DOCSLIB.ORG

The Christian Background of Muslim Apologetics 49 4 CONTENTS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Christian Background of Muslim Apologetics 49 4 CONTENTS The Book and the Prophet The Contribution of Indian Christians to the Muslim-Christian Debate of the 19th Century Dieter Becht Dieter Becht The Book and the Prophet. The Contribution of Indians to the Muslim-Christian Debate of the 19th Century [transl. by D. Becht] © 2018 Dieter Becht. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/deed.de http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/legalcode Original Title: Offenbarungsschrift und Offenbarungsträger. Der Beitrag indischer Christen des 19. Jahrhunderts in der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Islam Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktor- würde der Ev.-th. Fakultät an der Eberhardt-Karls- Universität zu Tübingen, 1993 Contents Transcription . 9 Abbreviations . 10 The Background 11 1 Introduction 12 2 Muslim Anti-Christian Apologetics 17 The Quran . 18 The Post-Quranic Period . 22 Early 9th to Early 11th Century . 23 After 1000 . 30 Features of Islamic Apologetics . 39 Corruption of the Bible . 40 Abrogation of Biblical Commandments . 42 The Untenability of Christian Dogmas . 43 The Inadequacy of Christian Practice . 46 The Validity of Islam and Muhammad . 47 The Christian Background of Muslim Apologetics 49 4 CONTENTS 3 Christian Anti-Muslim Apologetics 51 Greek Apologetics . 52 Arab Apologetics . 54 Latin Apologetics . 57 Protestant Apologetics . 62 4 Protestant Apologetics in India 65 Henry Martyn . 65 Pfander: Founder of a New Apologetics . 68 Life (1803–1865) . 68 Ministry in India . 72 Balance of Truth ............... 73 Assessment: Founding a New Apologetics 91 Conclusion . 108 5 The Orthodox Muslim Reaction 110 Raḥmatullāh Kairānwī . 110 Wazīr Khān..................... 112 Islamic Learning and Western Bibl. Criticism . 113 Christian Inimitability ............ 113 Unveiling of Truth .............. 114 Assessment: Proofs based on Western Authors . 126 The Debate in Agra (April, 1854) . 128 Later Developments . 131 Answers of Indian Christians 133 6 Islamic Fraud: Ram Candra 134 Life (1821–1880) . 134 The Hindu and Deist . 134 Rām Candra’s Turn to Christ . 139 The Sepoy Rebellion . 145 Candra’s Career After the Sepoy Rebellion 146 CONTENTS 5 Ram Candra the Christian . 148 Rām Candra’s Works . 150 Secular Works . 150 Religious Works . 150 Assessment: Polemics Without Apologetics 154 7 Aphorisms: ‘Abdullāh Ātham 156 Life (c. 1828–1896) . 156 ‘Abdullāh Ātham’s Works . 161 Challenge ................... 162 Further Works . 163 Assessment: Aphorisms Without Polemics 165 8 God’s Nature and His Revelation: Ṣafdar ‘Alī 166 Life (c. 1820–c. 1905) . 167 Education in Agra (c. 1825–1856) . 167 Deputy Inspector of Schools . 170 Conversion in Jabalpur . 173 Ṣafdar’s Theological Development . 179 Ṣafdar ‘Alī’s Works . 182 Petition .................... 182 Assessment: God’s Nature Conforms to his Revelation . 188 Conclusion . 197 9 Jesus or Muhammad: ‘Imād ud-Dīn Lāhiz 198 Life (c. 1822–1900) . 198 ‘Imād ud-Dīn’s Theology . 212 ‘Imād ud-Dīn’s Works . 218 Examination of the Faith .......... 219 Introduction . 219 Chapter 1 & 2 . 220 Guidance of Muslims ............. 222 Assessment: Jesus or Muhammad . 229 Conclusion . 235 6 CONTENTS Life of Muhammad & Teachings of Islam .. 235 Further Works . 240 10 Signs of Age: Ṭhākur Dās 247 Life (1821–1880) . 247 Ṭhākur Dās’ Works . 249 Christian Unveiling ............. 249 Assessment . 250 Further Works . 253 11 Summary 257 12 New Approaches: the 20th Century 262 The Relevance for Today 269 13 The Positive Outcome 270 Keep Islamic Presuppositions in Mind . 272 Determine the Relation Between Christianity and Islam . 272 How to Determine this Relation . 274 The Point of Departure: Bible and Quran. 