e pl tory , ust be in as a a a m as n ow n . n n prese ted bbrevi ted for possible Thus , coi s bei g n n an n n in a a an d m u der discussio , we c ot i dulge det iled historic l sketches , , uch an d a n on e m x a n ar m e n to our regret , the life dve tures of of the ost e tr ordi y n n n w n of any age m ust here be co de sed i to a fe li es . n n as a n n m Dio ysios the scribe , of low origi his c lli g the i plied , by the of n a e a n an n n n of a a an d exercise u equ ll d t le ts , by u swervi g stre gth ch r cter , a m n ff n a and m e n n by co plete i di ere ce to the l ws of gods , rose to be the u dis uted an d a a a m n n n n ua n a p rbitr ry despot of Syr cuse , whose do i io , co ti lly e l rged m a n an d m a m a at e n d n by his ilit ry ge ius skillful diplo cy , e br ced the of twe ty ll — x fiv e a a . . a m n n ye rs ( bout 379 B C ) Sicily except the e tre e wester cor er , a a n an as a a — a e a a na Gr aecia Kor k ra an d C rth gi i lw ys the gre t r p rt of M g , y , even the western h alf of E pe ir os ; a more widely exte nded sovereign ty than n n n in n n had ever before bee k ow the e tire Helle ic world . All this at the n an a a in a a n d a x a cost of co st t w rf re Sicily , It ly Hell s , by the e ercise of ce se a a n an d n a in n less ctivity , deceit , fr ud , viole ce cruelty , whe e ch tur suited his purpose ; of m ild persu asion when a heave n -born oratory sufli ce d for sway in a an an d m n a g to his will the fickle Syr cus people ; of ste , rele tless sl ughter A N I E N R E E I N S 1 C T G K CO . 3 when mercen ary troops were let loose to chastise with scorpions his rebel lious subjects . a n m a a n a a an n a m n s The bulw rk of Helle is g i st b rb ri e cro ch e t , he with tood f ar a n an x n a ur n an d n and s our C th gi i e peditio s , which c pt i g devoti g to fire word one one a S ikeliot e n m n w n by the other gre t citi s , ext swept overwhel i gly do ’ u n ra n a a a the n n s po Sy cuse , o ly to w ste w y before defe ces which Dio ysio a f and n n n n ! af f es v lor , oresight , u tiri g e ergy i terposed while ter every r h su s mm an ou a his a an far n o ccess , the victoriou co der w ld le d forth Syr cus s i t a a n an e nd of an n and a s un il the C rth gi i the isl d , destroyi g their cities llie , t n fa a an n n n agai forced to ll b ck before other Pu ic i vasio . m ar a n s n far in a an a e for n ot n His ilit y t le t were i deed dv ce of his g , o ly did ra as at n ou a a an w as a s the he fortify Sy cuse so to set ght the b rb ri s , but he l o first to build ships of greater size than triremes ; he i n ven ted lo ng-range cat lts and r a in m ffi u n a u . p , his soldie s were c refully drilled the ost di c lt evolutio s m all r n n in a a n ts A bitious , like t ue Greeks , of disti ctio the gre t s cred co tes a n m a a of Hell s , he se t gorgeously equipped theories to Oly pi ; but so h ted was n am n a n d w as n n a n his the e of Dio ysios , so bitter the i dig tio roused by un n n m for all m an d a u m n blushi g co te pt freedo virtue , th t furio s obs tore dow n - a an an d n a m m n his te ts , ill tre ted his serv ts , preve ted his ch riots fro co peti g . Nor did better fortun e atte nd the poetical efforts o n which this fierce tyran t pr ided him self ; for whe n after m an y attempts on e of his tragedies w as at last a a at n un w as a w rded the coveted prize Athe s , the expected success celebr ted un a n a a m as in w as by so restr i ed deb uch of triu ph to result his death . This

. a a n n a t a . in 36 7 B . C fter reig of e rly for y ye rs It m ight be expected that the coin age of so m ighty a sovereign would have been commen surate in dign ity and copiousn ess with his power and wide n has n spread dom i n io n ; but Mr . Eva s show why the reverse w as the case and that while the dekadrachm s con ti n ued to appear duri ng the greater part n ra a m s m a e ase of his reig , the tet dr ch issues hitherto so copiou see to h v ce d n r about the e nd of the fifth ce tu y . n n al a n s n a n as n in m na s The co ti u w rs of Dio ysio , e t ili g v t expe se erce rie and na a m n a n and tive troops , his gre t sche es of public buildi g , of fortific tio 1 A N I E N R E E I N S 4 C T G K CO .

n a a n as n an d a n all an of v l i cre e , together with the rui desol tio of other Sicili ran n ow a an in n an cities of the first k , subject to Syr cuse , kept the tyr t co st t nan a a a n ot a all n fi nd a n a fi ci l str its , so th t it is , fter , surprisi g to th t his pri cip l n n a coun te r m ar ked as a issues co sisted of coi s either deb sed , or so leg lly to t ua a n the pass for twice heir act l v lue . Such u worthy pieces together with ! ra a m the n am - n and m a old tet dr ch s , Pu ic c p coi s the i ported peg si of the m - in a a in a n n other city Cor th , which were lw ys circul tio throughout the wester n m a e m m m x an n n colo ies , see to h v co posed the ediu of e ch ge duri g the reig of Dionysios . a a o n n I h ve however ttributed to this period the foll wi g group of coi s ,

a C . m n n a u 0 . a which ltho gh first issued doubtless bout 4 9 B , ust h ve co ti ued a a r n the a a n n and a n to ppe r du i g e rly p rt of the succeedi g ce tury , perh ps eve ’ saw the down fall of Dionysios power .

D Y ION S IOS .

r — V I I m wt 66 0 . 6 . D e a rac . s. . . ! 97. k d h , 9 g B C 4 5 3 7 (Pl ea of A e ousa to e wea n a n ear n n ec ace of i lQ N H d r th l ft, ri g pl i ri g , kl n n e in ea e n et and an on w c K ar oun ou o ns co fi d b d d b d , hi h, d , f r d lphi ’ n ur K R v ua r a to e o s a MQ . e es n ec en ra e s s e I N . k , g v r ig t Q d ig l ft , h r a o ee c own e n e in exer ue an o con s s n of ch ri t r r d by flyi g Nik ; g , p ply i ti g ’ u n r av r s n tur K e an d r ea es on exe a e en e s a e I MQ N . shi ld g v ; rg l li , g ig om the un u sa (Fr B b ry le. )

’ A etna matures e en now the en ur le w n e gold p p i , Of w c in a s n n e T e cr tus ran ee hi h , d y lo g go , h o i d k d p ; Y et vainly would the poet now his vigil keep F r t f w m his erses san the ra n o hose o ho v g g ce divi e . Fa r A ret usa b uc turns an n re br e i ho , y q i k ho o d id Or s a e es se and s urn e s n her c ear -cut face l v d pi d p d , lo i g l , F n s m n e in her e ns of Gree b scarce a trace i d i gl d v i , k lood ,

But S aracen c fire w t r A n e n r e . i , i h lo dly g vi p id ’ . e e T ime ruins all O r shattered tow r and shr ine we muse . Br t A kra as ies s a w- i e w e S r acuse igh g l h do l k , hil y ’ s ne h z r r f her n S leep ath t e a ue sh oud o i dulgen t sky . ’ A ne the metal w c e s s c u r f lo , hi h lov kill o ld glo iy , Has e t in fu erfect n on a c n s a e k p , ll p io oi di pl y d ,

The deathless bea uty of a pure S icilian maid . A N I E N T CR E E I N S 1 C K CO . 5

’ “ Although my tra n slation of de Heredia s so n n et Sur un e Médaille ! n has a a a a in our n a l n a A tique lre dy ppe red the y , I ve ture to repe t it here , ’ sin ce clearly the author s i n spiratio n ca n have been fou n d o nly in some charm in n a m a as a n g , refi ed , delic tely odelled he d such this , whose h ughty quee ly profile must i ndeed reproduce for us the features of a daughter of the highest f an d a an a a . n a in a purest Syr cus ristocr cy A hu dred ye rs be ore this , the d ys n Gam or oi an n n of the ruli g , her cestors doubtless gover ed the city with iro

a nd a n n in C . an d n i n a 0 0 . n h d ; were perh ps eve the , 5 B , proud stro g their a m n m n a of O r t ia two an d a ha cl i of direct desce t fro the origi l settlers yg , lf n i a ce tur es e rlier . m n a n m a E uain etos a a n an d Ki o , co te por ry of ( lthough prob bly you ger) as a n and n a n - n n m a in desig er e gr ver of coi dies seco d o ly to the ster , these f n - a our fi est examples of his handiwork (Nos . 6 9) shows decided preferen ce for a n a n and a n n n a the l dy of the fou t i ; cert i ly his co ceptio of Arethous , in a o f n a a a an d whether profile or with full f ce , is u surp ssed be uty , delic cy n n AOAA on a m a n has stre gt h . The prese ce of the e rliest ed llio reverses led an n n as n for am s Mr . Ev s to co sider these coi s desig ed the s e purpose a that ’ E uain e tos de kadrachm s n am n a n as in of first ; ely , for prese t tio prizes the in r m a u a in 1 2 Th n m n A ss a ian a n . . e o g es , i ug r ted 4 B C prese t speci e , h wever , ’ n in a m n an d m a a m a is disti ctly the l test of Ki o s three styles , we y ssu e th t its ’ mm n a a n a n a 0 . C . speci l issue co e ced bout the ye r of Dio ysios usurp tio , 4 5 B , ’ and n n am a co ti ued , together with our three other ex ples of this rtist s skill , n throughout the reig of that tyran t . n n n n am two t a Bei g i te ded the for the s e purpose , these ypes of dek a m n a a had m a n n m a m n n n dr ch tur lly y poi ts of si il rity , Ki o bei g u doubtedly in t s m m n am m i n debted to E ua e o for his sche e of co positio . At the s e ti e his n n n n n a a i a a powerful i ve tive ge ius , seco d o ly to th t of his gre t r v l , is displ yed in a a m a nd n n a t a a m the peculi r ch r disti ctive perso li y of this Arethous , co po sitiouprese n ti ng i n deed the ideal embodimen t of our tutelary goddess of the sacred fou n t . ’ E uain etos m n not n n a a art Like , Ki o did co fi e his pr ctice of the gr ver s to na a al as w as a the as a a the coi ge of Syr cuse , though lso c e with his gre t riv l , 1 6 A N I E N T GR E E OI N C K C S .

as of a n a u n n s - the t k tr ci g his rtistic jo r eyi gs eem s well n igh an impossible o ne .

