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HISTORY of INDIA UPTO 1206 AD Directorate of Distance Education HISTORY OF INDIA UPTO 1206 AD BA [History] First Semester Paper I [English Edition] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Syed Mubin Zehra Assistant Professor, ARSD College, University of Delhi Authors Dr Nirja Sharma (1.3, 1.9-1.11, 2.0-2.4.1, 2.5.1, 2.6, 2.8-2.12, 3.3-3.4, 3.5, 4.2) © Dr Nirja Sharma, 2015 Vikas® Publishing House (1.0-1.2,1.4-1.8, 1.12-1.16, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0-3.2, 3.4.1, 3.6-3.11, 4.0-4.1, 4.3-4.14) © Reserved, 2015 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material, protected by this copyright notice may not be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form of by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the DDE, Tripura University & Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi 110 014 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE History of India Upto 1206 AD Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit 1 1. Sources of Ancient Indian History: Literary and Unit 1: Introduction to Archaeological Ancient India 2. Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization: Feature of (Pages: 3-66) Indus Valley, Causes of decline; Early and Later Vedic period. 3. Protest Movements: Causes, Jainism and Buddhism. 4. The Mauryan Empire: Administration, Asoka’s Dhamma Unit 2 1. Kushanas: Kanishka and his Contributions. Unit 2: Kushanas Empire and the 2. Satavahanas: Gautamiputra Satkarni and his Achievements. Gupta Age 3. The Gupta Age: Administration and the downfall of the (Pages: 67-113) Guptas, Socio-economic and Cultural conditions. 4. Education and Educational Institution in Ancient India: Vikramsila and Nalanda. Unit 3 1. History of Bengal: Rise of Gaud under Sasanka. Unit 3: Post-Gupta Period 2. Harsha: Achievements. (Pages: 115-136) 3. The History of Palas, Kaivarta Revolt. 4. Socio-economic and cultural conditions in the Pala and Sena Age. Unit 4 1. The Pallavas: Contribution to art and culture. Unit 4: The Cholas and the Pallavas 2. The Cholas: administration, Maritime activities. (Pages: 137-183) 3. The Chalukyas: With special reference to Pulakesin-II. 4. The Advent of the Arabs: Impact, Ghaznavids and Ghurids. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANCIENT INDIA 3-66 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Sources of Ancient Indian History 1.3 Indus Valley Civilization 1.3.1 Geographical Expansion of the Indus Valley Civilization 1.4 Characteristic Features of Indus Valley Civilization 1.4.1 Settlement Patterns and Town Planning 1.4.2 Religious Beliefs and Practices 1.5 Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization 1.6 Vedic Period 1.6.1 Technological and Economic Development 1.6.2 Political Relations 1.6.3 Social Stratification and Emergence of the Caste System 1.7 Late Vedic Period 1.7.1 Settlement Patterns 1.7.2 Technological and Economic Development 1.7.3 Social Stratification 1.8 Protest Movements: Jainism and Buddhism 1.8.1 Jainism 1.8.2 Buddhism 1.9 Mauryan Empire 1.9.1 Chandragupta Maurya 1.9.2 Ashoka (269–232BC) 1.10 Mauryan Administration 1.10.1 Central Administration of the Mauryan Empire 1.10.2 Administration of the Provinces 1.10.3 Town Administration 1.10.4 Village Administration 1.10.5 Penal and Judicial System 1.10.6 Police and Espionage Systems 1.10.7 Socio-economic Changes Under the Mauryan Empire 1.11 Causes for the Decline of the Mauryan Empire 1.12 Summary 1.13 Key Terms 1.14 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.15 Questions and Exercises 1.16 Further Reading UNIT 2 KUSHANAS EMPIRE AND THE GUPTA AGE 67-113 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Kushanas Empire 2.2.1 Kanishka 2.3 Satavahanas 2.3.1 Origin and Chronology 2.3.2 Important Rulers 2.3.3 The Contribution of the Satavahanas 2.4 The Gupta Age 2.4.1 Important Rulers of the Gupta Period 2.5 Gupta Administration 2.5.1 Decline of the Guptas 2.6 Socio-Economic and Cultural Life of the Guptas 2.6.1 Development of Science During Gupta Period 2.6.2 Social Conditions 2.7 Educational Institutions in Ancient India: Vikramsila and Nalanda 2.8 Summary 2.9 Key Terms 2.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.11 Questions and Exercises 2.12 Further Reading UNIT 3 POST-GUPTA PERIOD 115-136 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 History of Bengal: Rise of Gauda 3.3 Vardhana Empire: Harsha 3.4 The Palas 3.4.1 Kaivarta Revolt 3.5 The Senas 3.6 Socio-Economic and Cultural Conditions in the Sena and Pala Age 3.7 Summary 3.8 Key Terms 3.