DOCSLIB.ORG

Watershed Assessment Allentown, Pennsylvania Blank Watershed Assessment Allentown, Pennsylvania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Watershed Assessment Allentown, Pennsylvania Blank Watershed Assessment Allentown, Pennsylvania Watershed Assessment Allentown, Pennsylvania bLANK Watershed Assessment Allentown, Pennsylvania Prepared By The Cadmus Group, Inc. 135 Beaver Street Waltham, MA 02452 Prepared For U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 3 841 Chestnut Building Philadelphia, PA 19107 Contract No. 68-C5-0061 Work Assignment No. 1-32 September 30, 1998 bLANK Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................IX 1.0 INTRODUCTION: A WATERSHED APPROACH ........................................................ 1 1.1 NEW REQUIREMENTS UNDER THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT............................. 2 1.2 PILOT PROJECTS IN PENNSYLVANIA.......................................................................... 4 2.0 THE WATERSHED AND DRINKING WATER SYSTEM ........................................... 7 2.1 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2 GEOLOGY AND LITHOLOGY....................................................................................... 7 2.3 TOPOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 8 2.4 SOILS.......................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 LAND USE .................................................................................................................. 9 2.6 POPULATION ............................................................................................................ 11 2.7 GENERAL HYDROLOGY ........................................................................................... 12 2.8 THE DRINKING WATER SYSTEM ............................................................................. 14 2.9 CREEK WATER QUALITY AND PREVIOUS STUDIES................................................. 15 2.9.1 Wildlands Study......................................................................... 16 2.9.2 Pennsylvania 303(d) List of Impaired Waters ......................... 17 2.9.3 Sampling by Bureau of Water Resources--1998...................... 19 3.0 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................... 23 3.1 DELINEATION OF THE SOURCE WATER PROTECTION AREA................................... 23 3.2 CONTAMINANT INVENTORY .................................................................................... 23 3.3 NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION LOADING ESTIMATES .......................................... 26 3.4 SUSCEPTIBILITY ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 28 3.5 POTENTIAL POLLUTANT SOURCES .......................................................................... 29 3.5.1 Right to Know Environmental On-line Database .................... 29 3.5.2 Environmental Protection Agency On-line Database Access . 32 3.5.3 Commercial Databases............................................................. 33 iii 3.6 SAMPLING METHODS............................................................................................... 36 4.0 ALLENTOWN ISSUE 1: SEDIMENTATION AND TURBIDITY............................. 39 4.1 EROSION/ SUSPENDED SOLIDS/SEDIMENTATION.................................................... 39 4.2 SOIL EROSION AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES .......................................................... 40 4.3 IS SEDIMENT A WATER QUALITY PROBLEM?......................................................... 41 4.4 RATES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION.............................................................. 41 4.5 SOURCES OF SEDIMENT ........................................................................................... 43 4.6 HOW CAN EROSION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY BE DECREASED? ......................... 46 4.7 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 51 5.0 POTENTIAL POLLUTANT SOURCES.......................................................................... 55 5.1 POINT SOURCES ....................................................................................................... 56 5.2 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SITES.................................................................... 59 5.2.1 Industrial and Commercial Users of Toxic Materials............. 59 5.2.3 Superfund Sites.......................................................................... 60 5.2.2 Automobile-Related Commercial Facilities............................. 60 5.2.3 Other Commercial Facilities .................................................... 65 5.3 STORMWATER RUNOFF............................................................................................ 66 5.3.1 Stormwater Related Problems and Sites Identified by Stakeholders ............................................................................................. 69 5.3.2 Field Observations.................................................................... 72 6.0 FECAL CONTAMINATION............................................................................................. 77 6.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION............................................................................................. 77 6.2 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES IN WATERSHEDS..... 78 6.3 SOURCES OF GIARDIA AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IN WATERSHEDS ......................... 