Mr . Evan s would n ot on ly recogn ize evide n ces of his pe culiar and un sur as n in e a an a a n him a r p sed tech ique s ver l Sicili cities , but would lso tr sport c oss ra n n him m in a an d n n a n a the st its , fi di g e ployed Ne polis ki dre d ce tres of M g

- a an n art . as m a a n man a n Gr eci coi Be this it y, cert i ly his highest ifest tio s of artistic beauty ar e reserved for these Syracusan issues which now attain a s f n gloriou per ectio .

D Y S S ION IO .

m - 8. a r a w e c t . 2 8 r V I a o 6 . I ! v. e f s . . . b . 0 O 9 T tr d h , 5 g B C 4 5 3 7 (Pl H d A e ousa r ee- uar e - ace to e w ear n a n ea n n ec ace of ea s an d r th , th q t r f l ft , i g pl i rri g, kl p rl , ’ a r in oose r esses on am x en r a er s s n atu e KI MQ N a oun ee o n s h i l t ; py , g v ig r r d , thr d lphi sw mm n amon th oc of a or w R v e s ! a n e a o e c PEGOi A. e . i i g g l k h ir pl i b d r, b v hi h , A i YPAKOi IQ N ua a to e o ses a o n c a o ee c ow n e e who Q drig l ft, h r g ll pi g h ri t r r d by Nik , a an ces on ea s of or ses en ea he r ee os ra e me a in exe ue ear of dv h d h ; b th t i f t, pr t t t ; rg , ain o e barley ! pl b rd r.

r om the on ta u sa e (F M g l . )

ra m w t 2 6 r s 0 - V I I e ac 6 . v . . R K . . . . ! e . i Y PA 99 T t dr h , 5 g B C 4 5 3 7 (Pl O u n i IQ N in exe e. ua a to e o ses in ac o c a o ee c own e fl rg Q drig l ft, h r high ti ; h ri t r r d by y ’ in on ou e exer ua n e n ra s n atu e K M e e e s I ON . g Nik ; d bl g l li , g v r ig r

’ Kimon s dekadrachm obverse gave us the perfect head of Arethousa in a n d n ow am an has a our a n a a profile , the s e h d tr ced for delight equ lly ide l

n a n a m in a . a n ot e ex represe t tio of this goddess , l ost full f ce We h ve befor ( m m f on m a . e t or ra t cept the he idr ch No 95 ) with this pose , the ri y of which

on n as n m a n . ffi n as com coi s two re o s y be give First , the di culty of its desig a a r ofile — a n a a a m p red with p , tech ic l peculi rity which would discour ge fro an a m all m n a and n such tte pt but the ost skillful e gr vers ; seco d , the recog n ized fa a a a w as m a a a as one m a sa the ct th t side f ce ore suit ble , or pr ctic l y y , head -dress or locks of hair owi ng to their higher relief protecti ng from i nju r y the delicate features thus happily preserved in all their sharp n ess save

- — under intention al ill treatm ent while in the case of a faci ng head these con

1 8 N I N R E I N A C E T G E K CO S .

n a e but w ea n c es e A en an e m e an d a me w s ea and s e advan c k d , ri g r t d th i h l t r d ith p r hi ld , ’ in to in n a tu e on oun an he me in xer ue AEYKAS I I I i . g right fighti g tti d ; gr d, Phrygi l t e g om the H ofi man sa e (Fr l ,

I n x m a n ot un m n n am a this e tre ely r re , if ique piece , Ki o prese ts the s e he d as on his tetradrachm s ; but for the reverse he has chosen an un usual but pecu li l a an t uk s is Th n n n a ar Le a . e ra a y Syr cus ype , the hero p lege d th t whe Her k — les in the fulfillme n t of his ten th labor to fetch the oxen of Geryones from the isles of the farthest west to Ki ng Eurystheus at Myke n ai had come to a on e n a n am a and a South It ly , of the u ruly herd esc pi g, sw the str its fled cross I n m - w as a n of a . t a Sicily his pursuit the de i god opposed , or e r the site Syr a a m n a an m as a a in cuse , by l rge r ies of the tive Sik s , who lw ys his heroic n n an n d a co n wa deri gs he speedily v quished a destroyed . The le der of these ts w as Le ukas is as a n a na w as a a n n quered hos p , who tio l hero pp re tly dig ified b m f m at a in m m u a m a y so e or of worship Syr cuse ; sy bolis , do btless , of ort l — resistan ce on the part of its citize n s agai n st any attempt of foreign ers Greek n — n a u n n n n a or barbaria to e cro ch po the civic i depe de ce . The prostr te Phrygian head -piece m ay be co n sidered emblem atic of such foreign in te rfe r en ce and its destined fate . After the reign of Dio nysios we n o lon ger fi nd o n coi n s the sign atures n ra and m at a n an n n of their e g vers , ust feel regret this cess tio of i teresti g m had a a a n n a a n r in custo which prev iled to cert i exte t for h lf ce tu y Sicily , w t ll n n n m n m n a where alo n e it as a a ge eral . This co ti ued o issio while i plyi g a in on a a as as a n n o decre se skill the p rt of the rtist , well co seque t l ss of pride a n d -con fide n ce o a a - n n n o n self , w uld show lso th t die si ki g lo ger occupied the dign ified po sition accorded it in the days whe n all that w as capable of artistic treatm en t w as considered of the highest value to the state .

in m nd n n . 6 a a a The death of Dio nysios ( B . C 3 7) pl ced supre e u restr i ed m m an a m n n so n am n am n co d of this v st do i io his eldest , of the s e e , but disti ’ uished as n n a a om a g Dio ysios the you ger , we k , vicious youth , wh the f ther s — jealousy had kept in str ict retiremen t a m an ual trade bei ng his pri n cipal l n m occupation and in car eful exclusio n from a l problems of gover ent . I N E E I N S 1 A N C E T GR K CO . 9

’ n a a m a u fi n d a n ew a n n It is the h rdly tter of s rprise to th t the tyr t s reig , a n n m n n - a n in n n l sti g i ter itte tly for twe ty four ye rs , prese ts , i co gruous succes ’ n m an d n m a a n a a a r n sio , ild ge tle e sures p tter ed fter his te cher Pl to s doct i es , an d a a all m n m a vicious deb uched pr ctices , the ore u bridled for this te por ry ’ ra n a n an d an d x a n fa rest i t of his p ssio s , cruel despotic e cesses riv lli g his ther s n m worst e or ities . n m n a a an a a a n the I ter i gled with this extr v g t c reer ppe rs the life of Dio , r a sad n a m a and in a un fi st deliverer, , visio ry ystic , br ve skillful b ttle , but f n a as a u an d o n a m in a m an ortu te r ler , wh se oble i s e rly hood were over whelmed an d blotted out in a savage despotism e nge ndered by the con tin uous

r a and a n m n a a . n not t i ls dis ppoi t e ts of his l ter ye rs This period , however , eed

- f u a n n as n a n o n . urther occ py our tte tio , it fur ished prob bly fresh coi issues n n m a on on n n I 344 B . C . whe it see ed th t this hopeless c diti of co sta t u m an d a a n had -n all a t r oil s v ge oppressio reduced well igh Sicily to desert , n a in of a a n d a oam n whe gr ss grew the streets Syr cuse , wild be sts r ed u der a am a a n om o n a a a her w lls , there c e , g i fr C ri th , fresh deliverer , the ide l p triot , on e o of n am in act u an d a m w rthy the e every , p blic priv te , fro his youth of u n selfish devotion in the cause of liberty to an old age of tran quil wisdom and n u iversal respect . t an n of a a n an m Destroyer of yr ts , co queror the C rth gi i s , de olisher of n n a am be n e fice n t a hO e all m frow i g cit dels , fr er of l ws , the p of helpless victi s o n a n n - a a n n ow a n a com of oppressi , br ve , ge tle , oble he rted , st i less , ge er l man n o u a m an d n an n n n n on di g vict rio s r ies , yet u der ch ged co ditio s i siste t n n a o an d n ow a retiri g i to priv te life while still the idol of s ldiery people , a m an n n m a n w as n an d st tes gover i g with ilit ry severity whe of such there eed , a m n n n a a m n with equ l ild ess whe the rule of iro could be l id side , Ti oleo w as i n deed the true liberator of all that Sicily which he saw arise from its as a n n n a n ew e ra a an d t n hes of desol tio to e ter upo of pe ce prosperi y, desti ed n n n to co n ti ue almost u nbroke for a quarter of a ce tury .

