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The Succession After Kumaragupta I
Copyright Notice This paper has been accepted for publication by the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, which is published by Cambridge University Press. A final version of the article will be appearing in the JRAS in 2014. 1 The Succession after Kumāragupta I Pankaj Tandon1 Most dynastic lists of the Gupta kings state that Kumāragupta I was succeeded by Skandagupta. However, it is widely accepted that Skandagupta did not accede to the throne peacefully. Nor is it certain that the succession was immediate, since there is a gap between the known dates of Kumāragupta’s and Skandagupta’s reigns. This paper is concerned with the events following the death of Kumāragupta, using numismatic evidence as the primary source, and inscriptional and other epigraphic evidence as further support. Some of the numismatic evidence is new, and even the evidence that is not new has so far received little attention in the literature on the succession after Kumāragupta. Questions are raised about one particular theory that is presently enjoying some currency, that Skandagupta was challenged primarily by his uncle Ghaṭotkacagupta. Some other possible scenarios for the political events in the period after the death of Kumāragupta I will then be proposed and analyzed. Most authors agree that Skandagupta was not the rightful heir to the throne. While he does announce himself on his inscriptions as the son of Kumāragupta I, his mother is not identified by name in any known text or inscription,2 suggesting that he was, at best, the son of a minor queen of Kumāragupta, or more probably the son of a woman who was not a queen at all. -
Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ZENODO Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA Additional services for Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology Michael Willis Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland / Volume 15 / Issue 02 / July 2005, pp 131 150 DOI: 10.1017/S135618630500502X, Published online: 26 July 2005 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S135618630500502X How to cite this article: Michael Willis (2005). Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 15, pp 131150 doi:10.1017/ S135618630500502X Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/JRA, IP address: 131.251.133.25 on 25 Oct 2012 Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology MICHAEL WILLIS In memory of Wladimir Zwalf 1932–2002 Some time before May 1886 a large metal seal was unearthed when the foundations for a house were being excavated at Bhitr¯ı, the important Gupta site near Var¯ an¯ . asi. An old and respectable family at the place (their name is not recorded in the published sources) presented the seal to C. J. Nicholls, a judge at Kanpur, who accepted it on behalf of government.1 In due course the seal was passed to the Government Museum at Lucknow. -
Neill, Rebecca MH (2020)
Neill, Rebecca M.H. (2020) Empires, materials and entanglements: the power of material entanglements in the Gupta Political Formation. MPhil(R) thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/81918/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] EMPIRES, MATERIALS AND ENTANGLEMENTS The Power of Material Entanglements in the Gupta Political Formation DECEMBER 10, 2020 REBECCA M.H. NEILL, BA (HONS) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MPHIL IN ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW 0 | P a g e Empires, Materials and Entanglements The Power of Material Entanglements in the Gupta Political Formation Rebecca Mary-Ann Hilary Neill, BA (hons.) Archaeology, School of Humanities, College of Arts, University of Glasgow December 2020 1 | P a g e Abstract The Gupta Political Formation has been called “the golden-age” of India yet little archaeological study has been done on the period. Through the ideas of new materialism, in particular Hodder’s (2012) Theory of Entanglement, and Katchadurian’s (2016) Satrapal Conditions, this thesis aims to explore three powerful materials: textile clothing, metals and spices. -
Attribution of the Nameless Coins of the Archer Type