79 6.4 SOURCES OF GIARDIA AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND OTHER FECAL RELATED CONTAMINATION IN THE LITTLE LEHIGHWATERSHED.......................................... 80 6.4.1 Point Sources............................................................................ 82 6.5 BACTERIOLOGICAL SAMPLING................................................................................ 82 6.5.1 Project Sampling--July 1998 .................................................... 84 iv 6.5.2 Sampling by Allentown Bureau of Water Resources ............... 85 6.5.3 Giardia and Cryptosporidium And Sampling by Pennsylvania DEP--1998.......................................................... 86 6.6 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 88 6.6.1 Watershed Coalition and Subcommittee ................................. 90 6.6.2 Sampling.................................................................................... 90 6.6.3 Suggested Efforts to Reduce Fecal Contamination in Allentown’s Watershed ............................................................. 93 7.0 PESTICIDES ........................................................................................................................ 95 7.1 PESTICIDE USE ON CORN-NATIONAL SUMMARY ................................................... 95 7.2 PESTICIDE USE ON CORN-BERKS, CHESTER, LANCASTER, AND LEHIGH COUNTIES, PENNSYLVANIA..................................................................................... 96 7.3 SAMPLING, EXISTING DATA, AND OBSERVATION................................................ 101 7.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 102 8.0 NUTRIENTS....................................................................................................................... 103 8.1 AGRICULTURAL USE OF NUTRIENTS..................................................................... 104 8.2 SAMPLING FOR PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN...................................................... 106 8.3 ESTIMATES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LOADING....................................... 108 8.4 SOURCES OF NITROGEN......................................................................................... 111 8.5 COMPONENTS OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING ...................................... 113 8.6 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 116 8.6.1 Technical Recommendations--Stormwater ............................ 116 8.6.2 Technical Recommendations--Agricultural ........................... 117 8.6.3 Organizational Recommendations ......................................... 118 9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................... 119 9.1 WATERSHED COALITIONS ..................................................................................... 119 9.1.1 Why Form a Watershed Coalition?........................................ 120 9.1.2 Key Stakeholders..................................................................... 123 9.1.3 Watershed Coalition Principles.............................................. 124 v 9.2 FINANCING A WATERSHED EFFORT ..................................................................... 126 9.2.1 Federal programs: .................................................................. 127 9.2.2 State Programs........................................................................ 132 9.2.3 Nonprofit Organizations ......................................................... 136 9.3 LONG TERM WATER QUALITY MONITORING ....................................................... 138 9.3.1 Where to Sample? ................................................................... 139 9.3.2 When and How Often to Sample?........................................... 139 9.3.3 What to Sample?.....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A History of Lehigh County
    \B7 L5H3 Class _^^ ^ 7 2- CoKiightN". ^A^ COFmiGHT DEPOSIT 1/ I \ HISTORY OF < Lehigh . County . Pennsylvania From The Earliest Settlements to The Present Time including much valuable information FOR THE USE OF THE ScDoolSt Families ana Cibrarics, BY James J. Hauser. "A! Emaus, Pknna., TIMES PURIJSHING CO. 1 901, b^V THF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copies Recfived AUG. 31 1901 COPYBIOHT ENTRV ^LASS<^M<Xa No. COPY A/ Entered according to Die Act of Congress, in the year 1901, By JAMES J. HAUSER, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. OMISSIONS AND ERRORS. /)n page 20, the Lehigh Valley R. R. omitted. rag6[29, Swamp not Swoiup. Page 28, Milford not Milfod. Page ol, Popnlatioii not Populatirn. Page 39, the Daily Leader of Ailentown, omitted. Page 88, Rev. .Solomon Neitz's E. name omitted. Page i)2,The second column of area of square miles should begin with Hanover township and not with Heidelberg. ^ INTRODUCTION i It is both interesting and instructive to study the history of our fathers, to ^ fully understand through what difficulties, obstacles, toils and trials they went to plant settlements wliich struggled up to a position of wealth and prosperity. y These accounts of our county have been written so as to bring before every youth and citizen of our county, on account of the growth of the population, its resources, the up building of the institution that give character and stability to the county. It has been made as concise as possible and everything which was thought to be of any value to the youth and citizen, has been presented as best as it could be under the circumstances and hope that by perusing its pages, many facts of interest can be gathered that will be of use in future years.