D M C C E O RA Y. — V I I 1 0 1 tate w t 1 2 r s . . . 1 . . ! . K . . S YPA OS IQ N S r, 3 g B C 344 3 7 (Pl Obv of A n to w a n ain or n an m R v ea a as e e e e e . e . e asos fl H d P ll th right, ri g pl C i thi h l t P g y in to g left. N I E N R E E I N S A C T G K CO .

a ar e a a iff r n but s Of this st ter there sever l v rieties , which while d e i g lightly in a a n n t m na n se det il , yet cle rly belo g to disti ct periods , the de er i tio of who

x an n n n mo n . a a . a a a m e ct d tes is still ope questio Cert i uthorities , g the Mr an o n n n n in Ev s , would c ect this issue with the successful expeditio of Dio n w as a m a f n a n . 35 7 B . C whe there te por ry reviv l of ree i stitutio s . Dr a n a w as m a a n He d , however, with others , co siders th t it the co plete reh bilit tio a u n m n man n n a of Syr c se u der Ti oleo , together with the per e t re ew l of civic an d m m a - n a a f co erci l well bei g , which would properly be celebr ted by resh issue of coin s ; an d that the lively gratitude of the Syracusan s for the Cori n thian leaders an d Cori n thian support fo u n d a n atural expression in this closest a m a n t m - possible pproxi tio to ypes of the other city . a a a not u a n The l tter is the view here dopted , lthough witho t hesit tio , ’ si n ce it must be co n fessed that the argume n ts of those who support Dion s n claims ar e all but co nvi nci g. As both obverse and reverse types ar e exact copies of co n tempora neous o n n a n a m n n s issues of C ri th , our co sider tio of the ch r i g lege d which preserve m n a n n and a in the yth of Athe e Ch li itis (the Bridler) , Belleropho Peg sos , so tim atel a a of Pe ir e n a ian n m y ssoci ted with the city the fou t , see s properly de ferred u n til in the course of our studies we arrive at the coinage of this wealthy and flourishin g m etropolis . H LE ANCI ENT GR EEK S I LVER COI NS FROM T E BE NS ON COL CT I ON .

ANCIE NT GRE E K COINS

vm

RA E SY CUS , 4

FRAN K S HERMAN BENSON

PRI VATELY PRI NTED 1902 REPRINTED FROM TH E C S CS AMERI AN J OURNAL OF NUMI MATI .

N I E N T R E E OI A C G K C N S .

Thus the han dsome you ng potter rose from a youth which later legen d m a n m in n a n a t an filled with ir culous porte ts , to beco e tur chili rch , ge er l , yr t and ki ng ; to ally himself by m arriage with the most powerful Greek m o n a of da and r a a n n n a rchs his y, to ule despotic lly with v ryi g fortu es for e rly t a a an m n n w as n m a thir y ye rs the Syr cus do i io , which exte ded by his tchless n an d m a n n all a Cartha e ergy ilit ry skill u til it i cluded of Greek Sicily , sever l n n m a na raecia n m n n a G a d a n an . gi i provi ces , uch of M g , y Helle ic l ds ’ The twen ty -eight years of A gathokles reign fall into three n atural divis n a of n m n a t in io s , e ch which is represe ted by so e disti ctive peculi ri y the

x n m . a a n . n C a a ar 1 . Syr cus issues Period I , e te di g fro the ye 3 7 B , the ctu l mm n m n an n m a n a n a n an d co e ce e t of his tyr y , e br ces the seve ye rs of co solid tio x 11 n 1 n in an n . n n i 0 e p sio throughout Sicily Period , ope i g 3 with the Pu ic vasion an o A athokles in n o a n a a of the isl d , sh ws g , wise dishe rte ed by pp r n m n a at m n n a n n e tly overwhel i g defe t ho e , u dergoi g the dve tures of his ovel and perilous African expedition while Period III fi n ds the tyran t either again in his ow n lan d its complete r e -en slavemen t follows as a n atural sequen ce or later en gaged in those foreign con quests on the coasts of Italy and

a n a a and a n . Hell s , which filled the closi g ye rs of his ctive dve turous life

A H GA T OKL E S .

— I 1 1 V I I ! . m wt 2 2 s e o 1 . 1 0 2 e ra ac . 6 r . . 0 . . T t dr h , g P ri d , B C . 3 7 3 (Pl Obv ea of e se on e to e wear n w ea of ar e - ea es ear - n of ee en an s H d P r ph l ft, i g r th b l y l v , ri g thr p d t , an d n ec ace of ea s ar oun r ee o n s e neat N K or e of o s. R ev. kl p rl ; d, th d lphi ; b h , ; b d r d t K in exe ue ua r a t e or ses a o n a o e triskelis m on YPA OS IQ N . o S rg Q d ig l ft, h g ll pi g ; b v , ; o ram A g N .

We recogn ize in this obverse one of the many direct Copies of the E uai n a a m a a a an m a n in etos dek dr ch he d , while the qu drig likewise is i it tio , its ’ conven tional scheme resembli ng perhaps most closely Kimon s medallion n desig . That this issue appeared towards the e n d of the first division of A gathok ’ n a a n a a n les reig , fter his subjug tio of the gre ter p rt of Greek Sicily , is evide t N I N R E I N S A C E T G EK CO .

m n a a a m ne w a an n a fro the prese ce over the qu drig of sy bol to Syr cus coi ge , k l the tr is e is or triquetra . a n n n o in n n n m This figure , of e ster origi , u d ubtedly its begi i g sy bolized m n some for of solar worship . The an cie t con ception of the sun as a flam ing a in a an w as a n ch riot , which Phoibos Apollo , the r di t god of light , r pidly bor e a na a m a n cross the sky , would tur lly beco e typified by si gle wheel , first with

and n m m . n in a four , the , still ore si ply , with three spokes A be d e ch of these s an d n n a in m n a m pokes , correspo di g g ps the circu fere ce , give us for which an ma n a m n a n n o an d an i gi tive i d would e sily co vert i t legs feet , without y n in o n sacrifice of the origi al idea of rotary motio n . We have fact a pr n ou ced example of the con stan t artistic struggle to produce som e fam iliar shape from u a con ventional fig re . r a n a n a n a tr iskelis as a n Ce t i e rly coi s of Asi Mi or be r the type or dju ct , and A gathokles doubtless placed it on Syr acusan coi n s in triumphan t sym n m n - n bolism of his exte ded do i ion over the three corn ered isla d . The peculiar appropriaten ess of this choice is shon e by the con tin ued use of the a n n m as n a a m triquetr , eve up to the prese t ti e , the disti ctive b dge or r s of

’ Sicily . m n am AN has a m a m a an n a n n The o ogr , by wh t y see f ciful i terpret tio , bee n n a n a n A n ta n dr os u m co sidered to co t i refere ce to , the tr sted brother, who A gathokle s on the eve of his departure for Africa appoin ted govern or of

Syracuse . n n m a a a a n This coi though ope ly i it tive , displ ys gre t be uty of executio , and prese n ts most pleasi ngly all the well -kn ow n charm s of feature an d e x

o n . a ar e a a n a a n a a pressi Th t we , however , ppro chi g the d ys of dec de ce ppe rs m on e a a n in n n fro slight peculi rity , the cle rly defi ed dots which the i scriptio letters e nd a style of treatmen t which a lthough dorm an t for yet half a ce n m a n n m a a a an . tury , beco es disti guishi g rk of the l test Syr cus issues These ar e n a - n an d as w as dots of course evide ces of the use of wheel for die cutti g ,

1 I n an inter esting and exha ustive paper on the cen tu ry was tra nsport ed acr oss the seas by a S icilia n ' C ina e the I s e Man N um i sm a tic Clcr om d e rin cess- ri e to rm t e nce rt the r ec ni ze o g of l of ( , p b d , fo h fo h og d m Mr P i i N e s n isc sses e s the itt e Man x in . . h l p l o d u a t l n gth the ori ar m orial bearin g of l l k gdo i n and ist r t is e m em ic in the t irteent g h o y of h bl , wh h h h N I E N T R E E K OI N S A C G C .

shown in a former article ( I I I Magna Graecia) they result from om itti ng the fi n al elaboration with the gravi ng-tool ; an om ission due n ot so much to haste or car elessn ess as to a perverted idea that such a wan t of fi n ish in creased the n n ar tistic effect of i scr iptio s .

A GAT HOKL E S .

1 a e wt r I 1 — 1 PI V I I I a 0 . . 1 s. e o . . 0 . . ! . e 3 St t r, 33 g P ri d , B C 3 7 3 ( Obv H d f a as A en e to r t w ea n c este o n an e me o n am en w t r ifli n o e . P ll th igh , ri g r d C ri thi h l t, r t d i h g v K a os n to e a o e tr iskelis n r f a R Y P IQ N e s e ea ea o e . e . i A Oi P g flyi g l ft ; b v , ; b th , b rl y

’ a n as in m n m an m a n n n an a Ag i , Ti oleo s ti e , i it tio of curre t Cori thi st ters , n n a in a n a a a a so i flue ti l perpetu ti g the type of the P ll s he d , which we sh ll n ow fi nd appeari ng at in tervals duri ng the con ti n uan ce of Syracusan

coin age . O n the reverse ar e seen as symbols the sign ifican t tr iskelis an d Perse ’ ’ on s ar -ear a m a a n s o ph e b ley , which l tter i plies th t the M ide w rship , so pre m n n in a sufle r n o n in of man a n e i e t Syr cuse , is to eglect spite the ifest dedic tio

of this issue to her rival goddess . a a m an d n n a A athokles a It ppe rs fro this the precedi g coi th t g , whose e rly “ ! w as a of a m n n ot ffi n a pose th t si ple citize , did yet feel su cie tly well est b lished in o n o m a an an in n - n s n his p sitio of desp t to ke y ch ge coi i criptio s , which , !

ema n n as a a s a m s as a an . r i i g lw ys , till procl i the issue of the Syr cus people

A A T H KL E S G O .

I I 1 - V I I I m w t 26 r d 0 . ! 6 . . 1 0 . e ra ac . s. e o . . 0 4 T t dr h , 4 g P ri , B C 3 3 (Pl Obv ea of er se on e to w ow n oc s wea n w eat of ar e - ea es s n e H d P ph right ith fl i g l k , ri g r h b l y l v , i gl - n r n and n ec ace of ear s e n K R ev . AF KAEI OS i e en a ea O AS . AOO p d t ri g kl p l ; b hi d , P N k i k li a ra e stan n to e ec n r o on tr s e s. h lf d p d , di g right, r ti g t phy ; right,

as a u a n n n n a Although r le , for illustr tio , prefere ce is give to coi s cquired om - n n on xam m a a fr well k ow collecti s , yet this e ple fro priv te source is so a in n t n an d a o n a a m superl tive excelle ce of s yle , tech ique preserv ti th t the ch r

n n m n a in m a n had to a . i g Bu bury speci e (No . lso y c bi et be p ssed by A N I N GR I N C E T EE K CO S .