292 Determining the Relation Leads to a Decision 293 Refute Islamic Accusations . 293 Articulate Structural Differences . 294 Common Attributes of God . 295 Coping With Evil . 307 The Different Concept of God . 317 CONTENTS 7 14 The Negative Outcome 326 Avoid Invoking Reason . 326 Avoid Comparing Jesus and Muhammad . 327 Clearly Distinguish Between the Law and the Gospel . 327 The Relevance For the Refutation of the Abrogation Theory . 328 Avoid Islamic Thought Patterns . 337 Avoid the Pull of of Islamic Teachings . 337 Avoid the Pull of the Islamic Concept of Inspiration . 337 Above All Proclaim the Crucified and Risen One 347 15 Summary 349 Writings of Indian Apologists 352 16 ‘Abdullāh Ātham 353 Bibliography . 353 Urdu Works . 353 English Works . 354 Challenge ...................... 356 Preface . 356 External Signs of the Religion of Christ . 357 Internal Signs of the Religion of Christ . 357 Miscellanea . 359 17 Ṣafdar ‘Alī 360 Bibliography . 360 Christian Works . 361 Petition (Niyāz-nāma) ............... 362 Table of Contents . 362 Outline .................... 367 8 CONTENTS 18 ‘Imād ud-Dīn 411 Bibliography . 411 Examination of the Faith (Taḥqīq al-īmān) .... 413 Guidance of the Muslims (Hidāyat al-muslimīn) . 418 Preface . 418 Chapter 1: Inspiration . 420 Teachings of Islam ................. 427 Chapter 1: Tenets . 427 Explanations of words 433 Bibliography 437 CONTENTS 9 Transcription The transcription of Urdu characters is based on ALA- LC:1 gh = غ dh = دھ ’ ,a, ā = ا f = ف ḍ = ڈ b = ب q = ق ḍh = ڈھ bh = ﺑ k = ک p Ͼ = z = پ = ph kh = ﮐ r = ر ﭘ = t g = گ ṛ = ڑ ت th = ﺗ gh = ﮔ ṛh = ڑھ ṭ = ٹ l = ل z = ز ṭh = ﭨ m = م zh = ژ s = ث n = ن s = س j = ج sh = n = ش ں jh = ﺟ = ṣ = w/v,ū,o,au و ص c = چ = ẓ h = ہ ض ch = ﭼ ’ = ء t ..= ط ḥ = ح y, ī, á = ی z ..= ظ kh = خ ai, e = ے ‘ = ع d = د 1https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf. 10 CONTENTS Abbreviations Abbreviations of works are based on Leistner.1 CMI ChurchMissionaryIntelligencer CMS ChurchMissionarySociety EI The Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nded., transl. by H.A. Rosskeen (Leiden[et al.], 1960ff) GCAL Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur, by G. Graf, Vol. 1–5 (Rome, 1944–1953) LXX Septuagint M Masoretic Text Q Quran (Qur’ān) SEI Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, ed. and transl. by H.A.R. Gibb/J.H. Kramers (Leiden [et al.], 1961) SPG Society for the Propagation of the Gospel SP Samaritan Pentateuch 1Leistner, Internationale Titelabkürzungen. The Background Chapter 1 Introduction In the nineteenth century, India became the centre of debates between Christians and Muslims like no other country in the world. The reason is not difficult to de- tect: Under British rule, the Indian subcontinent with its large percentage of Muslims enjoyed a measure of reli- gious freedom not found in any Muslim country. In India, modern Western and feudal Indian civilization collided in a manner that on the secular and religious plane was un- precedented in its harshness and immediacy. Thus it pre- sented a perfect breeding ground for the reform move- ments of Muslims and Hindus as well as for orthodox counter-movements. Some discarded their own culture and sciences lock, stock and barrel and adopted the West- ern way of life; others just as uncompromisingly rejected Western culture. However, the vast majority found it- self somewhere between these two extremes and gradu- ally moved into modern India, in the process constantly 13 absorbing and blending Western cultural assets with its own cultural heritage. In the midst of this fruitful fermentation process, a con- siderable number of Indian Christians emerged, who ex- perienced a numerical upswing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the result of a mass movement of so-called Untouchables into the Church. Although the greater part of Indian Christians