    [Show full text]
  • BERKS SAND PIT SUPERFUND SITE LONGSWAMP TOWNSHIP, PENNSYLVANIA Submitted to PENNSYLV
    - L\ FINAL REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT VOLUME! BERKS SAND PIT SUPERFUND SITE LONGSWAMP TOWNSHIP, PENNSYLVANIA Submitted to PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Submitted by BAKER/TSA,INC. Coraopolis, Pennsylvania SEPTEMBER 1988 fiRSOOOOl TABLE OF CONTENTS Section . Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION M 1.1 Authorization 1-1 1.2 Purpose 1-1 1.3 Problem Statement 1-3 1.4 Site Background Information 1-3 1.5 Site History 1-5 1.6 Nature and Extent of Problem 1-5 1.7 Remedial Investigation Summary 1-6 1.8 Overview of Report 1-8 1.9 Data Validation 1-9 2.0 SITE FEATURES/ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 2-1 2.1 Demography 2-1 2.2 Land Use 2-1 2.3 Environmental Concerns 2-2 2.4 Climatology 2-2 2.5 Geology 2-2 2.6 Hydrogeology 2-3 2.7 Hydrology 2-4 2.8 Soils 2-5 --, 2.9 Mining Activity 2-55 \—^v 3.0 GEOLOGICAL. HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS 3-1 3.1 Regional Geology and Hydrogeology 3-1 3.2 Fracture Trace Analysis 3-2 3.3 Soil Gas Survey: Slam-Bar/OVA 3-5 3.4 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling 3-9 3.5 Drilling Program 3-16 3.6 Aquifer Testing . 3-34 3.7 Geophysical Investigation 3-55 3.8 Site Geology and Hydrogeology 3-69 4.0 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE INVESTIGATION 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Sampling Summary 4-1 4.3 Laboratory Analysis 4-4 4.4 Data Validation 4-6 4.5 Waste Component Characteristics and Behavior 4-10 5.0 NATURE AND EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION 5-1 5.1 Air 5-1 __ 5.2 Soil Atmosphere —————"^ 5.3 Soil 5.4 Surface Sediments " ~ - ' ( 5.5 Surface Water a-10 5.6 Groundwater 5-15 ~^~S~~ HR300002
    [Show full text]
  • Little Lehigh Creek Visual Assessment WHITEHALL TOWNSHIP ALLENTOWN CITY
    Coldwater Heritage Partnership LITTLE LEHIGH CREEK COLDWATER CONSERVATION PLAN October 2007 Acknowledgements This project was not possible without the support of the partners listed below. The Lehigh County Conservation District (LCCD) was critical in the development of the Con- servation Plan. The Watershed Specialist Rebecca Kennedy and Conservation Program Spe- cialist Erin Frederick took on significant roles beyond expectations to ensure success. They were involved in all aspects including developing the protocol for the visual stream assess- ment, surveying dozens of reaches, and designing a GIS format to better interpret the data col- lected. LCCD invested enormous amounts of resources and GIS expertise that allowed the partners to develop a Conservation Plan more comprehensive than thought possible. In addition, dedicated members of the Little Lehigh Trout Unlimited and Saucon Creek Water- shed Association volunteered numerous hours walking the main stem of the Little Lehigh Creek to assess the state of the waterway. Two members of the Saucon Creek Watershed Association deserve special recognition. These volunteers surveyed the greatest number of reaches and their dedication was greatly appreci- ated. Terry Boos Ray Follador We would like to also thank the hard work of the following volunteers that spent time assessing the creek. Bob Ditmars Greg Gliwa Allan Johnson Stacy Reed Jeff Sabo Burt Schaffer Mario Spagnoletti Powen Wang This plan was made possible through a grant from the Coldwater Heritage Partnership. The Partnership is a collabo- rative effort between the PA Fish & Boat Commission, PA De- partment of Conservation and Natural Resources, Western Penn- sylvania Watershed Protection Program and Pennsylvania Trout.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Conservation Plan
    ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION PLAN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION PLAN Salisbury Township includes extremely important natural resources, including the mostly wooded Lehigh and South Mountains. The hydrology and other natural resources of Salisbury have great impacts upon the quality and quantity of groundwater and surface waters in the region. In particular, where groundwater reaches the surface at springs and seeps, it greatly impacts creeks and rivers and feeds into wetlands and other habitats. Salisbury Township is a stopping point for a wide variety of migratory birds, and a home and breeding grounds for many other species of birds and wildlife. Salisbury Township includes the headwaters of the Saucon and Trout Creeks. The Trout Creek and many other areas drain to the Little Lehigh Creek, which is a major drinking water source for Salisbury and Allentown. Other areas in drain directly to the Lehigh River. The mountains and areas at the base of the mountains are particularly critical for recharge of the groundwater supplies. The Lehigh County Conservation District in 2011 completed a Natural Resource Inventory (NRI) for Salisbury Township. That effort provided detailed mapping and analysis of many natural resources, including water resources, water quality, birds and habitats. A full copy of that report is available on the Township’s website. Prime Agricultural Soils The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rates soil types for their ability to support crop farming. Soils most conducive to producing food and sustaining high crop yields are given the designation of “prime” and are rich in nutrients, well drained and permeable, as well as resistant to erosion. Prime agricultural soils typically have gently rolling to flat topography.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase II Little Lehigh Corridor