We see that the head of Persephon e has assumed a new aspect ; a softer and m ore youthful represen tatio n with long gracefully flowi ng locks n ow de ictin a n o n n KoPAi o n of p g the M ide goddess , wh se i scriptio sh ws the devotio l this issue to her specia cult . all an d n an a a a a n First of Greeks , i deed Europe s , to le d hostile force g i st A athokles had in 1 n in ar t a 0 . . a on an a C h ge , g 3 B C l ded the Afric co st , pursu an ce of an origi nal and hazar dous schem e ; n o less a one than to fi nd in the actual subjugation of the great Pu n ic city the most effective method of divert in m a n a a n an a a a nd m na n g fro Syr cuse the persiste t C rth gi i tt cks , of ter i ti g if n n a on an an To n possible the freque t i v si s of Sicili l ds . i spire his soldiery with a a o n a n o on n n all the cour ge of desp ir , he c ceived the d ri g res luti of bur i g his in la on a a and om n n o ships , which y their ly hope of esc pe if defe ted ; itti g n n of m an d m n a A athokles and all a a n i cide t religious po p cere o i l , g his c pt i s a n a a to ow n n o n pplied their co secr ted torches , e ch his vessel , i v ki g by this solem n fier y dedicatio n the divin e aid an d guidan ce of those tutelary god and o m an d on desses of Sicily of the l wer world , De eter the Mother , Perseph e n the Maide . That this appeal seemed n ot made to u n respon sive ears is shown by the a m n on of o reverse type , which portr ys victory co pleti g the erecti her tr phy by affi xing a Pun ic helmet to the upright support of the pan oply ; in symbolism a a n n a an n at o ne m of those e rly sto ishi g successes of the Syr cus s , whe ti e it m as o aim x n w as n a a m m n and see ed th ugh the of the e peditio e r cco plish e t , h kl m f that A gat o es ight becom e lo rd param ou n t of Africa as he w as o Sicily . That in his new pride the tyran t n ow began to assume the royal title a a om n n n fo r m n be ppe rs fr the reverse i scriptio , wherei the first ti e si ce the n n n of a an n a nam an n a a a gi i g Syr cus coi ge , the e of i dividu l t kes the pl ce of f S YPAKOS IQ N . m n BAS I AEOS and o ad e c The o issio of however , the use the j ’ tival form AFAGOKAE I OS (probably with a zsta ter u n derstood) show this Change m n a an d a n a n o a a n a to be erely te t tive , th t eve the h rde ed desp t felt cert i dre d of possible accusatio n s of disrespect towards the State an d impiety towards the gods ; the latter bei ng do ubtless in his eyes the far less serious charge o f

the tw o . N I N R E I N S A C E T G E K CO .

a n a and Mr . Percy G rdi er suggests close i n teresti ng parallel between this Nike an d the con temporan eous Aphrodite of Melos ; an d certai n ly these tw o figures show gr eat sim ilarity in m otive and treatmen t of drapery prob a a m an on a n a due a am bly however rese bl ce ly ccide t l , or perh ps to the s e V i n fluen ces . The superiority of this ictory over that on its im itative coin m n m an S eleukos a a n in fro co te por eous issues of I , will ppe r whe , the study a o n a a at n a n m n of Asi tic c i ge , we rrive our co sider tio of the series i ted by the eleukid n of a tr m a m n S ki gs Syri . Such iu ph l types ust have bee i n spired by n n and n r a n a n or and a those co ti uous stupe dous st uggles with lter ti g vict y defe t , in a and in n a a n n of which were , the e st the west , the tur l co seque ce the dis ’ m m m n an e s a m n n am n D i d h e ber e t of Alex d r v st do i io s o g the a oc oi.

A A H G T OKL E S .

r m wt 2 r I - I I I 6 s. e o I 1 . V 1 a a . 6 0 e c . . 0 0 ! 5 . T t dr h , 3 g P ri d , B C 3 3 (Pl . Obv . o t K R v N . m a t as m ar t as o AS e . K o . Si il l ( . OP AFAOO AE I OS Si il r l t

n n n ed n as s as o an d This coi , i te ded to copy the prec i g clo ely p ssible , yet , in m a n a n n a to n n n -ar t in rked co tr st , prese ti g every qu lity be shu ed by coi , its a a a n a and m o d a m a b rb rous style , we k executio , wretched f bric st eb sed et l , is here i n troduced as throwi ng an in teresting light upo n the vicissitudes of a ’ tyran t s career. ’ a m A athokles m in f a far m a a The e rly pro ise of g triu phs A ric , fro ctu l ful

' fil m m n lme nt had sufler ed a . a and a n , co plete blight Defe ts dis ppoi t e ts , with n n n n n a m had ma m and m o the co seque t sulle disco te t of the r y , de ore re pre

' a n in a a n an and w as a in an eflort c rious his positio dist t , hostile l d ; it prob bly to a a m n o a w as and a ll y the uti us spirit of his soldiery th t this issue struck , p y m n - a of A athokles c m e ts of lo ng deferred arrears were made . The str its g o pelled the debasemen t of his available silver bullion to the utmost possible n n a n as a a om a an at a degree co siste t with circul tio , ppe rs fr gl ce the br ssy ! n l am ar e a appeara ce of the origi na of this illustration . C p pieces lways n a a m n n as a n the result of u void ble e erge cy ; but coi s such these , especi lly whe o n a a n a a a a mo c tr sted with his be utiful issues of o ly few ye rs e rlier , l st the N I E N T CR E E I N S A C K CO . 9

n n da o of o fi est productio s of Greek dies of the y , sh w the depths p verty , ’ bittern ess an d discouragemen t to which the tyran t s bright pro spects had n su k . A T KL GA HO E S .

Go a er w t 88 r s o I I I 0 6—2 8 PI I I 1 . I 06. . e . . V ! ld St t , g P ri d , B . C 3 9 ( . Obv. ea of a as to w ea n c este o n an e met o n am en te w r ffi n H d P ll right , ri g r d C ri thi h l , r d ith g i .

' v A A KAE BAi I AE W n e un er o T R e . I OO Oi Oi i g d th d b lt ;

’ now a at A athokles n n an We rrive the third period of g reig whe , the Afric n a n n in o a a t a n w as o n mo in expeditio h vi g e ded t t l f ilure , the yr t ce re Sicily , ma n n m a a all a n and n n to o m n a s rti g u der the isc rri ge of his pl s , bur i g c pe s te n m for a succession of disappoi ntme ts . Here his co paratively defe nceless islan d e nemies lay ready for the exercise of tho se methods so dear to his a a n a a and un o o de str uc s v ge ture , fire , sword , torture , sl very ; the pr v ked n o f a an on ma a of all n a a n tio Segest , with the pitiless , w t ss cre its i h bit ts , the even more cruel an d cowardly slaughter of the u n fo rtu n ate Syracusan rela tives in a — a n for a n on de of his soldiers Afric , quick reve ge their h vi g , his n and a n n in mma n — o sertio , revolted sl i his so s left co d , t gether with the gradual but complete destructio n of the exiled Syracusa n s w ho were so con ’ tin uall n and a n a a n him r e - a A athokle s o y plotti g w rri g g i st , est blished g p wer d m an a a um o n o f on a broader an fir er basis th ever . Th t his ss pti the regal w as n ow an a a and as was n far and title est blished f ct , such recog ized wide , n o n is show by this c i . a n n a a o n e m The course of e ster eve ts for the l tter h lf of the f urth ce tury , a n n of a o f a on on o br ci g the co quest Hell s by Philip M ced , the w derful vict ries and m n n an a m m m n of m do i io of Alex der the Gre t , the dis e ber e t this e pire am n n ra and a m n of n n do m and n a o g his ge e ls , their est blish e t disti ct ki g s dy s m a n in n A a ties , ust h ve bee followed the west with the deepest i terest . g thokles n n m m a -ln -law of , co sideri g hi self the peer of Ptole y (his f ther ) , S eleukos A n ti o nos an d L simachos a or o of , g y , whose he ds th se the deified an n a to a n u a a o n Alex der, directly co tr ry ccepted Helle ic s ge , d r ed their sev e a n a and t BAS I AEQ S a a m o m a of r l coi ges , whose ti le l tely ssu ed , f r ed p rt the N I E N R O N A C T G EEK C I S .

inscri tion s oubtless ladl followed exam les so con en ial and AFAGOK p , d g y p g , AEOi BAi IAEOi the first insta nce in S racusa n coina e of the full ro al title . y g y , ium ha s ir i celebrates his tr p nt p t. The t underbolt w ich has alread a ear ed as a t e in con n e ction h , h y pp yp with the head of e us E leuther ios the Delivere r if of an s ecial si n ifi Z ( ) , y p g ca nce here can have bee n ado ted b A athokles onl in iron im l allusio n to , p y g y the f rmer freedom of the S r acusa ns and ma show the es tablished stre n th o y , y g l of a tyran ny which fear ed not any ill effects from imi tate d popuar passion .

A - u s a no ns.

