DOCSLIB.ORG

Wood-Frame House Construction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wood-Frame House Construction WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE «FOREST SERVICB»AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 73 WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION By L. O. ANDERSON, Engineer Forest Products Laboratory — Forest Service U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture Handbook No. 73 • Revised July 1970 Slightly revised April 1975 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washincfton, D.C. 20402 Price: $2.60 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Acknowledgment is made to the following members of the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) for their contributions to this Handbook: John M. Black, for information on painting and finishing; Theodore C. Scheffer, for information on protection against termites and decay; and Herbert W. Eickner, for information on protection against fire. Acknowledgment is also made to Otto C. Heyer (retired) for his part as a co-author of the first edition and to other FPL staff members who have contributed valuable information for this revision. The wood industry has also contributed significantly to many sections of the publication. 11 CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Chapter 6.—Wall Framing 31 Requirements 31 Chapter 1.—Location and Excavation 1 Platform Construction 31 Condition at Site 1 Balloon Construction 33 Placement of the House 3 Window and Door Framing 34 Height of Foundation Walls 3 End-wall Framing 36 Excavation 4 Interior Walls 38 Chapter 2.—Concrete and Masonry 5 Lath Nailers 39 Mixing and Pouring 5 Chapter 7.—Ceiling and Roof Framing 40 Footings 5 Ceiling Joists 40 Draintile 7 Flush Ceiling Framing 42 Post and Beam Framing 42 Chapter 3.—Foundation Walls and Piers 8 Roof Slopes 44 Poured Concrete Walls 8 Flat Roofs 45 Concrete Block Walls 9 Pitched Roofs 45 Masonry Construction for Crawl Spaces 11 Valleys 48 Sill Plate Anchors 11 Dormers 48 Reinforcing in Poured Walls 11 Overhangs 48 Masonry Veneer over Frame Walls 12 Ridge Beam Roof Details 49 Notch for Wood Beams 12 Lightweight Wood Roof Trusses 49 Protection Against Termites 12 Chapter 8.—Wall Sheathing 53 Chapter 4.—Concrete Floor Slabs on Ground 15 Types of Sheathing 53 Types of Floor Construction 15 Corner Bracing 54 Basic Requirements 15 Installation of Sheathing 54 Combined Slab and Foundation 15 Independent Concrete Slab and Foundation Chapter 9.—Roof Sheathing 58 Walls 15 Lumber Sheathing 58 Vapor Barrier Under Concrete Slab 17 Plywood Roof Sheathing 59 Insulation Requirements for Concrete Floor Plank Roof Decking 59 Slabs on Ground 18 Fiberboard Roof Decking 59 Insulation Types 18 Extension of Roof Sheathing at Gable Ends 59 Protection Against Termites 19 Sheathing at Chimney Openings 61 Finish Floors over Concrets Slabs on the Sheathing at Valleys and Hips 61 Ground 19 Chapter 10.—Exterior Trim and Millwork 63 Materials Used for Trim 63 Chapter 5.—Floor Framing 19 Cornice Construction 63 Factors in Design 19 Rake or Gable-end Finish 65 Recommended Nailing Practices 19 Posts and Girders 20 Chapter 11.—Roof Coverings 71 Girder-joist Installation 23 Materials 71 Wood Sill Construction 23 Wood Shingles 71 Floor Joists 23 Asphalt Shingles 73 Bridging 29 Built-up Roofs 74 Subfloor 29 Other Roof Coverings 74 Floor Framing at Wall Projections 31 Finish at the Ridge and Hip 74 Page Page Chapter 12.—Exterior Frames, Windows, and Types and Location of Inlet Ventilators 112 Doors 77 Crawl-Space Ventilation and Soil Cover 113 Types of Windows 77 Chapter 17.—Sound Insulation 114 Double-hung Windows 78 How Sound Travels 114 Casement Windows 78 Wall Construction 114 Stationary Windows 78 Floor-Ceiling Construction 116 Awning Windows 81 Sound Absorption 119 Horizontal-sliding Window Units 81 Exterior Doors and Frames 82 Chapter 18.—Basement Rooms 119 Types of Exterior Doors 84 Floors 119 Walls 120 Chapter 13.—Exterior Coverings 85 Ceilings 121 Wood Siding 85 Chapter 19.—Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish-- 123 Horizontal Sidings 85 Types of Finishes 124 Sidings for Horizontal or Vertical Applica- Lath and Plaster 124 tions 85 Dry-wall Finish 128 Sidings for Vertical Application 87 Siding with Sheet Materials 87 Chapter 20.