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WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE «FOREST SERVICB»AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 73 WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION By L. O. ANDERSON, Engineer Forest Products Laboratory — Forest Service U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture Handbook No. 73 • Revised July 1970 Slightly revised April 1975 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washincfton, D.C. 20402 Price: $2.60 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Acknowledgment is made to the following members of the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) for their contributions to this Handbook: John M. Black, for information on painting and finishing; Theodore C. Scheffer, for information on protection against termites and decay; and Herbert W. Eickner, for information on protection against fire. Acknowledgment is also made to Otto C. Heyer (retired) for his part as a co-author of the first edition and to other FPL staff members who have contributed valuable information for this revision. The wood industry has also contributed significantly to many sections of the publication. 11 CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Chapter 6.—Wall Framing 31 Requirements 31 Chapter 1.—Location and Excavation 1 Platform Construction 31 Condition at Site 1 Balloon Construction 33 Placement of the House 3 Window and Door Framing 34 Height of Foundation Walls 3 End-wall Framing 36 Excavation 4 Interior Walls 38 Chapter 2.—Concrete and Masonry 5 Lath Nailers 39 Mixing and Pouring 5 Chapter 7.—Ceiling and Roof Framing 40 Footings 5 Ceiling Joists 40 Draintile 7 Flush Ceiling Framing 42 Post and Beam Framing 42 Chapter 3.—Foundation Walls and Piers 8 Roof Slopes 44 Poured Concrete Walls 8 Flat Roofs 45 Concrete Block Walls 9 Pitched Roofs 45 Masonry Construction for Crawl Spaces 11 Valleys 48 Sill Plate Anchors 11 Dormers 48 Reinforcing in Poured Walls 11 Overhangs 48 Masonry Veneer over Frame Walls 12 Ridge Beam Roof Details 49 Notch for Wood Beams 12 Lightweight Wood Roof Trusses 49 Protection Against Termites 12 Chapter 8.—Wall Sheathing 53 Chapter 4.—Concrete Floor Slabs on Ground 15 Types of Sheathing 53 Types of Floor Construction 15 Corner Bracing 54 Basic Requirements 15 Installation of Sheathing 54 Combined Slab and Foundation 15 Independent Concrete Slab and Foundation Chapter 9.—Roof Sheathing 58 Walls 15 Lumber Sheathing 58 Vapor Barrier Under Concrete Slab 17 Plywood Roof Sheathing 59 Insulation Requirements for Concrete Floor Plank Roof Decking 59 Slabs on Ground 18 Fiberboard Roof Decking 59 Insulation Types 18 Extension of Roof Sheathing at Gable Ends 59 Protection Against Termites 19 Sheathing at Chimney Openings 61 Finish Floors over Concrets Slabs on the Sheathing at Valleys and Hips 61 Ground 19 Chapter 10.—Exterior Trim and Millwork 63 Materials Used for Trim 63 Chapter 5.—Floor Framing 19 Cornice Construction 63 Factors in Design 19 Rake or Gable-end Finish 65 Recommended Nailing Practices 19 Posts and Girders 20 Chapter 11.—Roof Coverings 71 Girder-joist Installation 23 Materials 71 Wood Sill Construction 23 Wood Shingles 71 Floor Joists 23 Asphalt Shingles 73 Bridging 29 Built-up Roofs 74 Subfloor 29 Other Roof Coverings 74 Floor Framing at Wall Projections 31 Finish at the Ridge and Hip 74 Page Page Chapter 12.—Exterior Frames, Windows, and Types and Location of Inlet Ventilators 112 Doors 77 Crawl-Space Ventilation and Soil Cover 113 Types of Windows 77 Chapter 17.—Sound Insulation 114 Double-hung Windows 78 How Sound Travels 114 Casement Windows 78 Wall Construction 114 Stationary Windows 78 Floor-Ceiling Construction 116 Awning Windows 81 Sound Absorption 119 Horizontal-sliding Window Units 81 Exterior Doors and Frames 82 Chapter 18.—Basement Rooms 119 Types of Exterior Doors 84 Floors 119 Walls 120 Chapter 13.—Exterior Coverings 85 Ceilings 121 Wood Siding 85 Chapter 19.—Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish-- 123 Horizontal Sidings 85 Types of Finishes 124 Sidings for Horizontal or Vertical Applica- Lath and Plaster 124 tions 85 Dry-wall Finish 128 Sidings for Vertical Application 87 Siding with Sheet Materials 87 Chapter 20.—Floor Coverings 133 Wood Shingles and Shakes 88 Flooring Materials 133 Other Exterior Finish 88 Wood-Strip Flooring 134 Installation of Siding 89 Wood and Particleboard Tile Flooring 138 Installation of Wood Shingles and Shakes __ 93 Base for Resilient Floors 139 Nonwood Coverings 95 Types of Resilient Floors 141 Carpeting 141 Chapter 14.—Framing Details for Plumbing, Ceramic Tile 141 Heating, and Other Utilities 97 Chapter 21.—Interior Doors, Frames, and Trim» 142 Plumbing Stack Vents 97 Decorative Treatment 143 Bathtub Framing 98 Trim Parts for Doors and Frames 143 Cutting Floor Joists 98 Installation of Door Hardware 146 Alterations for Heating Ducts 99 Wood-trim Installation 149 Framing for Convectors 99 Base and Ceiling Moldings 150 Wiring . 100 Chapter 22.—Cabinets and Other Millwork 151 Chapter 15.