- P I V I I I bv . 1 d I B . Pl ! O 1 wt o I . 0 . S ater . 0 r s . er . 0 6 2 8 7 t , 5 g i , C 3 9 ( P f w in i l v asos in to lef R e . P H d of al as to e t ear la n or in hian he met. e ea l l , g p C t g fly g t ;

b nea h riskelia . e t , t - I wt 1 r P od I I I B 2 Pl V I I . 1 er 0 s . 6 . . ! 08. S ta . er . . 0 8 t , 4 g i , C 3 9 ( Obv

S imi ar head but to r h . l , ig t m the n a u (Fro Mo t g sale. )

milarit of st le and fabric as w l as a ma ed r n in w Si y y , e l rk eductio eight m l e e am les an ea l da a ca se n be as n fro ik x p of r ier te , h ve u d these coi s to sig ed ’ to the same fi nal period of A gathokles reign as the gold sta ter just examin ed . The absence of any inscription is also a sign that the Syr acusan s as a pe ople no lon e en o d the r t na g r j ye igh of coi ge . ’ Agathokles end formed no exception to the almost u n iver sal rule r egar d

i hi 2 . n at n t rants and s a and n am n a in 8 . g y , wful u l e ted de th 9 B C by poiso the an s a fa and tr s la e f a s a r n ed h d of vorite u ted s v , le t Syr cu e without ecog iz su esso to his su em m n cc r pr e co ma d .

I E T R EE K I VER OI N FR M HE BE ANC N G S L C S O T NS ON COLL ECTI ON .

AN CIE NT GRE E K COINS

YRACU E S S , 5

FRAN K S HERMAN BENSON

PRI VATELY PRI NTED

1902 RE PRINTED FROM THE ER C N S CS AM I AN J OURNAL OF UMI MATI . T G K AN C I E N REE COI N S .

I X A C E S R U S . . Y , 5

E S PI TE o on om m a n cruel ppressi s , c pulsory ilit ry services , e dless ’ con fiscatio n s an m n an d m a a A athokle s n , b ish e ts ss cres , g reig had formed a period of gen eral an d con ti n ued prosperity for a an om a n a n an d the Syr cus s , wh his de th left to the u cert i ties m h w n n a n n . an a o disse sio s of popul r gover e t Less th two ye rs ,

sufli ced m n at m o a an d in 2 88 . . ever , for this fresh experi e t free de cr cy , B C one Hiketas n mman fo m , the co der of the rces , usurped the supre e power , for n n f which he con tin ued to exercise despotically an u eve t ul decade .

H I KE T A S .

- 2 88 2 . I X m wt 1 2 r s. . . . ! . ea of 1 ac . 0 9 . Tridr h , 9 g B C 79 (Pl Obv H d n to ef w ow n oc s w ea n w ea of ar e - ea es and s n e e n Persepho e l t ith fl i g l k , ri g r th b l y l v i gl p - v K in er u ua to e o s an ear n e n bee. R e . i YPA 0 2 IQ N ex e. a es d t ri g ; b hi d, g Q drig l ft, h r

al o n a o e s a . g l pi g b v , t r

’ This obverse is a careful but far i n ferior Copy of the issues of A gathokles se n as a a m a m a a n t co d period , just the qu drig i it tes , with si il r dec de ce of s yle , ’ Hiketas n r s a his n am n that old tyran t s first r ever se . While ve tu e to pl ce e upo A N CI E N T GR E E K COI N S .

u u f is n old coin s onl the n sual s mbo o a be e c o mmo to both metals . The g y, y l depressed c ondition of Syrac usa n affair s is sho w n by a new an d low er stand ar d of value the tridr achm now su lan tin the c o nve n tional tetra dr achm , pp g , which doe s n ot r eappear at Syracuse . The over throw H iketas brou ht no e ace to the distra cted cit but of g p y , n e se lf- l d r ul havin se iz d the f rti instead on ly w or se con fusio n . O sty e e r g e o fled island and another the ma n cit civil w a r in its m ost a ra vated fo m , i y , gg r re roduced those sce n es cr ue l sufferi n an d m iser which would se m p of ty , g y, e s n fi if f nce to have for med a n atu r al e que ce to the r m har sh m le o a tyra n t. O a a n did r acuse t n o n in e es tow ard the east whe nce so of e n fr om g i Sy ur l g g y , t s h l he Dor ic kin dred had come a ready re po n se to her bitte r cry for e p . S did not indeed now as o for a r o f the same race but cast er sel of old l ok delive er , h f a su iant be f the mo ow f l an d uccessful m nar ch of the da a ppl ore st p er u s o y,

figure far different from an y tha t had yet appear ed in Sicily .

Among the w ild mou n ta in tr ibes o n the extrem e n orther n boun darie s of e as an am -m n ed s r n had af e l n ba t n in f n e H ll , bitious high i d t ipli g t r o g t li g de e c his e a r n at ain e uc nal cc s in the la e a r of her dit y ki gly title , t d s h fi su es ps of ye s l n n tha t a w ide dom i n ion n ow ackn owledged his firm and en ergetic r u e . O o e s e the sc n an t e on the t a near in ma n l xan r the id de e d of Achill s , o her k s of A e de Grea ia n an d as n as a n r a o sse ss a valr u n a re and t , brill t d hi g ge e l , p ed of chi o s tu , of such resistless courage and m ar tial impetuosity as to w in the name of a le a n a r om an a n wan n cr E g , pitiless co queror, yet with l free f y t i t of to uelty , and e n a m a n a f n ll and f s P r rhos xciti g the d ir tio like of rie ds , fo owers oe , y , n E e ir os n - r an an d ar r - a n f rt as one the Ki g of p , k ight e r t w ior chief, st ds o h of m s s n an d o t triki g picturesque characters of antiquity . ea am n n a n and n n m a r ow n Alr dy dre i g of u ivers l co quest , bur i g to e su e his a a ns a n n ar n ne m g i t foreig power , this ki g , besought by the T e ti s to help the in th n h in 2 o e d . a n n a m n a 80 . lo g struggle with L ti e cro ch e t , B C br ught his s a n d n so e an n n a . r a an ldi r , ships eleph ts i to souther It ly Here the Sy cus e voys now n him a n a n ar far m fou d , dishe rte ed by two ye rs of u decisive w e with Ro e , nd a e an ll th m a n e . a t a a a e e g r for y fresh e terpris So th t heir ppe l , ore power

6 A N I N T R E E K OI N C E G C S .

s l s n n n an u it ymbo of o vereig ty ove r Macedo o se vera l Macedon i iss es . W h C am amin be n a n n ea and l ra se as if hl ys stre g hi d her, with thre te i g sp r , shie d i d for t ct n the o s a anc n the fr a in he r cha ract r pro e io , g dde s dv i g to y e of Athen e Promacho s ( in the forefro n t o f the battle) w hile in the field appears the s m l n w o n the o e ma c c n the w ar -l e o ss i p e thu derbolt , hich Pt l i oi ik g dde ’ h s in m m d e of the n r er an d nc P r rhos url sy bolis oubtl ss Zeus Thu de , he e of y - rela i n a n se s e so n . t o ship to Alex der , lf tyl d of Zeus

’ S ad to sa P r r hos c ri u a r was m ar re a f o i atti u y, y vi to o s c ree d by o l sh t de of ha n an d n ff n e a d a l e a o c so anta ughty eglect i di ere c tow r s his l i s , p li y which g on ize d the Sicilian s as to result in his even tual discom fiture a nd spee dy flight i a r a s in n o e t i t a n f r nto Italy . But lthough he left Sy cu e b t er pl ght h be o e his — arrival only the most gloom y future seem ing possible for this gr ea t an d — beautiful city i ndirectly his futile expedition may be con side r ed as havin g introduced the era of peace an d prosperity which Syr acuse n ow enjoyed for ’ i n r ne the ffi r s the u ne xam pled per od of over half a ce tu y . O of Epeirot s o ce was a a n on ra a n e n e an r cert i Hier , Sy cus by birth , whos disti guish d cest y , supe r ior milita ry talen ts and pleasi ng address caused his elevation by fellow citizen s n a fa in f to the ra n k of ge n eral . This positio he filled so s tis ctorily the resh s r s a a n am n am an an a n d a a n an a a t uggle g i st M erti e , C p i C rth gi i , th t shortly fter, i C . w an d as n w t in 2 . as a m n 75 B , he procl i ed ki g , Hiero II , together h his con r Philistis n in n n be n efice ntl an d so t , reig ed u disputed sovereig ty wisely , y n in 2 1 peacefully u til his death 6 . a a w ar a m n man an d How br ve field of do we le ve , y frie ds , for the Ro s ! ’ a a n an in had n P r r hos a n ama n as sa C rth gi i s to fight , bee y p rti g excl tio he iled ’

A n d n n n an in 2 6 . . n from Sicily . duri g Hiero s reig there beg 4 B C those Pu ic wa n a a a for an n and rs , which with i terv ls of doubtful pe ce were to r ge hu dred

e n a an d e n d n i n a a . ightee ye rs , to o ly with the destruct o of C rth ge It m ust have been owi ng to a happy combi n ation of state -craft and good for tu n e that Hieron w as e n abled to foresee the ultim ate triumph of Lati n over en an an d w as n u m a fir m an d a n a Pho ici , thus led to co cl de with Ro e th t l sti g lli ance which kept his corn er of Sicily u n disturbed while bloodshed and famin e N I E N T R E E I A C G K CO N S .