Attribution of the Nameless Coins of the Archer Type Pankaj Tandon1 Abstract: This paper seeks to reattribute the so-called “Nameless Coins” of the Archer type, hitherto assumed by all to be Gupta issues, to the Huns. The Nameless Coins are Archer type coins that do not provide the ruler’s name on the obverse as do almost all other Archer type coins. At present, they are most plausibly attributed to the Gupta king Budhagupta, on account of their use of the epithet śrī vikrama on the reverse, an epithet used also by Budhagupta. The reattribution is inspired by the discovery of a Nameless coin that bears the epithet śrī prakāśa, the epithet used by the Hun king Toramāṇa on his Horseman Lion- slayer coins. The paper shows that the Nameless coins, including the śrī prakāśa coin, share strong stylistic similarities with one another which differentiate them from attributable Gupta coins. Thus a strong case can be made that all the Nameless cons are Hun issues. A long-standing problem in Gupta numismatics is the attribution of the coins of the late period Archer type which do not feature the king’s name under the arm. Almost all coins of the Archer type carry a shortened version of the king’s name in a vertical format somewhere on the obverse. For example, the coins of Samudragupta feature the legend samudra, the coins of Candragupta II bear the legend candra, and so on. Normally, this name is under the left arm, but sometimes it is in the right or even left field. -
Chapter III Sources of the Data Which Are Mainly Used
69 Chapter III Sources of the Data which are Mainly Used Having elaborated in the previous chapter different devices of external embellishments of Kdvya, in this chapter some Inscriptions are selected for the study of over-all poetical aspects. This chapter is formulated with the material from the texts of the Inscriptions. It forms a basis for the study of peculiarities of language and styles of different Inscriptions. The present study is based on the analysis of both primary and secondary sources. Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Post-Maurya period and of the Gupta period in India and Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Funan period in Cambodia have been used for the purpose of our present study. The study is limited to 21 Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Post-Maurya period and the Gupta period in India; and 48 Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Funan period in Cambodia. A. Selected Sanskrit Inscriptions in Indja 1. Allahabad Stone Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta 2. Eran Stone Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta 3. Udayagiri Cave Inscription of Chandragiipta-ll 70 4. Meharaulr Iron Pillar Inscription of Chandra 5. Bilsad Stone Pillar Inscription of Kumaragupta-I 6. Dhanaidaha Copperplate Inscription of the Time of Kumaragupta-I 7. Damodarpur Copperplate Inscription of the Time of Kumaragupta-I 8. Damodarpur Copperplate Inscription of the Time of Kumaragupta-I 9. Tumain Fragmentary Inscription of Kumaragupta-I and Ghatotkachagupta 10. Junagarh Rock Inscription of Skandagupta 11. Kahaum Stone Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta 12. Indor Copperplate Inscription of Skandagupta 13. BhitarT Stone Pillar Inscription of Skandagupta 14. Samath Buddhist Stone Image Inscription of Kumaragupta-II 15. -
Common Concept of Dharma in Buddhism and Hinduism
Studiu inHumanitiu and Social Sciences, Vol. VII, No. 1, 2000, pp. 119-126. Common Concept of Dharma in Buddhism and Hinduism ASIMNI AGRAWAL DeptL of Ancient History, Culture & Archaeology Panj ab University, Chan digarh In the Buddhist triad of the Buddha, Dhmhma and Sa'f!lgha, the first (i.e. Dharizma) is perhaps the most complex, controversial and difficult to interpret. In common parlance Dhmhma or Dharma has been taken LO mean religion or rituals of worship. However, it is far from the truth as this meaning does not fit into the concept of this word either in Hinduism• or in Buddhism. None of the texts belonging to either of the sects has ever used Dhanna in the sense of the English word re ligion. According to the account contained in the Vinaya text Maha vagga2 the Buddha, after his Enlighte nment (nirva~a), spent some time at different places before he gave his first sermon at Sarnath (Bihar), India. During this period he met two merchan ts Tappusa and Bhallika who offered food to the Buddha and became his first lay disciples by saying" we take our refuge, Lord, in the Blessed One and in the Dharma. "3 Which Dhamma did they refer t o? The Buddha h ad not given any sermon so far and 'The Wheel of The Law' (dhannacakra pravartana) was no t set in motion as yet by him. Actually the Buddha had not even d ecided t o preach his doctrine at that time for the Vinaya texts tell us that h e debated with himself for quite sometime whether to impart his knowledge to the world or not. -
Political History from 6Th Century A. D. to 9Th Century A. D. the Territories
