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Practical Aspects and Implications of Interfaces in Glass-Ceramics

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Practical Aspects and Implications of Interfaces in Glass-Ceramics SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Practical aspects and implications of interfaces in glass-ceramics Mark J. Davis SCHOTT North America, Inc. Outline Key questions to address Interfacial effects in glass-ceramics---a laundry list Glass-ceramics in general: SCHOTT commercial examples Commercial or near-commercial gc / interface examples Key questions: review SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Key Questions (from H. Jain) What has been the role of interfaces in the development of emerging applications? With regard to applications, what aspects of interfaces are most important and why? What are the scientific issues that require basic understanding of interfaces in glass-ceramics? What is the relative importance of each? What properties of glass-ceramics hold promise for the future? SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Practical Effects (Internal) Microstructural development surface energies and their impact on nucleation general glass stability; controlled vs. un-controlled crystallization (i.e., critical cooling rate in a commercial setting vs. academic…) Structural detailed nature of interface (e.g., “pristine”, microcracked…) crack blunting processes residual stresses, crystal clamping permeability Electrical Effective connectivity Resistive / capacitive behavior Optical scattering effects SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Practical Effects (External) Joining (low-temperature) Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic surfaces Competitive bonding technologies Glass-to-metal sealing (high-temperature) Flow vs. crystallization “stiffening” Interfacial reactions Hermeticity (CTE matching) Polishing Crystal vs. glass effects (mostly proprietary know-how) SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Why glass-ceramics? Single Crystals often exhibit the highest property performance, but are generally more difficult and expensive to manufacture Ceramics are easier to manufacture, but are typically porous to some degree and may exhibit inhomogeneities, aging, decreased strength, etc. Glasses take advantage of processing ease, homogenization efficiency, and tailorable compositions, but lack certain functions (e.g., novel CTE combinations, lack of center-of-symmetry) Glass-ceramics can be seen as “glass packaged crystals” and combine the ease of glass processing and potential for new property combinations (e.g., ultra-low thermal expansion, 2nd- harmonic generation, piezoelectricity) Interfaces in Functional Materials glass-ceramic Ceramization Melting glass SCHOTT North America, Inc. Inspection How is a commercial glass-ceramic produced? Interfaces in Functional Materials SCHOTT North America, Inc. Thermal expansion tailoring Aluminum Same composition for all curves Microcracking and hysteresis r Optical Applications,, Springer-Verlag M. Davis From Sect. 6.5, Glass-Ceramics fo in Optical Materials and Their Applications SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Examples of SCHOTT glass-ceramics Ring-laser gyroscopes 8.2 m telescope mirror blanks Glass-ceramic cooktops Pressed glass-ceramic reflectors SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials LargeLarge mirrormirror blankblank productionproduction (Zerodur)(Zerodur) VLT telescope in Chile (8.2 m mirrors with adaptive optics) On the road to Cerro Paranal, Chile Zerodur mirror fabrication (www.eso.org) SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Typical LAS (Zerodur) glass-ceramic microstructure Non-isothermal ~2 oC/hr Internal surface area ~ 30 m2/gm ~1022 m-3 HQSS crystals 25 -3 ~10 m ZrTiO4 crystals ~50 nm high-quartz solid-solution crystals bar = 200 nm Maier and Muller, 1987 SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Isothermal heat treatment Petzoldt and Pannhorst, 1991 Interfaces in Functional Materials SCHOTT North America, Inc. Permeability of ZerodurFused Silica * * Pyrex/Duran * Zer odur * Figure from Suckow et al. (1990) SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Zerodur permeability enables high-precision RLG production Ring Laser Gyroscope (RLG) Sagnac Effect SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials World’s biggest RLG (Bavarian Forest) to measure subtle Earth motions SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Scattering example in glass-ceramics (DWDM substrate) small particle limit: 4a3 1 τ = (n⋅Δn)2 ρ 3 λ4 Rayleigh (1881) Visible light only (IR blocking filter KG3) λ < 850 nm Sample thickness ~ 35 mm Crystal size ~35 nm IR only (visible blocking filter RG 1000) λ > 850 nm SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Quantitative scattering example in glass-ceramics (Zerodur) λ-8 dependence λ-4 dependence From Sect. 6.5, Glass-Ceramics for Optical Applications, M. Davis in Optical Materials and Their Applications, Springer-Verlag SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Crystal clamping of a FE phase (Lynch and Shelby 1984) Also Grossman and Isard (1969) Expected behavior No crystal clamping Crystal clamping Assuming ~1% strains and E ~ 260 GPa, Glass calculated residual stresses ~ 3 GPa (!) PbTiO3 SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Residual stress studies (crystal/glass interface) System Max |σ|(MPa) Source Li2O-2SiO2 ~150 Mastelaro and Zanotto (1999) Soda-lime silicate ~200 Mastelaro and Zanotto (1996) LAS ~400 Zevin et al. (1978) PbTiO3 –BaO–B2O3 ~3000 (?) Estimated from data of Grossman and Isard (1969) ⇒ In all cases, calculated stresses >> nominal 20 MPa tensile strength of typical (imperfect) external glass surfaces SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Engineered microstructure examples (G. Beall) Fluorrichterite ¾ High Crystallinity Canasite ¾ Interlocking Crystals ¾ Grain-size from 1-10 μm ¾ Acicular Crystals (Rods) Enstatite ¾ Bladed Crystals (Laths) ¾ Polysynthetic Twinning SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Aqueous based low-temperature bonding Chemisorbed Physisorbed Bulk Zerodur O O O O HH HH H H H H H O H O H H O O O + H H H H H H H H H H Li H H O HH O Al Si H O H O Al Si Si Si Si Si O O H H H H O H H H O H O H H O H O O O O O O H O O O H OHOH O O O O O H + O O H Li H Si O Original Si Al O O Re O O O Si Rigid HH HH HH + O Si Si Al Si Si Hydrophilic O HHH H OLi H H H H + + O O Si O O O Li O Si Al O O Li Joint + Surfaces O H O O Li O O O O O Surface Si Si H H H H Si H H H Si H H O O + Al O H Interface H H O H Li H + H O O Li O O O O H H O O Si O O O Al Si Si Si Al Si Si Al O O O Si Si Al Si Al Si Si Al Li + Bulk Zerodur Bulk Zerodur 14 Bulk Zerodur 12 Li + + Li Al Si Al 10 O Al O Si Si O Si O O O O O O O Al O O O OH H H H H H H O H O H H H H 8 O O O H H H - + O H O - OH Li O Si OH O O Si OH 6 OH HH HH OH O + OH O H H H H H Original H H OH- Li + 4 O O Glass Glass Glass Glass Monolithic Monolithic Monolithic Monolithic O Inorganic Si O O + OH O Li Surfaces OH Si O Si OH- O OH O Joining 2 OH O O O OH Si O H H H H H OH H Liquid Si O H + H H O O OH H Li O + 0 OH O OH- H None 25 60 90 120 HO H H H H H H H O H H O H Heat Treatment Temperature (C) O H O OHOH O O O O O O O O Si Al Si Si Al Si Si Si Li + Bulk Zerodur SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Glass and glass-ceramic sealing materials High overpressure tolerance Good high-CTE match Metal / glass-ceramic chemical reaction SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Bubble interfaces as nucleation sites - curiosity or more widespread? Davis and Ihinger (1998) Lithium disilicate composition SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Piezoelectric glass-ceramics (SCHOTT) Li Si O -BO system 2 2 5 2 3 0.5 mm • Strong crystalline alignment • Non-ferroelectric (polar) R.E. Newnham, PSU SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Piezo resonance results 35 mm disks Ferroelectric Polar Faint resonance still detected No resonance detected Li Si O -BO system 2 2 5 2 3 NaNbO3 –SiO2 system SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Ferroelectric glass-ceramic: SBN + Li2B4O7 Prasad et al. (2002) SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Hysteresis due to interfacial polarization (alk.-niobate gc’s) Ming-Jen Pan, NRL BST 50/50 Glass BST 50/50 "Hazy" Glass BST 50/50 1200°C/2hrs 15 15 15 BST50/50 Glass BST50/50 “Hazy” Glass BST50/50 Glass-ceramic 10 10 10 ) )) )) 2 22 22 5 5 5 0 0 0 -5 -5 -5 Polarization (µC/cm Polarization (µC/cmPolarization (µC/cm PolarizationPolarization (µC/cm (µC/cm -10 -10 -10 -15 -15 -15 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 Electric Field (kV/cm) Electric Field (kV/cm) Electric Field (kV/cm) Area = 1 cm2 Glass 0.01cm GlassGlass BST 0.01cm BSTBST How best to model? SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Alkali-niobate-silicate glass-ceramics (1) As-quenched glass TEM micrographs courtesy of M. Lanagan and G. Yang (PSU) and Ming-Jen Pan (NRL) SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Alkali-niobate-silicate glass-ceramics (2) Residual glass 20 nm 5 nm TEM micrographs courtesy of M. Lanagan and G. Yang (PSU) and Ming-Jen Pan (NRL) SCHOTT North America, Inc. Interfaces in Functional Materials Key Questions Review (1) What has been the role of interfaces in the development of emerging applications (for glass-ceramics)? Somewhat taken for granted to date with the exception of special “tough” glass-ceramics (e.g., amphibole- bearing…) SCHOTT North America, Inc.
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