—Floor Coverings 133 Wood Shingles and Shakes 88 Flooring Materials 133 Other Exterior Finish 88 Wood-Strip Flooring 134 Installation of Siding 89 Wood and Particleboard Tile Flooring 138 Installation of Wood Shingles and Shakes __ 93 Base for Resilient Floors 139 Nonwood Coverings 95 Types of Resilient Floors 141 Carpeting 141 Chapter 14.—Framing Details for Plumbing, Ceramic Tile 141 Heating, and Other Utilities 97 Chapter 21.—Interior Doors, Frames, and Trim» 142 Plumbing Stack Vents 97 Decorative Treatment 143 Bathtub Framing 98 Trim Parts for Doors and Frames 143 Cutting Floor Joists 98 Installation of Door Hardware 146 Alterations for Heating Ducts 99 Wood-trim Installation 149 Framing for Convectors 99 Base and Ceiling Moldings 150 Wiring . 100 Chapter 22.—Cabinets and Other Millwork 151 Chapter 15.—Thermal Insulation and Vapor Kitchen Cabinets 152 Barriers 100 Closets and Wardrobes 152 Insulating Materials 100 Mantels 152 Flexible Insulation 101 China Cases 153 Loose Fill Insulation 102 Chapter 23.—Stairs 155 Reflective Insulation 103 Construction 155 Rigid Insulation 103 Types of Stairways 155 Miscellaneous Insulation 103 Ratio of Riser to Tread 155 Where to Insulate 104 Stair Widths and Handrails 161 How to Install Insulation 104 Framing for Stairs 161 Precautions in Insulating 107 Stairway Details 162 Vapor Barriers 107 Attic Folding Stairs 165 Exterior Stairs 165 Chapter 16.—^Ventilation 108 Area of Ventilators 109 Chapter 24.—Flashing and Other Sheet Metal Gable Roofs 109 Work 166 Hip Roofs 110 Materials 166 Flat Roofs 110 Flashing 166 Types and Location of Outlet Ventilators __ 110 Gutters and Downspouts 170 IV Page Page Chapter 25.—Porches and Garages 174 Chapter 30.—Protection Against Fire 200 Porches 174 Fire Stops 200 Garages 178 Chimney and Fireplace Construction 200 Heating Systems 200 Chapter 26.—Chimneys and Fireplaces 181 Flame Spread and Interior Finish 201 Chimneys 181 Fire-Resistant Walls 201 Flue Linings 182 Fireplaces 183 Chapter 31.—Methods of Reducing Building Costs 201 Chapter 27.—Driveways, Walks, and Basement Design 201 Floors 185 Choice of Materials 202 Driveways 185 Construction 203 Sidewalks 186 Chapter 32.—Protection and Care of Materials at Basement Floors 188 the Building Site 204 Protection Requirements 204 Chapter 28.—Painting and Finishing 188 Protection of Framing Materials 204 Effect of Wood Properties 188 Window and Door Frames 204 Natural Finishes for Exterior Wood 188 Siding and Lath 204 Paints for Exterior Wood 190 Plastering in Cold Weather 205 Finishes for Interior Woodwork 192 Interior Finish 205 Finishes for Floors 193 Moisture-Excluding Effectiveness of Coatings 194 Chapter 33.—^Maintenance and Repair 205 Basement 206 Chapter 29.—Protection Against Decay and Crawl-Space Area 206 Termites 194 Roof and Attic 206 Decay 195 Exterior Walls 207 Subterranean Termites 196 Interior 208 Dry-Wood Termites 197 Literature Cited 209 Safeguards Against Decay 197 Safeguards Against Termites 199 Glossary of Housing Terms 210 WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION By L. 0. ANDERSON, engineer Forest Products Laboratory ^ INTRODUCTION This publication presents sound principles for wood- While designing and planning are beyond the scope frame house contruction and suggestions for selecting of this publication, the information on materials and suitable materials that will greatly assist in the con- building practices is intended to guide builders and struction of a good house. It is also meant as a guide prospective homeowners in erecting a good house with and handbook for those without this type of construc- a minimum of maintenance. This Handbook can also tion experience. be used as a training aid for apprentices or as a Many wood houses are in existence today that were standard by which to judge the quality of house con- built more than 200 years ago when early settlers struction. arrived. The modern conventional wood-frame house, It sets forth what are considered to be acceptable with wood or wood product covering materials, is practices in assembling and arranging the parts of a economical, long lasting, and can be constructed in well-designed wood-frame house. While details of con- any location. The United States is well supplied with struction may vary in different localities, the funda- timber and has a diversified industry that manufac- mental principles are the same. This handbook deals tures lumber and other wood products used in the essentially with established methods of construction, house. Few, if any, materials can compete with wood and does not attempt to show new ones that are used framing in the construction