—Thermal Insulation and Vapor Kitchen Cabinets 152 Barriers 100 Closets and Wardrobes 152 Insulating Materials 100 Mantels 152 Flexible Insulation 101 China Cases 153 Loose Fill Insulation 102 Chapter 23.—Stairs 155 Reflective Insulation 103 Construction 155 Rigid Insulation 103 Types of Stairways 155 Miscellaneous Insulation 103 Ratio of Riser to Tread 155 Where to Insulate 104 Stair Widths and Handrails 161 How to Install Insulation 104 Framing for Stairs 161 Precautions in Insulating 107 Stairway Details 162 Vapor Barriers 107 Attic Folding Stairs 165 Exterior Stairs 165 Chapter 16.—^Ventilation 108 Area of Ventilators 109 Chapter 24.—Flashing and Other Sheet Metal Gable Roofs 109 Work 166 Hip Roofs 110 Materials 166 Flat Roofs 110 Flashing 166 Types and Location of Outlet Ventilators __ 110 Gutters and Downspouts 170 IV Page Page Chapter 25.—Porches and Garages 174 Chapter 30.—Protection Against Fire 200 Porches 174 Fire Stops 200 Garages 178 Chimney and Fireplace Construction 200 Heating Systems 200 Chapter 26.—Chimneys and Fireplaces 181 Flame Spread and Interior Finish 201 Chimneys 181 Fire-Resistant Walls 201 Flue Linings 182 Fireplaces 183 Chapter 31.—Methods of Reducing Building Costs 201 Chapter 27.—Driveways, Walks, and Basement Design 201 Floors 185 Choice of Materials 202 Driveways 185 Construction 203 Sidewalks 186 Chapter 32.—Protection and Care of Materials at Basement Floors 188 the Building Site 204 Protection Requirements 204 Chapter 28.—Painting and Finishing 188 Protection of Framing Materials 204 Effect of Wood Properties 188 Window and Door Frames 204 Natural Finishes for Exterior Wood 188 Siding and Lath 204 Paints for Exterior Wood 190 Plastering in Cold Weather 205 Finishes for Interior Woodwork 192 Interior Finish 205 Finishes for Floors 193 Moisture-Excluding Effectiveness of Coatings 194 Chapter 33.—^Maintenance and Repair 205 Basement 206 Chapter 29.—Protection Against Decay and Crawl-Space Area 206 Termites 194 Roof and Attic 206 Decay 195 Exterior Walls 207 Subterranean Termites 196 Interior 208 Dry-Wood Termites 197 Literature Cited 209 Safeguards Against Decay 197 Safeguards Against Termites 199 Glossary of Housing Terms 210 WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION By L. 0. ANDERSON, engineer Forest Products Laboratory ^ INTRODUCTION This publication presents sound principles for wood- While designing and planning are beyond the scope frame house contruction and suggestions for selecting of this publication, the information on materials and suitable materials that will greatly assist in the con- building practices is intended to guide builders and struction of a good house. It is also meant as a guide prospective homeowners in erecting a good house with and handbook for those without this type of construc- a minimum of maintenance. This Handbook can also tion experience. be used as a training aid for apprentices or as a Many wood houses are in existence today that were standard by which to judge the quality of house con- built more than 200 years ago when early settlers struction. arrived. The modern conventional wood-frame house, It sets forth what are considered to be acceptable with wood or wood product covering materials, is practices in assembling and arranging the parts of a economical, long lasting, and can be constructed in well-designed wood-frame house. While details of con- any location. The United States is well supplied with struction may vary in different localities, the funda- timber and has a diversified industry that manufac- mental principles are the same. This handbook deals tures lumber and other wood products used in the essentially with established methods of construction, house. Few, if any, materials can compete with wood and does not attempt to show new ones that are used framing in the construction of houses. However, to in various parts of the country. provide this efficient wood house, good construction Construction details for houses are given in a series details are important as well as the selection of mate^ of drawings with accompanying text, which show the methods used in assembling the various parts. rials for each specific use. In general, the order of presentation conforms to Three essentials to be considered in building a satis- the normal sequence of constructing the building— factory house are: (1) An efficient plan, (2) suitable from foundation to finish work. The final chapters add materials, and (3) sound construction. The house may information on painting, protecting wood from decay be large or small, elaborate or unpretentious, modern and fire, and maintenance. A glossary of housing terms or traditional, yet without all three of these essentials is also included at the back of the handbook to aid it may be neither permanent nor satisfactory. with unfamiliar or specific word usage.^ CHAPTER 1 LOCATION AND EXCAVATION Condition at Site a high water table may require design changes from Before excavating for the new home, determine the a full basement to crawl space or concrete slab con- subsoil conditions by test borings or by checking struction. If the area has been filled, the footings ^ existing houses constructed near the site.
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