    DRAFT May, 2014 Acknowledgements City of Allentown Michael Hefele – Director, Planning and Zoning Alan Salinger – Chief Planner John Mikowychok – Director of Parks and Recreation Richard Young – Director of Public Works Sara Hailstone – Director of Community and Economic Development Bernadette Debias – Allentown Business Development Manager Allentown Economic Development Corporation Scott Unger – Executive Director Anthony Durante – Economic Development Specialist Project Team Camoin Associates Bergmann Associates Innovation Policyworks Thomas P. Miller Associates Funding for this project has been provided by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Sustainable Housing and Communities, through the Lehigh Valley Economic Development Corporation. CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. i Context ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Strategic Location ...................................................................................................................................... 1 History ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Reindustrialization Strategy Phases ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 65, No. 31/Tuesday, February 15, 2000
    Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 31 / Tuesday, February 15, 2000 / Proposed Rules 7471 FEDERAL EMERGENCY DC 20472, (202) 646±3461, or (email) proposed or modified base flood MANAGEMENT AGENCY [email protected]. elevations are required by the Flood SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Disaster Protection Act of 1973, 42 44 CFR Part 67 Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S.C. 4104, and are required to (FEMA or Agency) proposes to make establish and maintain community [Docket No. FEMA±7303] determinations of base flood elevations eligibility in the National Flood and modified base flood elevations for Insurance Program. As a result, a Proposed Flood Elevation regulatory flexibility analysis has not Determinations each community listed below, in accordance with section 110 of the been prepared. AGENCY: Federal Emergency Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, Regulatory Classification. This Management Agency, FEMA. 42 U.S.C. 4104, and 44 CFR 67.4(a). proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action under the criteria of ACTION: Proposed rule. These proposed base flood and modified base flood elevations, together section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 of SUMMARY: Technical information or with the floodplain management criteria September 30, 1993, Regulatory comments are requested on the required by 44 CFR 60.3, are the Planning and Review, 58 FR 51735. proposed base (1% annual chance) flood minimum that are required. They Executive Order 12612, Federalism. elevations and proposed base flood should not be construed to mean that This proposed rule involves no policies elevation modifications for the the community must change any that have federalism implications under communities listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • January 1986 Vol
    rr Pennsylvania !tao'im/80t 'NGI The Keystone State's Official Fishing Magazine w -*-**< Straight TalK and Wildlife Service and the National control, fish pathology, and fish Marine Fisheries Service, a Great culture are being utilized in the Lakes Caucus of state directors listed Strategic Management Plan. A good and reviewed 40 major areas of look at the predator/forage STRATEGIC GREAT concern relating to management of communities in Lake Erie is very high LAKES FISHERIES the Great Lakes fishery. on our agenda, as well as possibilities In the process of identifying the of use of common advisories of MANAGEMENT PLAN critical issues and strategies that contaminant levels in fish flesh. pertain to the Great Lakes fisheries We have seen considerable give and In June 1981, 12 state, provincial, and for the rest of the 1980s, that caucus take over the years relative to Lake federal agencies signed a Joint determined that the previously Erie, and these things do drag on; but Strategic Plan for the management of adopted Strategic Great Lakes that is unavoidable. Our own staff is the Great Lakes fisheries. This was the Fisheries Management Plan deeply committed to working on result of three years of hard work by (SGLFMP) was still relevant, but that lakewide management plans with fish steering committees, a Committee of a review of the progress achieved in community objectives, and these, of the Whole, working groups, and the the plan's implementation was much course, will have to be general, Great Lakes Fishery Commission. needed. The caucus concluded that flexible, and dynamic.