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.10 Questions and Exercises 3.11 Further Reading UNIT 4 THE CHOLAS AND THE PALLAVAS 137-183 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 The Pallavas 4.2.1 Pallava Administration 4.3 The Cholas 4.3.1 The Rulers 4.3.2 Importance of the Cholas 4.4 The Chalukyas 4.4.1 The Chalukyas of Badami 4.4.2 The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi 4.4.3 The Western Chalukyas of Kalyani 4.4.4 Features of the Chalukyas Administration 4.5 Conditions in India Before the Arrival of the Arabs and Turks 4.6 The Advent of the Arabs and the Turks 4.6.1 Alberuni 4.7 Ghazanavis 4.7.1 Successors of Mahmud Ghaznavi 4.7.2 Causes for the Downfall of the Ghaznavi Empire 4.8 Ghoris and Their Impact 4.8.1 India on the Eve of the Invasion of Muhammad Ghori 4.8.2 Indian Invasions of Muhammad Ghori 4.9 Causes for the Success of the turks 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Terms 4.12 Answer to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.13 Questions and Exercises 4.14 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION India is recognized as having a unique and intriguing history and culture. Historical NOTES records trace the beginning of Indian civilization to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It is also called the Harappan Civilization as Harappa was the first site to be excavated. The sources of evidence about this civilization are the artifacts, pottery, tools, ornaments and ruins of towns. Man began to use metals which continued into the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Ages. This was followed by the arrival of the Vedic Age which occupies an important place in Indian history. The religion, philosophy and social customs of the Hindus who constitute the majority of our country have their principal source in the Vedic culture. However, with the passage of time, Vedic religion had become quite ritualistic and the caste system had become predominant. This resulted in regional dissent among the masses, which led to the emergence of new classes and the rise of Jainism and Buddhism. Jainism and Buddhism represent a remarkable phase in the religious and cultural development of India. This was followed by the emergence of cities and territorial states, especially the Magadha Empire and the Nandas. Further, the small cities and territorial states were brought under the control of Chandragupta Maurya who laid the foundation of the Mauryan Empire. The decline of the Mauryan Empire led to the arrival and emergence of Indo-Greeks, Shungas, Kharavelas, Kushanas and Satvahanas. India was once again politically united in the Gupta Period. The Gupta Age is marked as an era of unprecedented progress in all aspects of polity, religion, art and literature. The disintegration of the Gupta Period led to the emergence of regional kingdoms like the Palas and the Senas in the North and the Cholas and the Pallavas in the South. This was followed by the arrival of Arabs and Turks in India. The book entitled has been designed keeping in mind the self-instruction mode format and follows a simple pattern, wherein each unit of the book begins with ‘Introduction’ to the topic followed by ‘Unit Objectives’. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with ‘Check Your Progress’ questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of ‘Questions and Exercises’ is also provided at the end of each unit that includes short-answer as well as long-answer questions. The ‘Summary’ and ‘Key Terms’ section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 Introduction to UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO Ancient India ANCIENT INDIA NOTES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Sources of Ancient Indian History 1.3 Indus Valley Civilization 1.3.1 Geographical Expansion of the Indus Valley Civilization 1.4 Characteristic Features of Indus Valley Civilization 1.4.1 Settlement Patterns and Town Planning 1.4.2 Religious Beliefs and Practices 1.5 Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization 1.6 Vedic Period 1.6.1 Technological and Economic Development 1.6.2 Political Relations 1.6.3 Social Stratification and Emergence of the Caste System 1.7 Late Vedic Period 1.7.1 Settlement Patterns 1.7.2 Technological and Economic Development 1.7.3
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