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Historic Timber Roof Structures

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Historic Timber Roof Structures Miguel Jorge Magina Licenciado em engenharia civil Historic timber roof structures Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Estruturas e Geotecnia Orientador: Professor Doutor Balint Szabó Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-Napoca Facultatea de Arhitectură şi Urbanism Co-orientador: Professor Doutor Carlos Chastre Rodrigues Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Júri: Presidente: Prof. Doutor Corneliu Cismasiu Arguente(s): Prof. Doutor Hugo Emanuel Charrinho da Costa Biscaia Vogal(ais): Prof. Doutor Carlos Manuel Chastre Rodrigues Setembro 2013 LOMBADA Miguel MaginaMiguel Historic timberHistoric roof structures 2013 Miguel Jorge Magina Licenciado em engenharia civil Historic timber roof structures Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Estruturas e Geotecnia Orientador: Professor Doutor Balint Szabó Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-Napoca Facultatea de Arhitectură şi Urbanism Co-orientador: Professor Doutor Carlos Chastre Rodrigues Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Júri: Presidente: Prof. Doutor Corneliu Cismasiu Arguente(s): Prof. Doutor Hugo Emanuel Charrinho da Costa Biscaia Vogal(ais): Prof. Doutor Carlos Manuel Chastre Rodrigues Setembro 2013 Copyright © Miguel Jorge Magina, FCT/UNL e UNL. A Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa têm o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objectivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. v vi Agradecimentos Aos amigos e colegas de curso com os quais realizei trabalhos de grupo, troquei ideias e/ou esclareci dúvidas. São uma parte bastante importante neste curso. Aos meus orientadores Carlos Chastre Rodrigues, Balint Szabó que contribuíram com o seu conhecimento e experiência para a dissertação, e que conjuntamente com o professor Corneliu Cismasiu me deram oportunidade de fazer esta dissertação fora do país. À professora Imola Kirizsán a quem tenho muito a agradecer e que foi fundamental com toda a sua ajuda neste trabalho. Sem os seus conselhos, ideias e esclarecimento de dúvidas teria sido impossível realizar a dissertação. Aos professores Imola Kirizsán e Balint Szabó novamente, pela literatura disponibilizada e pela possibilidade que me deram de os acompanhar a visitas a outras coberturas históricas que não a de Huedin. A Aleksandra Baraniecka pelas longas horas na revisão do inglês. Dedicatória À minha família a quem devo tudo e fizeram de mim o que hoje sou. Dedico ainda esta dissertação aos que já não estão fisicamente presentes mas que continuam caminhando comigo no meu coração. vii viii Resumo Esta dissertação consiste no estudo de estruturas históricas de madeira em coberturas na zona da Transilvânia - Roménia, abordando-se o tipo de estrutura, os seus elementos e variedade de ligações entre os mesmos. São referidos aspectos de procedimento para estudo de uma estrutura desta categoria, ensaios semi-destrutivos e não destrutivos que se podem realizar para melhor compreender as características actuais da madeira em causa e possíveis soluções de reparação ou reforço da estrutura caso seja necessário. Por fim, desenvolveu-se um estudo onde se analisa e se propõem algumas soluções de intervenção numa estrutura estilo gótica situada na nave da igreja de Huedin-Roménia. Palavras-chave: Coberturas históricas; Estruturas de madeira; Ligações entre elementos de madeira; Estruturas históricas; Coberturas na Transilvânia; ix x Abstract This dissertation covers the study of historic timber roof structures in Transylvania area - Romania, the structures type, its elements and connection variety between them. Procedures to study a structure of this category are approached. It is also referred semi and non-destructive tests that can be done to better understand the present wood characteristics, and potential reparation or strengthening solutions for the structure in case it is necessary. Ultimately a case study is analyzed and some intervention solutions are proposed for a gothic structure type in the nave of Huedin Reformed church. Keywords: Historic Roofs; Timber structures; Timber elements joints; Historic structures; Transylvania roofs; xi xii Table of contents Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... xi List of tables ............................................................................................................................... xxv Nomenclature / List of Symbols ............................................................................................... xxvii 1 – Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 – Dissertation objectives ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 – Dissertation structure ....................................................................................................... 3 2 - Historical timber roof structures in Transylvania ..................................................................... 6 2.1 - Roof structure categories .................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1 – Schematics examples of roof structure types ........................................................... 7 2.1.2 - Romanesque ............................................................................................................ 11 2.1.3 - Gothic ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.4 - Baroque .................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.5 - Eclectic ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 – Timber joints .................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 - Lapped joint ............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 - Notched joint ........................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 - Grooved joint ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2.4 - Mortice and tenon joint ........................................................................................... 19 2.2.5 – Joint modeling ......................................................................................................... 20 3 – Assessment in historical timber roof structures ................................................................... 22 3.1 - Standards ........................................................................................................................ 22 3.1.1 - ICOMOS – Principles for the preservation of historic timber structures (1999) ...... 22 3.1.2 - ICOMOS CHARTER – Principles for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage (2003) ....................................................................... 23 3.1.3 - ISO 13822 - Bases for design of structures — Assessment of existing structures (2010) .................................................................................................................................. 24 3.1.5 – The Italian standards ............................................................................................... 26 3.1.5 – The Swiss standards – SIA 269 - Basis for examination and interventions ............. 29 3.1.6 – Methodology - Assessment, conservation and restoration .................................... 30 3.2 – Timber possible causes of deterioration ........................................................................ 31 3.3 – Non-destructive and semi-destructive timber rehearsals ............................................. 35 3.3.1 - X-Ray ........................................................................................................................ 37 xiii 3.3.2 - Thermographic camera ............................................................................................ 38 3.3.3 - Videoscope ............................................................................................................... 39 3.3.4 - Wave propagation devices ....................................................................................... 40 3.3.5 – Resistograph device................................................................................................. 41 3.3.6 – Pilodyn device.......................................................................................................... 42 3.3.7 - Core drilling .............................................................................................................. 43 3.3.8 – Dendrochronology ..................................................................................................
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