then as now originated from the Hindus, the present study is fo- cused on those Christians who converted from Islam and subsequently debated with Muslims and proclaimed the Christian message amongst them. As Islam recognized the validity of previous Scriptures, it had to relate taurāt and injīl to its own Scripture, the Quran. The radicality of its approach, however, hit the nerve of the Christian faith: It declared Jesus to be an ordinary prophet in spite of affirming the virgin birth (Q 3), denied the divinity of Jesus and replaced a number of Christian commandments with its own commandments. Since the beginning of Islam, the task of Christian apologetics has been to point out the uniqueness of God’s revelation in Jesus and the finality of Christian command- ments. ChristianapologeticsinIndiaalsohadtodealwith this issue. Thus, the discussion primarily centred on two things: the uniqueness of Scripture and of the agent of revelation: Was Jesus the Son of God and the Bible the only legitimate revelation, or was Muhammad the seal of theprophetsandtheQurantheultimaterevelationofGod to Man? The following study concentrates primarily on the writ- ings of the Christian apologists themselves, as these most clearly express their thoughts. Although there are sev- eral accounts of interreligious debates, these can not be considered here because of their often biased reports. 14 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Answers to Muslim accusations against Christianity are as relevant today as they were in the time of early Islam. However, without a common ground for dialogue and a sober exploration of both the agreements and differences, therecanbenorealdialogue. ThefollowingaccountofIn- dian apologetics is a small historical contribution to this central issue. In a first step it focuses on clarifying the concepts used and their implications by pinpointing the assumptions of Christian writers and their Muslim op- ponents. Secondly, the apologetic writings of the Indian writers themselves are discussed, as in their positive and negative aspects they represent an important contribu- tion to the debate. The present study is primarily a mis- siological analysis of the historical development of this debate and the issues involved. Finding the exclusively Urdu sources of anti-Muslim apologetics in India proved to be very difficult. None of these writings are available in Germany, and even in In- diaandPakistanitisnoteasytofindsuchliterature. Most of the books eventually found in Pakistan were privately owned by individual Christians interested in the topic; however, out of fear they hid these books and and could hardly be persuaded to lend them out to be photocopied.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transnational Media Events
    TRANSNATIONAL MEDIATRANSNATIONAL EVENTS In September 2005, a newspaper in Denmark published 12 cartoons depicting Mohammed, the holy Prophet of Islam. Soon after publication, these pictures became part of various events, political projects and diplomatic action. All over the world, the cartoons – or interpretations of them – were connected to dis- cursive struggles that pre-existed their drawing and publication. The cartoon event thus extended well beyond its immediate dramatic phase of spring 2006, both into the past and the future, and became at least a small landmark case of post-9/11 global media history. TRANSNATIONAL MEDIA EVENTS In this book, a community of international media researchers collects some of the lessons learned and questions provoked and offered by media coverage of The MOHAMMED CARTOONS and the the Mohammed cartoons in 16 countries, ranging from Denmark, Egypt and Argentina to Pakistan and Canada. The book looks at the coverage of the car- IMAGINED CLASH of CIVILIZATIONS toons and related incidents through a number of conceptual lenses: political spin, free speech theory, communication rights, the role of visuals and images in global communication, Orientalism and its counter-discourses, media’s rela- tions to immigration policy, and issues of integration. Through this approach, the book aims at a nuanced understanding of the cartoon controversy itself as well as at more general insights into the role of the media in contemporary transnational and transcultural relations. Elisabeth Eide, Risto Kunelius & Angela Phillips