m a n a m an n n an were desolati ng the re i der of th t iserable isl d . This co ti ued tr t n a n to o a quilli y , by e bli g his subjects dev te wholly to the pursuits of pe ce those active en ergies which had bee n wastefully employed in foreign or civil d a a a on in m m an a . w rs , r ised Syr cuse to the highest positi co erce the rts ’ n n am n on in m m n Hiero s reig , o g the l gest history , is re e bered for either far fam a n or an n o n . n a a a ous b ttles brilli t foreig c quests I ste d we re d of wise , ’ m a a n an a a an m a a sighted diplo cy , co st t c re for his subjects welf re , i p rti l justice , and an n m a a m n a n n ot a mun ifice n ce at m eco o ic l d i istr tio , without cts of ho e t a a n n a a - a n 1 0 0 and generosi y bro d . As whe he se t to e rthqu ke sh ke Rhodes a n o m - an d n n n t le ts of gold , together with c stly te ple vessels buildi g e gi es , or ’ w n at a m am n in n m A k x a na r ia n ‘ a he ti e of f i e Egypt his e or ous , herself n m a a a a oil an d m prese t , bore to Ptole y gre t c rgo of whe t , olive , other welco e - mm . a a n n m an a a in co odities Or g i whe he surprised his Ro llies , h rd pressed n n w ar a a n m n and cO ious the seco d Pu ic , with l rge rei force e t of soldiers with p a an d a supplies of whe t b rley . But it is n ot by his wise or gen erous or statesmanlike deeds that Hieron n n am far m an ow n will be forever disti guished , but by two es hu bler th his , ar n w as u n n a an d yet of f higher value to m anki d . For it d ri g this reig th t n man m m a m a an and m an a n n his ki s Archi edes , illustrious the tici ech ic l e gi eer , a a a an d n a a and t a a p ssed the gre ter p rt of his useful ho or ble c reer , h t the l st an d n n Theokr itos an sweetest of the i spired si gers of Greece , , s g for his ’ patr on s hon or an d delight those earlier lays of patriotic fire or of pastoral - and n ar e a o n sun an . life love , whose sce es l id the steeped Sicili shores fi nd in n two n o a n ta We this reig disti ct peri ds ; first , o ble for its twelve a an d n n n a a am n man Car ye rs of fight co te tio with every p rty like , M erti e , Ro ,

tha in ian and a n mm n n 2 6 . ar g , fellow Greek ; seco d , co e ci g with 3 B C the ye

1 A e esse er t ns r en con I n r et rn Pt em sen t to S rac s e am n t er hug v l of ov o bu d , u ol y y u , o g o h t cte at S rac se es ecial for t is c arita e r e a i ts s me his am s N i e a r s ic was s r u d y u p ly h h bl g l gf , o of f ou l p py u , wh h e The sim est esc ri ti n her ma r e s an te b H ier n in t at m st c ar min S ici ian voya g . pl d p o of v llou pl d o h o h g of l fi ttin t t m es a t s str ea ms tye A n s n t ese ict res e s a n ement and s i i r e a o . A an arr g g , w h vo y pl , b h of , p lo g h p u qu b k , is e mar e flowe r- ec e ar ens m saic a s ic ere a e to a e see n the terrifi e Perse ne pol h d bl , d k d g d , o w lk wh hw f bl d h v d pho r e r e s a e trees s ac i s m nas i ms a n d h rrie off in the m c ari t A i ne s its ra ce bo d d b h d , p ou gy u , u d gloo h o of do u , g ' tee min fi s tan s esi es the r e a r masts ar s eat er sta s st fl ris r se a ter m re g k , b d gul , y d , ful , f h y lk ou h p ofu ly f o sai s t rrets and mi ita r en in es a esse the t an ears a t it has n een extinct in l , u , l y g of v l of h y , l hough lo g b da rea s i e an extract r m the m st anci E t and in ee r s nat ra in no t er a rt y, d l k f o o f ful of gyp , d d g ow u lly o h p of

li ts. the r the A r abia n N ig wo ld. A I E GR E E OI 8 N C N T K C N S .

in all n a n t a at n m a m an d which , u cert i y l id rest , Hiero decided to e br ce fir ly n a m an a an n be nefice nt r fi lly the Ro lli ce , desti ed to produce such esults for

Syracuse . H I I IERON .

- r I I . ea t l s. e o 2 2 X k o o wt 8 6 . ! 1 1 b . . . . 1 . O , 4 g P ri d , B C 75 3 (Pl Obv H d or v i f al n s n i r n R e . I E PQ O o as to e w ear cr e e an e me e n e . N P l l ft, i g t d C i thi h l t ; b h d , t id t t n a e asos n o e e B. P g flyi g right b th, e (From the M on tagusal . )

We ar e not tempted to linger over this specime n with its weakly imita

x n an d a a m n n n . tive types , poor e ecutio , rude , c reless tre t e t of the i scriptio ’ n a n m an art- n These very defects , however , so u ple si g fro lover s poi t of view , ar e i n teresting as showi ng how fatal to fi n e artistic production of every kind were the terrible experien ces and the hardly less tryi ng u n certain ties of con tan f n n a s t war are . I deed if we had o historical record of this first dec de of ’ n n a n aff n n its e n a Hiero s reig , such coi would ord co clusive evide ce of b i g o n n n peri d of u ceasi g storm a d stress . ’ We should n ote moreover the appearan ce of Hieron s name on this issue ; a sign that co n ditio n s at home an d abroad were probably too u n set tled for n m an d ar m t n as eve his extre e p tly politic odes y to dispe se , he did

a n ow a n n a n . l ter , with this ck owledged sig of roy l sovereig ty

I I HIERON .

1 1 2 on z r w t I I - 2 1 6 I X . e a 2 6 r s . o . 2 6 ! . e . . . Br lit , 4 g P ri d , B C 3 (Pl Obv . ea of er on to e a em ! or of o s R v or s m e e . Q e an e . I E P N ad H d Hi l ft, di d d b d r d t OS H vancin to r nd o n s a a e en ea N . g ight h ldi g p r ; b th,

We saw in the I n troduction that for the first three centuries of n um is m a ar t n o n o n a n n tic , ruler however powerful , co queror however gr dly crow ed n a n on n a m with success , ve tured to pl ce his like ess coi s , still dedic ted by custo d a n an . m t n or all tr ditio to the revered Greek deities Neither igh y Philip , n n xan nor a a an u and co queri g Ale der , we lthy Croesus d red tr sgress this r le , a n -fi ured a em their copious issues show us Zeus , or Her kles or the twi g s cred m an a ble of Asi tic godhead . A N I E N T CR E E OI N S C K C . 9

’ h an a am a a n n all x n a r But wit Alex der s de th c e bre ki g dow of e isti g b r iers , w as aff n o a a n d am n D iadochoi a which to ect eve this religi us pr ctice , o g the p ear ed a now an d n a as in p first the he d of their deified ruler ge er l , the issues L sim achos and n x o r a n m as on the n of y , e t the p rt its of the ki gs the selves , coi s

S e leukos and m . an n ot a a n of Ptole y This ch ge , however , did for h lf ce tury n n n a n as A athokles an d i flue ce the west , where eve to such fierce tyr ts g Hike ’ tas the outwar d an d ackn owledged sign of Persepho n e s worship still rem ai ned a an d w as n n n o u man s cred ; it Hiero who , i flue ced d btless by Ro religious m n a o n a a an n a skepticis , first ve tured to pl ce up Syr cus coi his portr it . For n n a n o a m o m ar and this i ov tio he selected , pr b bly still fro p litic otives , his e ly — rare pieces of 32 litrai which u n fortu n ately can n ot here be reproduced d n m a n n an am an . the co te por eous bro ze issues , ex ple of which is before us n w a an for a a n of n Eve ith every llow ce courtly ide liz tio the youthful ki g , we m n at n in a a n l n tr n and ust recog ize o ce this f ce wise , ge t e , refi ed , yet s o g noble n ature ; perforce m an y-sided in the chan gi ng for tu n es of a long an d a a saw him n a a an d n n a n v ried c reer , which ge er l , legisl tor co stitutio l ki g , the at n a an d m an n an d n p ro of rtists , poets builders , the co p io chose brother of a n m n a the a a a a fir m n and e ster o rchs , e gerly sought lly of gre t powers ; frie d ,

‘ in a a a an . a m r a n a as his e rly d ys of strife d gerous foe Our l ost ce t i , lthough , a a not n n a n a w n we sh ll see l ter , u disputed ide tific tio of this portr it ith Hiero I E PQ is partly deter m in ed by the reverse in scription N0 2 .

H I I IERON .

i i wt 1 r r I I — 1 1 ece of 8 l tr a . 0 s e o 2 6 2 1 6 I X . . . . ! 3 Pi , 7 g P i d , B C 3 . (Pl . e f Ge on t e a eme n u a o o e ! o e of o s . R v . c e . YP Obv H d l l ft di d d ; b hi d, l b b rd r d t i A

' KOi IOI l EAQ NOi a to r awn w n e e or ses ran c n in on , Big ight dr by i g d Nik , h p i g ; fr t, l n or A and E ! p ai b der.

t 1 I - f w . 0 0 r s I 1 1 ece o 8 t a . e o . 26 2 1 6 I X . . . ! 4 Pi lit i, g P ri d , B C 3 (Pl. '

s R ev . YP K m m ar to a . i A I I I Q S ar to ut . S Oi O EA NOi as b o ses Obv i il l t . i il l t, h r d o e in r on wal n an a A¢ BA. ki g, b v , ; f t ,

1 D es not T heokritos ict rin the r ea the ir ds imse for fi t and the rse- ai r c r est is s a o , p u g d d of g h lf gh , ho h h d ! t e he S Cart a inians at h a r ac t rac sans si n in his e met. h g pp o h of y u , g ; g h l “ A m n t em Hier n i e the mi t m en o g h , o , l k gh y of old, A I N GR E E K OI N 10 N C E T C S .

— I i i w r o I 2 2 1 . X . f l tr a t 1 r . e I 6 6 . ! 1 1 ece o . s . . 5 . Pi 4 , 5 g P i d , B C 3 (Pl Obv m to t v K E a e s an in to on un e a as . R e . i YPA Oi I OI FEAQ NOS Si il r l , gl t d g right th d r o in on e n BA b lt ; fr t, b hi d , .