    [Show full text]
  • Class a Wild Trout Waters Created: August 16, 2021 Definition of Class
    Class A Wild Trout Waters Created: August 16, 2021 Definition of Class A Waters: Streams that support a population of naturally produced trout of sufficient size and abundance to support a long-term and rewarding sport fishery. Management: Natural reproduction, wild populations with no stocking. Definition of Ownership: Percent Public Ownership: the percent of stream section that is within publicly owned land is listed in this column, publicly owned land consists of state game lands, state forest, state parks, etc. Important Note to Anglers: Many waters in Pennsylvania are on private property, the listing or mapping of waters by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission DOES NOT guarantee public access. Always obtain permission to fish on private property. Percent Lower Limit Lower Limit Length Public County Water Section Fishery Section Limits Latitude Longitude (miles) Ownership Adams Carbaugh Run 1 Brook Headwaters to Carbaugh Reservoir pool 39.871810 -77.451700 1.50 100 Adams East Branch Antietam Creek 1 Brook Headwaters to Waynesboro Reservoir inlet 39.818420 -77.456300 2.40 100 Adams-Franklin Hayes Run 1 Brook Headwaters to Mouth 39.815808 -77.458243 2.18 31 Bedford Bear Run 1 Brook Headwaters to Mouth 40.207730 -78.317500 0.77 100 Bedford Ott Town Run 1 Brown Headwaters to Mouth 39.978611 -78.440833 0.60 0 Bedford Potter Creek 2 Brown T 609 bridge to Mouth 40.189160 -78.375700 3.30 0 Bedford Three Springs Run 2 Brown Rt 869 bridge at New Enterprise to Mouth 40.171320 -78.377000 2.00 0 Bedford UNT To Shobers Run (RM 6.50) 2 Brown
    [Show full text]
  • FFY 2009 Lehigh Valley TIP Highway & Bridge
    FFY 2009 Lehigh Valley TIP Highway & Bridge Original US DOT Approval Date: 10/01/2008 Current Date: 06/30/2010 Lehigh MPMS #: 74991 Municipality: Title: Seventh Street RR Upgrade Route: Section: A/Q Status: Exempt Improvement Type: RR Gates Exempt Code: Railroad/highway crossing Est. Let Date: Actual Let Date: Geographic Limits: Seventh StreetEmmaus Narrative: Upgrade circuit for gates and lights Seventh St Emmaus Lehigh County TIP Program Years ($000) Phase Fund FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 2nd 4 Years 3rd 4 Years CONSXF $220 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 CONPRIV $55 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $275 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total FY 2009-2012 Cost $275 MPMS #: 75558 Municipality: Title: LVTS Hwy Reserve 2009/10 Route: Section: A/Q Status: Exempt Improvement Type: Reconstruct Exempt Code: "Not Rgnlly Significant" - do not fit exempt ctgry Est. Let Date: Actual Let Date: Geographic Limits: Lehigh & Northampton Counties Narrative: Highway Reserve Line Item Lehigh & Northampton Counties TIP Program Years ($000) Phase Fund FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 2nd 4 Years 3rd 4 Years CONSTP $0 $1,580 $0 $0 $0 $0 CON581 $0 $55 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,635 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total FY 2009-2012 Cost $1,635 MPMS #: 75560 Municipality: Title: LVTS CMAQ 2009/10 Route: Section: A/Q Status: Exempt Improvement Type: Restoration Exempt Code: "Not Rgnlly Significant" - do not fit exempt ctgry Est. Let Date: Actual Let Date: Geographic Limits: Lehigh & Northampton Counties Narrative: LVTS Lehigh & Northampton Counties 2009/10 CMAQ Line Item TIP Program Years ($000) Phase Fund FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 2nd 4 Years 3rd 4 Years CONCAQ $0 $1,577 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,577 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total FY 2009-2012 Cost $1,577 Page 1 of 68 FFY 2009 Lehigh Valley TIP Highway & Bridge Original US DOT Approval Date: 10/01/2008 Current Date: 06/30/2010 Lehigh MPMS #: 75561 Municipality: Title: Urban Line Item 2009/10 Route: Section: A/Q Status: Exempt Improvement Type: Restoration Exempt Code: "Not Rgnlly Significant" - do not fit exempt ctgry Est.