    [Show full text]
  • Miracles of Ahlulbayt-As Volume 4
    Miracles of Ahlulbayt (a.s.) – (Vol. 4) By: Ayatullah Sayyid Hashim Bahrani (r) English Translation: Sayyid Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi Publisher: As-Serat Publications Hazrat Abbas Street, Palagali, Dongri, Mumbai - 9. Tel: 022 56048461, 23452171 Email: [email protected] 2 Book Specifications: Title: Miracles of Ahlulbayt (a.s.) – Vol. 4. Author: Ayatullah Sayyid Hashim Bahrani Edition: First Copies: 1000 Year of publication: 2021 Publisher: As-Serat Publications Published by: As-Serat Publications Hazrat Abbas Street, Palagali, Dongri, Mumbai - 9. Tel: 022 56048461, 23452171 Email: [email protected] 3 Table of Contents City of Miracles .................................................................... 12 Incomparable debate of the Imam Ali Reza (a) with leaders of different faiths .................................................................. 15 Debate with the Catholic Archbishop.................................. 18 Debate with the Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians .............. 23 Referring to the Rabbi ........................................................ 26 Debate with the Zoroastrian High Priest ............................. 31 Qualities of the Imam in the words of the Imam (a) ............ 32 Chapter 9: Miracles of Imam Taqi Jawad (a) ..................... 41 Miraculous birth ................................................................. 41 Glad tidings of the birth of Imam Muhammad Taqi (a) ....... 42 Discussions with the Waqifites ........................................... 43 Imamate of Ali Ibne Imam Ja’far
    [Show full text]
  • CC Students Organize Venetucci Farm
    Editor in Chief apologizes for T mistake in last issue’s Vanessa H Reichert-Fitzpatrick article E CATALYST PAGE 10 October 13, 2006 Est. 1969 Issue 5, Volume 52 Iraq War Memorial visits campus Anti-war stand Alex Emmons stirs controversy Staff Writer William Benét The war memorial exhibit Eyes Wide Open, a Staff Writer traveling demonstration of the cost of the Iraq Salida, CO citizen Debra Juchem painted an War in human casualties, came to Colorado anti-war sign on the facade of her downtown College Thursday, Oct. 12 and Friday, Oct. building last April. The sign read, “Kill one 13 in the form of over 2,500 pairs of combat person and it’s murder; kill thousands and boots representing fallen American soldiers. it’s foreign policy. Stop the Iraq War now!” Students and Colorado Springs citizens Over the course of the past several stopped to view the extensive lines of boots months, the sign has fomented considerable and the Wall of Remembrance, which backlash among this small mountain commemorates Iraqis who have died in the community of population 5,500, drawing war. in both city officials and the American Civil Eyes Wide Open (EWO) has toured over Liberties Union of Colorado. 100 cities since its creation two years ago. Sam Cornwall/Catalyst During the summer, fellow Salida The American Friends Service Committee Over 2,500 combat boots were displayed across Armstrong Quad on Thurs- citizen Rick Shovald went out to dinner originally created the memorial in Chicago day, Oct. 12 and Friday, Oct. 13 in memorial for Iraq War casualties.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)
    DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….