O n these three examples of the comparatively copious issues of smaller ’ n m na n n a an d n am n o n a ar n a we fi nd de o i tio , Hiero s he d e lo ger ppe , but i ste d both portrait an d i n scriptio n perpetuating the m emory of an otherwise little m n n n a . w as n son n n na k ow perso ge This the o ly of Hiero , Gelo by e , who , if a can w as am a m ra a a as fa portr iture be trusted , of the s e d i ble ch r cter his ther, and w as a a him in n t who closely ssoci ted with the exercise of sovereig y . ’ n n f n n a n an d n Hiero s i di fere ce to the ho ors of his roy l positio , his retiri g na a m a n n and can ture would h ve pro pted this sh ri g of the thro e , we picture ’ m n at n ma u ea to ourselves his overwhel i g sorrow the so s pre t re d th , which u n doubtedly alo n e preven ted a formal abdication on the part of the aged m n a n n n t a had run o rch lo g before his i e y ye rs their course . J ust as Hiero n con cluded all treaties and allian ces in the name of the a an i YPAKOi I OI a m n n n on Syr cus people , so the occupy pro i e t positio his ’ n a n for n n am a n a a coi s , lthough by the use of the ge itive the so s e lo e the ctu l n m ki gship of the latter is ade eviden t . The biga and the eagle of these reverses ar e of course m erely in im ita n a a an n n tan a n tio of e rlier Syr cus types , suggesti g refere ces to dis t go istic r m s n t iu phs or to the wor hip of Zeus , wielder of the thu derbolt .

ANCIE NT GRE E K COINS

SYRAC US E, 6

FRAN K S HERMAN BENSO N

PRIVATELY PRI NTED

1 902 REPRINTED FROM THE E R C OF S S AM I AN J OURNAL NUMI MATIC . T K AN C I E N GREE COI N S .

A S R C S E 6 . . U X Y ,

HE m a a n n n r f re rked dec de ce , which duri g the third ce tu y be o an era w as a a m a n ar t a e the Christi gr du lly per e ti g , liter tur , religious belief an d political in stitution s throughout the n n a n an a n in n e tire Greek world , fi ds bu d t illustr tio coi n a n in n an types of the period . A growi g we k ess desig d atm n an d a far m m a n tre e t , servile yet fro successful i it tio of composition s evolved in days of a truer and richer artistic spirit now charac ter ize Syracusan coin s an d our co n sequen t disappoin tm en t is n owhere more ’ a an in a a n a m n n cute th the series which displ ys the he d of Hiero s ch r i g quee , a - a a at n an ma a E uain etos a whose cle r cut , cl ssic profile would h ve o ce i ted or Kimon with fresh in spiration for som e im m ortal an d world -delighting m aster piece . H I I IERON .

I I 2 - 2 1 X 6 . li i wt 2 r s e o . 6 . . f 1 t a 0 . . 1 1 6 . ece o 6 r Pi , . 9 g P ri d , B C 3 (Pl Obv

ea of Philistis to e a e me an d e e e n am n or c . R ev . BAi lAli i Ai H d l ft, di d d v il d ; b hi d, fl i g t h r r w n e e or ses a o n en ea E IA ua a to en . Q I AI S T Oi Q d ig right, d iv by i g d Nik , h g ll pi g ; b th ,

(From the Bun bury sale. ) A N I E N T R E E OI N C G K C S .

1 1 f li r I I — X R v i w s 1 ! e . 1 6 t a t 2 8 r . o 2 6 2 6 . . . ece o 0 e . . 7 Pi , . g P ri d , B C 3 (Pl BAi I AI i i i ¢ I AI § T IA § m a to as but a o e o ses c escen in ont Kli A O Si il r l t, b v h r , r t ; fr , ; d an en ea s a of a e . b th , t lk b rl y

I I 2 — f i i wt r o 6 2 1 . ! 1 r . 6. 1 l t 6 s. e 8 ece o a . . . . Pi 5 , 9 g P ri d , B C 3 (Pl X Obv r m - a R v m a to m a to 1 1 6 but e n al n c . e . BAi I AI i i Ai ¢ I AI § TIA O§ Si il , b hi d, p br h Si il r 1 1 6 but in r on E . , f t,

’ Precisely how many decades of Hieron s long re ign w ere shared by the n and a Philistis a no m an n n a f n oble be utiful we h ve e s of k owi g , but th t he ou d in this queen ly daughter of the royal house of Dionysios a suitable and dign i fied n for a rem n a as w as a ar m - a and co sort his st tely public ce o i ls , ell w he rted m a a n r for a and w s a m s no in sy p thetic p rt e his priv te joys sorro , d it of doubt m n f m n as u a a u . an t our i ds , we st dy these c l , sere e , lovely e t res Greek tiqui y has man y a tale of the warm fr ien dship and equal compan ionship and m utual dependen ce between man and woman ; and we may feel sure that both Hieron and the Syracusan s owed much of their happin ess and prospe r ity to this gr a r n cious presen ce on the consort th o e . a a m m han s e in the a e the But l s , we ust here do ore t put our elv s pl c of d ! a an d tr a an n n n . W e m s as w ma ne rtist y to g ther his thought i te tio u t , ell , i gi him f th the in n n t and a a so gi ted wi skill desig , with the stre g h ccur cy of touch pe culiarly characteristic of that group of m aste r engraver s who flour ished in the latter half of the fifth cen tur y . Then i nde ed could we r ightly echo the words of on e of our most charm in g writers ( n ot him self a numismatist) on Sicilian affairs ! Of all the beautiful heads which we fi nd upon the gold and e n and e ar e man n n can m are th a silv r coi s of Sicily , ther y , o e co p wi th t of ’ n n m a fan a n had . O n e a fa Hiero s quee y cy th t Hele of Troy such ce , or m am n n er f is ar e e e a so fa a Se ir is , or divi e Athe e h sel , but it h d to b li v th t ir wom an ever lived . w as m f r une n an r n n e in the an en t e r It y good o t , whe w de i g o c ci t h at e of the ra an n for ft n s r n Sy cus s , where so ofte swi ly fleeti g hour the ich so orou s n s a ur s m a en ran e a s m a e a n e li e of their dored E ipide ust h ve t c d y p th tic udie c , A N I E N T R E E K OI N S C G C .

- - m n a n n a un n n . n to co e upo sto e hew se t , oted by red bou d guide book Risi g in a n and n m the pl ce of highest ho or , evide tly devoted to the use of so e dis tin uished n a n n BAi I AI i i Ai ¢ I AI 2 T IA 0 2 fam g perso ge , it bore the i scriptio . so il n in w m m n a iar to the coi n stude t . Thus these t o ost dissi ilar a d yet like least a a m m a and a n m a a perish ble of e rthly e ori ls , chiselled rock be te et l , h ve the love n m n n n n and pr ide a d ad iratio of good ki g Hiero bee preserved to us .

’ ' The queen s style of weari ng her veil drawn close aroun d the head ap a a ou a ma a- a a in m n pe rs lso s ll terr cott bust of bout this period , y possessio , and na t in m a m the te ci y with which re ote p rts of Europe old custo s survive , is show n by the exact reproductio n of this fashion amo ng the lower classes of n da in a an d a a n n a a the prese t y, Syr cuse dj ce t portio s of Sicily ; light sh wl , n now however , bei g substituted for the veil . The similarity in coi n -design between this head of Philistis an d that of

' ' n a n m a n ma n an n a n Arsi oe , co te por ry quee of the Ptole ic li e , is but other i dic tio of those bonds of ki n ship an d frie ndship which at that time so closely con ne cted Sicily and Egypt . The cresce n t poised over the weak quadriga -scheme probably symbolizes Philistis in a a n m a a n Kli ma her ch r cter of divi e Arte is , while the bbrevi tio y an KAI lEPQ NOi i YPAKOi I OY n a w as not st d for . to sig ify th t the issue wholly ! Philistis n as n n o a an . that of Quee , but belo ged well to Hier the Syr cus We m ust n ow take on e more glim pse of this wise a nd gracious king at m m r n m n n w as at a n and the su it of his glo y , whe his do i io its gre test exte t , when the ben eficial effects of a peaceful rule were already showi ng them selves .

a 2 1 C . a n a n w a . t n r After the ye r 4 B , the co clusio of th t first Pu ic which in n n all m an n resulted the u disputed co quest of Sicily by the Ro s , Hiero , a a firm a w as n n n n f n r s lw ys their lly , the o ly i depe de t ruler le t by the co que or

in an . n f n a a n r a nt m the isl d Without i ter ere ce , yet lw ys u de the suzer i y of Ro e , n n x m n a a as as he co ti ued to e ercise supre e power over the e tire e st co st , well over m any of the adj ace n t i n lan d tow n s ; a ter r itor y of such size an d import an as m n a a n - a ma on e ce to see deservi g of speci l coi issue ; s ll , however , to m a it m judge fro the great r r y of extant exa ples . 6 A N I E N T R E E K OI N S C G C .

1 I I H ER ON .

1 1 e of 8 litrai wt r s I I ci a PI X . ec 1 0 . e o r r . 2 1 . . ! 9 Pi , . 5 g P ri d , B . C 4 ( Obv. ea of D em e e to e e e an d wea n w ea of ar e - ea es e n ea H d t r l ft, v il d ri g r th b l y l v ; b hi d, l f. R v I K A Q u a to en w n e o e . i E I TAN a e ses an c n Q drig right driv by i g d Nik , h r pr i g ; m a o e on o r am I i . b v , g

m a m e was n ra The choice of the ture goddess De eter , whos worship ge e l an in n m a n se n a t a a throughout the isl d , prefere ce to the ide Per pho e , ype lw ys m r n a a a a an d o e disti ctively ssoci ted with Syr cuse , would doubtless propiti te ’ n as a mm n n n t e n re m n n joi by co o bo d Hiero s subjects hroughout his ti do i io . n n S ikeliots a ea the n a na r So , too , the i scriptio Of the would pp l to tio l p ide an a a as rem m n ed of the Sicili Greeks , lw ys , we should e ber, disti guish by this f m n n d ke title ro the aborigi al Sikan s a S i ls . m n am a n as n the ac san and The o ogr prob bly de otes , before , Hiero Syr u , f m tr m and ar kman a e in th w e ro the ex e ely rude c eless wor ship displ y d is issue , m ay in fer that it w as in tended for circulation n ot in the ruling city but among the m a n a n n a ar m r s ller tow s where less tte tio would be p id to tistic e it .