C H A P T E R II Political History from 6th Century A. D. to 9th Century A. D. The territories of early Bengal became an integral part of the Gupta empire. But it would not be proper to say that the people of Bengal submitted to the mighty Gupta emperors rather meekly. At least, we have one instance to show that the people of Bengal rose like one man and gave stiff resistence to the invading forces under King Chandra, though ultimately they were beaten. In view of the inevitable chaos that followed the dismemberment of the Gupta empire, the people of Bengal for the first time emerged into the limelight of political history of India and curved out independent principalities. The downfall of the Guptas marked the breaking up of northern India into a number of small states. Saurast racame under the domination of the Haitrakas of Valavi. Thane§_vara was taken over by the Pushyabhut is, while the Haukhauris held sway in Kanauj. y£sodharman, a military adventurer, attempted to set up an ephemeral empire in central India, Rajputana and other parts of the Punjab 1• 17 Magadha and Mal wa pas sed under the sway of the Later Guptas who ~ay have been an offshoot of the Imperial Guptas, but as yet we have no positive evidence in support of this view. Bengal also took advantage of the political situation tc shake off the foreign yoke and two powerful independent Kingdoms, viz. Vanga and Gauda were established there in the siXth and seventh • 2 Century A. -
Reign of Kumaragupta
GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 Unit 125 – upsc - Indian History - Reign of Kumaragupta India History - Reign of Kumaragupta Reign of Kumaragupta [AD 415-455] Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta. Like his father, Kumaragupta was also a very great and able ruler. He was able to keep the vast empire, which extended from North Bengal to Kathiawar and from the Himalayas to the Nerbudda, intact. He ruled efficiently for nearly fortyyears. However, the last days of his reign were not good. The Gupta empire was threatened by the invasions of Pushyamitras. The Pushyamitras were a tribe of foreigners who were settled in Central India. However, Kumaragupta was successful in defeating the invaders and performed Ashvamedha Yajna (horse sacrifice) to celebrate his victory. He issued new coins with images of Lord Kartikeya. Skandagupta becomes the King Kumaragupta died in AD 455 and was succeeded by his son Skandagupta. During his reign, the invasions of the Huns became more frequent. Skandagupta repelled their early invasions and recovered most of the imperial provinces. Extract from An Advanced History of India In one of the inscription the goddess of royal fortune is said to have chosen him as her lord, having discarded the other princes. The full import of this passage is obscure. It is, however, certain that the superior ability and prowess of Skandagupta in a time of crisis led to his choice as ruler in preference to other possible claimants. Proud of his success against the barbarians, Skandagupta assumed the title of Vikramaditya. But the continuous attack of the Huns weakened the Gupta empire. -
Unit 1 Rise and Growth of the Guptas*
Rise and Growth of the UNIT 1 RISE AND GROWTH OF THE Guptas GUPTAS* Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Political Background 1.2.1 North-western and Northern India 1.2.2 Western and Central lndia 1.2.3 The Deccan and South lndia 1.3 The Rise of the Guptas 1.3.1 Samudragupta 1.3.2 Expansion and Consolidation 1.4 Chandragupta-II 1.5 Kumaragupta-I 1.6 Skandagupta 1.7 Disintegration of the Gupta Empire 1.8 Summary 1.9 Key Words 1.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 1.10 Suggested Readings 1.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you shall be able to: learn about the political conditions in India at the beginning of the 4th century CE; familiarise yourself with the circumstances that led to the rise of Gupta power; explain the expansion and consolidation of the Gupta empire; understand the order of succession of the Gupta rulers and their military exploits; and understand the process that led to the decline of the Guptas. 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this Unit, after briefly discussing the political situation of the 4th century CE we will analyse the historical situation which led to the rise of the Gupta dynasty. The attempt here will be to give you a political outline of the period. We take into account the controversies relating to the succession of Gupta kings and, at the same time, discuss some of their achievements which made possible the formation and consolidation of the empire. Kings like Samudragupta, Chandragupta-II, Kumaragupta and Skandagupta figure very prominently in the history of the empire. -
Coins of the Guptas