    [Show full text]
  • The Miracles of Muhammad (Part 2 of 3)
    The Miracles of Muhammad (part 2 of 3) Description: The splitting of the moon, and the Prophet's journey to Jerusalem and ascension to Heaven. By IslamReligion.com Published on 23 Jan 2006 - Last modified on 06 May 2014 Category: Articles >Evidence Islam is Truth > Evidence of Muhammad's Prophethood Category: Articles >The Prophet Muhammad > Evidence of His Prophethood Splitting of the Moon One of the times when God performed miracles at the hand of the Prophet was when the Meccans demanded to see a miracle from Muhammad to show his truthfulness. God split the moon in two separate halves and then re-joined them. The Quran recorded the event: "The Last Hour draws near, and the moon is split asunder!" (Quran 54:1) Prophet Muhammad would recite these verses of the Quran in large congregations of the weekly Friday prayer and the bi-annual Eed prayers.[1] Had the event never occurred, Muslims themselves would have doubted their religion and many would have left it! The Meccans would have said, 'Hey, your prophet is a liar, the moon never split, and we never saw it split!' Instead, the believers grew stronger in their faith and the only explanation the Meccans could come up with was, 'passing magic!' "The Last Hour draws near, and the moon is split asunder! And if they see a sign (miracle), they turn away and say, 'Passing magic!'- for they are bent on giving it the lie, being always wont to follow their own desires." (Quran 54:1-3) The splitting of the moon is confirmed through eye-witness testimony transmitted through an unbroken chain of reliable scholars so many that it is impossible that it could be false (hadith mutawatir).[2] A skeptic might ask, do we have any independent historical evidence to suggest the moon was ever split? After all, people around the world should have seen this marvelous event and recorded it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Miracles of Muhammad (Part 3 of 3)
    The Miracles of Muhammad (part 3 of 3) Description: A mention of other various miracles of the Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him. By IslamReligion.com Published on 23 Jan 2006 - Last modified on 06 May 2014 Category: Articles >Evidence Islam is Truth > Evidence of Muhammad's Prophethood Category: Articles >The Prophet Muhammad > Evidence of His Prophethood There are many other miracles which the Prophet performed related in the Sunnah, or conglomeration of the sayings, deeds, approvals, and descriptions of the Prophet. The Tree Trunk In Medina Muhammad used to deliver sermons leaning on a tree stump. When the number of worshippers increased, someone suggested a pulpit be built so he can use it to deliver the sermon. When the pulpit was built, he abandoned the tree trunk. Abdullah ibn Umar, one of the companions, gave an eye-witness testimony of what happened. The trunk was heard weeping, the Prophet of mercy went towards it and comforted it with his hand.[1] The event is also confirmed through eye-witness testimony transmitted through the ages with an unbroken chain of reliable scholars (hadith mutawatir).[2] The Flowing of Water On more than one occasion when people were in dire need of water, the blessing of the Muhammad saved them. In the sixth year after the he migrated from Mecca to Medina, Muhammad went to Mecca for pilgrimage. In the long journey through the desert, people ran out of all water, only the Prophet was left with a vessel with which he performed ablution for prayers.
    [Show full text]
  • Zarathushtra's Vision and the Issues of Our Time
    FE SUMMER 2001, TABESTAN 1370 YZ Mah Tir-Amardad-Sherevar 1370 YZ (Fasli) Mah Bahman-Asfandarmad 1370, Fravardin 1371 YZ {Shenshai) Mah Asfandarmad 1370, Fravardin-Ardibehesht 1371 YZ (Kadmi) Zarathushtra's Vision and the Issues of Our Time L\VES I. ?U5_ c~- C . o~ THE FEDERATI ON OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA EDITORIAL --Rights-or-Responsibilities?---- ---'Chtfommon values. Isn't it tmly as they are among the larger commu­ Hear with your ears the remarkable that in the cradle of civi­ nity in the USA and Canada. Highest Truths I preach, lization (in the area of modern-day And with illumined minds weigh Above all, Zarathushtra was the first them with care, Iran), our prophet Zarathushtra deliv­ to emphasize harmony between man ered a message that is as fresh and rel­ Before you choose which of and nature. This is a major issue of two Paths to tread, evant today, as it was when it was the 21st century. Our prophet pro­ Deciding man by man, given, 3500 years ago? And it never claimed an almost obsessive respect each one for each - ceases to amaze me how many of the for all creation - the elements, the Before the great New Age values and teachings held dear by sun, the earth, fire and the waters. He is ushered in Zarathushtis are the very same ones taught us how to fit into nature's Wake up, alert to spread cherished by Americans cycle. He taught us how to Ahura's word." and Canadians, in today's conserve and value our [Ys.