’ has n a man and o me n n s n As bee the c se with so y wise go d , Hiero closi g a m a ar him and m ye rs were e bittered by the de th of those de est to , by do estic n n f n n str ife among his survivi g relatives . Nor could eve fi tee appoi ted guard an a n the n n and ar an his ran s n Hier on mos i s restr i pride , prete sio rog ce of g d o y

who n in 2 1 6 . C . an mm a as m n all the attr i , succeedi g B , by i edi te su ptio of butes of absolute monarchy disclosed his determin ed will to r ule not as a con ’ stitution al n as a n n t an . o t ar a nes ki g , but ge ui e yr t This y u h s c eer of we k s , a a n an d n m a an e t ar a v cill tio , cruelty excess , his desertio of Ro e , lli c wi h C th ge , and a r na a r a f n a e s n shmen in his lte te tre che y tow rds both , ou d right ou pu i t assassination after less than two years of sove reignty .

H 1E N Y M R O os .

d 1 2 1 f 2 nd li r i wts 1 an d 1 - 1 20 an . eces o a 1 0 t a 1 r s 2 1 6 2 1 Pi 4 , . 3 3 3 g . B . C . 5 . ! f H i mo t a m f X and . ea o er on s o e e ed or o o s v . R e e . (Pl 5 Obv H d y l ft, di d ; b d r d t . un o a an d BAi I AE i I EPQ NYMOY e o e MI EA. O Th d rb lt ; b v , T he o mer om the on a u sa ( f r fr M t g le. )

A N I E N T R E E OI N S C G K C . the magn itude a nd fi nality of its results the most decisive of the m any which a has n n at an a a n an n an S ikeliot R o Syr cuse u dergo e the h d of C rth gi i , Athe i , , m n n a a d Sarace n . n n in m n a A d surely ever was city a ore perilous strait . Withi the w lls n n n and a a - a n an d doubt , disse sio , divided cou cils h lf he rted defe ce ; without a n - a - an d - n n n rou d , the ever w tchful , ever victorious , world subdui g legio s , u der the comm an d of o n e whose brilliant campaign s again st H an n ibal had gain ed ! for him m fa a m n a the title Sword of Ro e . The ll of Syr cuse ust i deed h ve

m a n a at m . see ed questio of d ys , or ost of weeks But by the u n parallelled gen ius an d patriotic self-devotion of on e gr eat m an m n n was n m an two a this see i gly feeble defe ce prolo ged for ore th ye rs , an d in the same w ay that the Spartan Gylippos single -han ded really revived and a a n n n n a n an n a n so m a fee s ved Syr cuse whe si ki g be e th Athe i i v sio , we y l that it w as the aged Archimedes alon e who by his wonder ful mechan ical skill m m n n thus lo ng baflied the power and craft of Ro e . The usu al ilitar y e gi es of the besiegers were m ade powerless and even dangerous to themselves by ’ the great m athem atician s wo nderful cou nter-inven tion s ; vast wooden ar ms an man n n a at an th n e which s k the Ro vessels , whe e r h d , wi huge blocks of sto a and a n n m m on at a an n or le d , bur i g irror which set the fire dist ce ; po derous n an m n n n n the sol iro h ds which , like o i ous birds of prey , swoopi g dow upo a n n a an a a se e a the f diers e gerly pressi g o w rd to ss ult , would iz group of ore m a m a and t n a em the r w ost, r ise the to dizzy height he d sh th to ocks belo ; r n - an a a n r n and in the a n ew powe ful , lo g r ge c t pults of wo de ful precisio , w lls and improved loop -holes which protected the defe nder s and m ade mor e easy im e and s m a and secure their a . I ndeed with such terror did thes i il r devices n n a man an a a was m i spire eve the h rdy Ro veter s , th t M rcellus co pelled to a an n an ca tur a a and en er n a w and b do his pl of speedy p e by ss ult , to t upo slo a tedious block de . W e can on ly touch upon the successive complication s of these two years ; an a m a a n an a r n n the tte pted relief by the C rth gi i fleet , dest oyi g pestile ce s a a m an m n in ear a s as na fea s an d u u l cco p i e t of sieges those ly d y , occ io l de t a a n c a m n s a nse n n ease con pp re t dis our ge e t of the be iegers , with co que t i cr of A N I E N T R K I N S C G EE CO .

fide n ce on a e nd w as n ow n a at an for the p rt of the besieged . But the e r h d , n a an a in a a t a n o ne h while the i h bit ts wr pped f lse securi y, were celebr ti g of t eir n m a n an n ua ar a l w as u erous religious festiv ls , sudde ly u g rded p t of the w l

s m and an n a . a sa and s a n tor ed e tire qu rter seized The c pture , ck , de ol tio of ll ra a Sy cuse wer e now natural an d u n avoidable co n sequen ces . It w as dur i ng these years of fierce or passive struggle that the follow ing ns we s k coi re truc . D CR CY EMO A .

f r — 2 X ! f 1 2 2 . ece o 8 ta wt. 1 0 s. . . 2 1 2 1 . . . ea o Pi lit i , 5 g B C 5 (Pl Obv H d to w a n n m R v YP K IQ un e a as e e c es e o an e e . e . i A Oi N o P ll l ft, ri g r t d C ri thi h l t Th d rb lt ;

e nea YA i . b th ,

i w r 1 - 2 1 2 ! 1 f 1 2 li t 1 2 X . 2 ece o tra s . . . ea 3. Pi , . 53 g . B C . 5 (Pl Obv H d f a as to e w r s n an m e R v K IQ A em s o ea n c e e o e . e . i YPA Oi N P ll l ft, i g r t d C ri thi h l t rt i s an n to e sc a n ar ow om bow at her ee oun un n n to e in t di g l ft, di h rgi g r fr ; f t, h d r i g l ft ;

on XAP . fr t,

The well -kn ow n type of a Pallas head has not appeared on Syracusan n m an a n r n ot in a n m m n coi age for ore th ce tu y ; f ct si ce the ti e of Ti oleo (No . 1 0 1 ) a return to whose glorious days of freedom this coin revival w as doubt

n n m an d a . n e e n less i te ded to sy bolize foresh dow But the seco d rev rs desig , w nd a n o n m m n n n as an n n e a e a a e . e tirely str ge , cl i s our ore exte ded tt tio a n a in fi ne n r n -ar t no e We h ve see th t the , stro g pe iods of coi type ver m an a m m a n e in n in resulted fro tte pted i it tio of sculpture , ither the rou d or m m m a a n - n relief. At ost his otive y h ve bee suggested to the die si ker by s m n m an art m mm n am s t o e co te por eous work of ; but ore co o ly the s e ub le , artistic in fluen ces must have produced the full -size figure in its n oble repre s n tation a e and m n no l e r n bas- e e of ide l lif , the di i utive but ess p fect coi reli f m r -da a destin ed to far hu bler eve y y uses . But with the progress of dec den ce am a m a an a n a n me m n a c e rked ch ge , whose p i ful loss to the rtist fi ds so co pe s tio n in its disti n ct gai n to the archaeologist . For as the productive power a n m a e am n an d n n r now we ke ed , the i it tive b c e stro ger, coi s of the ce tu ies - n r a O pen ing display m an y actual and self co fessed a t Copies . Weak nd dis A I E N R E E K OI N N C T G C S .

t t as m a n n m ar e a a m uin to ed these i it tio s ofte see , they lw ys ore or less helpf l n n m an a m a n d m n m n their reproductio or suggestio of y st tues , te ples o u e ts , which have perhaps survived not at all or o n ly in such fragmen tary an d scat tered rem ain s as would have defied any successful attempt at recon str uction n without these ver y coi pictures . on n its a t is e e nt a Thus this figure our seco d reverse , with t ributes , vid ly s m l - n n now n e n e an a e the w ar copy of o e wel k ow , though u id tifi d Sicili st tu of like goddess of the chase ; an d on e may almost imagi n e a vai n ly propitiator y m n m he n m attempt to avert i pen di g doo by thus dedicati ng t coi to Arte is . ’ For w as it not the celebratio n of this deity s two-day festival which caused s n a n n n am n a a n and c n n uch u restr i ed i dulge ce o g the Syr cus s , such o seque t care lessn ess of watch and ward as to give the vigilan t Romans the ir first foot hold in our heretofore impregnable city !

D R CY EMOC A .

f 1i r ai w 1 r 2 1 — 1 2 . ce o t 2 1 2 X ! e 8 t. 0 s . . f . . . . ea o 4 Pi , 5 g B C 5 (Pl Obv H d e se on e to e wear n w ea of ar e - ea es s n e en an ear- n an d nec P r ph l ft, i g r th b l y l v , i gl p d t ri g, k ace of a n b ua to f e s e ee. R ev Y K IQ a e en w n . i P i ed l p rl ; b hi d, A O N Q drig l t, driv by i g e ear n filleted o e- r an c o ses wa n a o e AI AV and in on un Nik , b i g liv b h , h r lki g ; b v , , , fr t, ce a n mon o am A rt i gr P .

m n n and as far as r e has n a e e This ost i teresti g , the w it r bee bl to discov r , n m n n m t n Hiketas u ique speci e evide tly odels its ypes closely upo the obverse , 1 d hil . 0 an a n P istis in are a n No 9 , Quee reverse which the horses w lki g. The filleted bra n ch of laurel born e aloft by Nike clearly marks the issue as m a m a n a m sy bolic l of so e especi lly oteworthy chieve en t . But whether the coin w as struck by the Syracusan s in tr iumphan t celebration of the down fall ’ u ran and a m n a f e n me n of their youthf l ty t s house , the est blish e t of ree gov r t , or later to perpetuate the joyous revulsio n of feeling which must have followed m m a discomfitur e the m an s the first co plete though te por ry of Ro besieger , it m xa m is i possible e ctly to deter in e . H ad any solutio n yet been suggested for a n a and m n ram r a n identifi the v rious i iti ls o og s of this b ief period , their cert i