    [Show full text]
  • The Most Casual Observer Crossing Lehigh County from North to South
    PHYSIOGRAPHY By BEKJAMIN L. I~ILLER The most casual observer crossing Lehigh County from north to south note’s differe.nces in the topographic features, whereas a person traversin,g the county in a west-east direction notes few changes. It is the function of the geologist (geomorphologist) to differentiate, classify, name and explain these resemblances and differences. Numer- ous investigators have studied these forms in Lehigh C.ounty or in other parts ‘of the Appalachians. Because of the wide extent ‘of each physiographic type represented in the region, studies made in some- what .distant sections are pertinent to this discussion. There is general agreement regarding the m,ain features but not in the minor divisions and in the nomenclature. The classification of Fenneman,* adopted by the U. S. Geological Survey, is mainly fol- lowed in &is report. According to this usage, Lehigh Crounty constitutes a small portion -_ of the Appalachian Highlands which extends from Canada to central Alab’ama and from the Coastal Plain on the east to the Interior Plains on the west. This is divided into provinces and these in turn into secti,ons. Lehigh County contains portions of the following divisions : ‘W/AN PC A TEA PROW/NC,5 PKDNONT PEW Figure 4. Physiographie subdivisions of Pennsylvania. * Fenneman, N. M., Annals Assoc. of Amer. Geographers, vol. 18, pp. 262-353, 192s. 106 PHYSIOGRAPBY 107 Physiograpbic divisioas of the Appalachiun Highlands represented in. Lehigh County Province Bection Distribution Piedmont Triassic Lowlands ?oorly represented in non-char- Lowlands bcteristic form in southeastern Jortion ‘of Lower Milford and >pper S,aucon Townships.
    [Show full text]
  • Lehigh County Has Yielded a Fairly Large Variety of Minerals, Some
    Census of Lehigh Cow@ farms Item 1940 1939 Number of farms ............................. 2,074 2,325 Full owners ...... \ .......................... 1,488 1,731 Part owners ............................... 192 74 Managers ................................. 31 74 All tenants ............................... 363 446 Value of farms (land and buildings) .......... .$13,709,179 $21,81)6,2’91 All land in farms, acres ....................... 152,385 160’,314 Aver,age acre,age per farm ..................... 73.5 69.0 Horses and colts .............................. 3,381 5,O,l6 Cattle ........................................ 9,823 lo,,611 Hogs and pigs ................................. 9,522 12,841 Corn for ,a11 purposes, acres .................... 18,616 18,315 Corn for grain, acres ......................... 17,640’ 17,480 bushels ....................... 543,785 60’7,238 Wheat threshed, acres ........................ 20,128 25,542 bushels ...................... 400’,112 464,416 Oats threshed, acres .......................... 11,031 U&133 bushels ........................ 262,398 271,853 Oats cut ,and fed unthreshed, .acres ............. 419 439 Barley threshed, acres ........................ 2,530 1,276 bushels ...................... 77,531 23,869 Rye threshed, ,acres ........................... 974 2,706 bushels ......................... 13,741 42,635 Mixed grains threshed, ,acres .................. 190 189 bushels ............... 4,673 5@9 Irish potatoes, acres .......................... 12,626 13,560, bushels ........................ 1,483,067 1,681,211 All hay, and sorgums for forage, acres ....... 25,654 24,729 tons ........ 26,0~0’6 331650 MINERALOGY By BENJAI~IN L. MILLER Lehigh County has yielded a fairly large variety of minerals, some- what less than some of the counties of the southeastern portion of the State, but far more than the northern, central and western counties. The variety is due largely to the different types of rock present in the county.
    [Show full text]
  • There Is General Interest in the Derivation of Place Names, Fainly
    TOPONYMY By BENJAMI~V L. MILLER There is general interest in the derivation of place names, Fainly because of the historic significance, but also on account of an Innate curiosity that is almost universal. In many instances the reasons for the designation are obvious, as for example, the naming of a town “ Uountainville” when it is lo)cated at the foot or on the top of a mountain ; calling a stream “Rock Creek” when its channel or valley is conspicuously rocky ; or naminv a stream with numerous meanders ‘ ‘ Crooked Creek. ” In other case; the reasons are not apparent and are not known even to the inhabitants of the region. It 1s alsl? not unusual to find conflicting explanations. When this occurs, the dlffer- ent origins are given. It is probable that some of the interpretations offered here will be challenged. It is hoped that any disagreements of this sort will be made available to th,e writer and others interested in this subject. In such an area as Lehigh C’ounty, with a recorded history of less than 240 years, it is usual157 , but not always, possible to discover why the place names have been assigned. In other parts of the world, toponymic investigators encounter almost insuperable difficulties. The data for this chapter have been collected during an investiga- tion of the maps and descriptive materials dealing with this area; individuals familiar with some phases of the study have also eon- tributed. Both published and manuscript documents have been con- sulted, local histories, travel books, newspapers, etc. The more lm- portant of these are included in the Bibliography and Cartography which constitute another chapter in this volume and, m general, to not require specific mention here.
    [Show full text]