    [Show full text]
  • Documentary As Game
    Documentary as Game Joana Malagueira Mestrado em Multimédia da Universidade do Porto Orientador: José Alberto Pinto (Professor Auxiliar) Coorientador: Pedro Cardoso (Professor Auxiliar Convidado) Setembro de 2020 © Joana Malagueira, 2020 Documentary as Game Joana Malagueira Mestrado em Multimédia da Universidade do Porto Aprovado em provas públicas pelo Júri: Presidente: Bruno Sérgio Gonçalves Giesteira (Professor Auxiliar) Vogal Externo: Ricardo Manuel Coelho de Melo (Professor Adjunto Convidado) Orientador: José Alberto Pinto (Professor Auxiliar) Resumo Esta dissertação providencia possibilidades de como o documentário pode usar os jogos como media para produzir crítica e, particularmente, como a retórica processual pode ser utilizada para alcançar este objectivo. A investigação consiste numa análise de casos de estudo que originaram uma tipologia de retórica processual para produção de crítica; e na criação de um documentário-jogo, Deixa-me Falar!. Os resultados dos testes realizados provam a eficácia comunicacional deste tipo de género documental num contexto de crítica social. Esta investigação pode ser útil a realizadores ou autores de cinema, assim como a designers de jogos que queiram explorar o documentário-jogo enquanto género, ou pretendam utilizar os jogos em ambientes críticos e/ou não ficcionais. Palavras-chave: documentário-jogo; retórica procedimental; documentário; jogos críticos. Abstract This dissertation provides possibilities of how documentaries can use games as media to produce critique, and particularly how procedural rhetoric can be used in order to achieve that goal. The research consisted of an analysis of case studies that originated a procedural rhetoric typology to produce critique; and the creation of a documentary game, Deixa-me Falar!. Its playtesting results proved the communicational effectiveness of this type of documentary genre in a context of social critique.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam Councils
    THE MUSLIM QUESTION IN EUROPE Peter O’Brien THE MUSLIM QUESTION IN EUROPE Political Controversies and Public Philosophies TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia • Rome • Tokyo TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2016 by Temple University—Of Th e Commonwealth System of Higher Education All rights reserved Published 2016 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: O’Brien, Peter, 1960– author. Title: Th e Muslim question in Europe : political controversies and public philosophies / Peter O’Brien. Description: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Temple University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2015040078| ISBN 9781439912768 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781439912775 (paper : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781439912782 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Muslims—Europe—Politics and government. | Islam and politics—Europe. Classifi cation: LCC D1056.2.M87 O27 2016 | DDC 305.6/97094—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015040078 Th e paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Andre, Grady, Hannah, Galen, Kaela, Jake, and Gabriel Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction: Clashes within Civilization 1 2 Kulturkampf 24 3 Citizenship 65 4 Veil 104 5 Secularism 144 6 Terrorism 199 7 Conclusion: Messy Politics 241 Aft erword 245 References 249 Index 297 Acknowledgments have accumulated many debts in the gestation of this study. Arleen Harri- son superintends an able and amiable cadre of student research assistants I without whose reliable and competent support this book would not have been possible.
    [Show full text]
  • His Place in the Tradition of İsbatu Nubuwah Ali B. Rabban At-Tabarī's
    Islamic University Europe Ali B. RabbanRabban Aat-Tabarī’st-Tabarī's Kitâbu’d-Dînkitâbu'd-dîn ve'd ve’d-Devle-devle and And Hishis placePlace in In the The tradition Tradition of Ofİsbatu İsbatu Nubuwah Nubuwah 1 Fuat AYDIN Summary Many verses within the Qur’ān exemplify Muhammad’s prophethood (pbuh). Isbātu nubuwwah literature results from the embodiment of Muhammad’s prophethood within the verses. An increase in this literature’s circulation, resulting from the increasing amount of Christians and Jews converting to Islam, is increasing the amount of material written discussing the prophethood of Muhammad (pbuh). However, despite numerous references supporting the multitude of material that ensued, only Ali b. Rabban at-Tabarī’s work remains. Tabarī provides a comprehensive answer to opposing views suggesting that Muhammad (pbuh) is not a prophet. Key Words Prophethood, signs of prophethood, Muslim-Christian relations, miracle, conversion, Kindī, Rāzī, Tabarī Strongly perpetuating the Islamic refutation tradition (raddiya), prophecies and signs indicative of the prophethood of Muhammad (pbup) are established within the holy scriptures of Judaism and Christianity; unmistakably, evidence representative of the prophethood of Muhammad within Semitic tradition. These “Prophecies”, based on the words of the Qur’ān and Muhammad (pbuh), became lively debated subjects, especially among Christians, as Muslims became rulers of places heavily resided by Jews and Christians. Later, becoming one of the essential subjects for the Islamic refutation literature. The relevant texts committed to paper by Muslims were of inadequate Bible knowledge. However, they became more powerful and influential through the contributions provided by an experienced Bible knowledge of converted Christian and Jewish writers.