Coins of the Guptas 5.1 Do you know? Description Image Source The first Gupta Gold coin hoard was discovered from Kalighat in West Bengal in 1783 The largest Gupta Gold Coin hoard is the Bayana Hoard Guptas issued coins in Silver only for their western territory Gupta coins in lead and copper are very few in number The change in weight standard was introduced during the reign of Skandagupta Silver coins of the Guptas were modeled on design of the coins of the rulers whom they had defeated in the western territories i.e. The Western Kshatrapas Some scholars believe that the coins depicting Chandragupta and Kumaradevi were issued by Samudragupta as commemorative medals or coins commemorating the marriage of his mother and father The term ‘Lichchavayah’ is found engraved on the coins of Chandragupta Kumaradevi type coins 5.2 Timeline: Timelines Image Description C.319 – 350 CE Candragupta I ? Kāca C.350 – 376 CE Samudragupta C.376 CE Rāmagupta C.376 – 415 CE Candragupta II C.448–455 CE Ghatotkacagupta C.415–447 CE Kumāragupta I C.456–467 CE Skandagupta ? Purugupta C.477–488 CE Budhagupta C.467–474 CE ? Narasiṁhagupta C. 474(?)–476 CE Kumāragupta II C.515 ? Viṣṇugupta C. 508 Vainyagupta 5.3 Glossary Staring Related Term Definition Character Term D Dinara Weight standard of the Gupta Gold coins approximately weighing 121 grains. The term is found in their inscriptions denoting gold coins. It was the continuaiton of the Kushana Gold coin standard S Suvarna This was and indigenous standard introduced by Skandagupta. The coins issued in this standard heavier than the coins of dinara standard. -
Vakataka Inscriptions
STRUCTURE OF THE GUPTA AND VAKATAKA POLITY: AN EPIGRAPHICAL STUDY ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OP / JBottor of ^l)iIo!Sopl)p HISTORY BY MEENAKSHI SHARMA Under the Supervision of Prof. B.L. BHADANI (Chairman & Coordinator) CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AUGARH MUSUM UNIVERSITY AUGARH (INDIA) 18 May 2010 ABSTRACT In the present thesis an attempt has been made to give an updated comprehensive study of the polity under the Gupta and the Vakataka empires on the basis of epigraphical material of this period. The general plan of treatment which h^s been followed in this work is as under: * > . Chapter-I deals with the extent .'of the" Gupta empire and its geographical and political conditions under different Gupta kirigs. It describes the political atmosphere which led to the rise and foundation of the Gupta kingdom which later on developed into an empire of great magnitude. While making a precise and concise account of the conquests of Gupta rulers, this chapter focuses at the political agendas and strategies applied by them in order to extend the empire. It is shown that Gupta empire in its glorious days included not only considerable territories of the western and northern India and eastern parts of south India but also colonies in the Far East. The empire was largely constituted by states ruled by different subordinate rulers also called feudatories, important among them were the Valkhas, the Maukharies, the later Guptas, the Parivrajakas, the Uchchakalpas, the Aulikaras and the Maitrakas. These feudatories contributed in the disintegration of the Gupta empire. -
The Coins of Purugupta
Final Draft October 2014 The Coins of Purugupta Pankaj Tandon1 One of the enduring mysteries in Gupta history is whether or not the son of Kumāragupta I named Purugupta ever sat on the throne. If he did, he surely would have issued coins, so the related mystery in Gupta numismatics is whether or not he ever issued coins and, if he did, which coins are his? So far, no coins have definitively been assigned to him. In a recent paper,2 I had suggested that the coins currently being assigned to an otherwise unknown “Candragupta III” are most probably issues of Purugupta. Although this paper has only just been published and therefore has not received full scrutiny of the scholarly community, it has been circulating in manuscript form since 2012 and there seems to be some resistance to the idea, at least partly motivated by an alternative view that the king identified on his coins as Prakāśāditya is probably Purugupta. But now, in another recent paper,3 I have shown that Prakāśāditya was not a Gupta king at all, but the Hūṇa king Toramāṇa. Therefore, we can safely reject the idea that the Prakāśāditya coins are the coins of Purugupta. This eliminates the major objection to my suggestion that the coins of the so-called “Candragupta III” are indeed the coins of Purugupta; there is therefore a need to revisit the discussion on the coins of this king. That is the purpose of this paper. Who Was Purugupta? There is no known contemporary inscription of Purugupta. We know of his existence from some seals and sealings of his successors: the Bhitarī seal of Kumāragupta II, the Nālandā clay sealing of Narasiṃhagupta, and the Nālandā clay sealing of Budhagupta.4 From these objects, which provide genealogies of the Gupta dynasty, we learn that Purugupta was the son of Kumāragupta (I) and the mahādevī Anantadevī.