    [Show full text]
  • Lucknow, 1911
    For prirote circulation only LUCKNOW, 1911 Being papers read and discussions on the training of Missionaries, and literature for Muslims at the General Conference on Missions to Muslims held at Lucknow, Jan. 23- 28, 1911 With Committees Programme List of delegates, ate. EDITED BY E. M. WHERRY D.D. Editorial C. G. MYLREA, B.A. } Committee S. M. ZWEMER, D.D. THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR INDIA LONDON, MADRAS £.ND COLOMBO 1911 CONTENTS PAGE lNTRODUCTION 7 LIST OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 12 LIST OF DELEGATES 14 PROGRAMME 25 APPEAL TO THE CHURCHES 30 RESOLUTIONS OF CONFERENCE 34 I. THE TRAINING OF MIBSIONARIEB 44 1. THEIR INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL QU.A.LIFI­ CATIONS 45 2, THBIR 00UR!'IE OF STUDY AT HOME 78 3. THEIR 00URBE OF STUDY IN THE FIELD 82 COPYRIGHT 4. TR.UNING OF MISSIONARIES IN THE FIELD 100 II. LITERATURE FOR MUSLIM READERS AN» WORKERS.. 117 1, GUIDE TO LITERATURE FOR WORKERS 119 2. IN URDU 132 3. LITERATURE WANTED IN URDU 164 4. IN ARABIC 178 5, IN PERRIAN 188 6. IN LANGUAGES OF THE FAR EAST . 194 7. BIBLE SOCIETIES AND MISSIONS TO l\!USLIMS.. 201 III. OUTLINES OF A COMBINED POLICY 209 IV, THE ATTITUDE OF THE EVANGELIST TOWARDS THE MUSLIM AND HIS RELIGION 217 V, CLOSING ADDRESS BY THE BISHOP OF LABORE 255 VI. APPE:NDICES 269 VII. INDEX 287 ERRATA INTRODUCTION On page 96- THE convoking of a second Conference of Mis­ For Wa"?:ll niad Wa�iJ;m. ,, Majma'u Majmll'. sions among Muslims only five years after the Iqti ad.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and Computer Games: a Theological
    RELIGION AND COMPUTER GAMES: A THEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF RELIGIOUS THEMES IN WORLD OF WARCRAFT By HANNA KIM A Thesis Submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology and Religion College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham January 2012 ABSTRACT The virtual worlds provided by online games give players the opportunity to engage with the virtual reality manifested by symbols and images. These symbols and images have the particular characteristic of communicating meanings to people who interpret them. Virtual experience, in relation to these symbols and images, provides a different dimension of engaging with symbolic meanings. In particular, online games based on mythological and religious narratives display religious themes in terms of theological and philosophical ideas contained within virtual experiences. This thesis focuses on the use of religious themes which may be found in the online game, World of Warcraft, utilising empirical observation by means of the observation, in particular, of a human priest character; this has enabled a focus on the use of religious symbols and images in relation to virtual priestly abilities and talents. It represents how the virtual world reflects religious symbols in a particular religious character’s life. Theological and philosophical themes relating to death and resurrection have been researched through an analysis based on virtual participant observation. This research shows how dualistic interpretations have been applied to important matters such as the nature of a character’s existence and of the virtual world. ii DEDICATION For God, who has inspired this project. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank both Ian Draper and Edmond Tang who, as my supervisors, gave me constant support and help during my studies.
    [Show full text]