of houses. However, to in various parts of the country. provide this efficient wood house, good construction Construction details for houses are given in a series details are important as well as the selection of mate^ of drawings with accompanying text, which show the methods used in assembling the various parts. rials for each specific use. In general, the order of presentation conforms to Three essentials to be considered in building a satis- the normal sequence of constructing the building— factory house are: (1) An efficient plan, (2) suitable from foundation to finish work. The final chapters add materials, and (3) sound construction. The house may information on painting, protecting wood from decay be large or small, elaborate or unpretentious, modern and fire, and maintenance. A glossary of housing terms or traditional, yet without all three of these essentials is also included at the back of the handbook to aid it may be neither permanent nor satisfactory. with unfamiliar or specific word usage.^ CHAPTER 1 LOCATION AND EXCAVATION Condition at Site a high water table may require design changes from Before excavating for the new home, determine the a full basement to crawl space or concrete slab con- subsoil conditions by test borings or by checking struction. If the area has been filled, the footings ^ existing houses constructed near the site.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • American Hand Book of the Daguerreotype Giving The
    AMERICAN HAND BOOK OF THE DAGUERREOTYPE GIVING THE MOST APPROVED AND CONVENIENT METHODS FOR PREPARING THE CHEMICALS, AND THE COMBINATIONS USED IN THE ART. CONTAINING THE DAGUERREOTYPE, ELECTROTYPE, AND VARIOUS OTHER PROCESSES EMPLOYED IN TAKINGHELIOGRAPHIC IMPRESSIONS. BY S. D. HUMPHREY FIFTH EDITION NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY S. D. HUMPHREY 37 LISPENARD STREET 1858 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by S. D. HUMPHREY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. To J. GURNEY, WHOSE PROFESSIONAL SKILL, SCIENTIFIC ACCURACY, AND ENERGETIC PERSEVERANCE, HAVE WON FOR HIM UNIVERSAL ESTEEM, THIS WORK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. PREFACE. There is not an Amateur or practical Daguerreotypist, who has not felt the want of a manual--Hand Book, giving concise and reliable information for the processes, and preparations of the Agents employed in his practice. Since portraits by the Daguerreotype are at this time believed to be more durable than any other style of "Sun-drawing," the author has hit upon the present as being an appropriate time for the introduction of the Fifth Edition of this work. The earlier edition having a long since been wholly; exhausted, the one now before you is presented. The endeavor has been to point out the readiest and most approved Methods of Operation, and condense in its pages; as much practical information as its limits will admit. An extended Preface is unnecessary, since the aim and scope of this work are sufficiently indicated by the title. S. D. HUMPHREY NEW YORK, 1858. CONTENTS CHAPTER I.
    [Show full text]
  • Step 4. Roof-Bearing Assemblies
    Step 4. Roof-Bearing Assemblies ilclcngCI First, to have previously selected, from a wide variety of options, the combination of roof-bearing assembly (RBA) and tie-down system that is "right" for you and for your design. Second, to get the segments of your RBA safely up onto the wall (unless you have chosen to create the RBA in place, on top of the wall) and to make strong connections where they meet. Third, to "tie" this assembly to the foundation in such a way that the maximum expected wind velocity (a.k.a. the design wind load) cannot turn the RBA/roof into an ILFO (identified low-flying object). Walk-Through Jt extend continuously around the structure. Every wall carrying any roof load will need an • During the process of finalizing your RBA, but modern roof designs for square and design and creating plans, you will have rectangular buildings very seldom bear on selected the type of RBA to be used. Among more than two of the four walls (assuming a the factors that can influence this decision square or rectangular building). Even so, one are: might still choose to have the RBA be a —whether the RBA will act as a lintel over continuous collar, in order to tie the whole openings; [This would allow you to use less building together. A rigid, continuous RBA wood in creating the nonbearing door and could also serve as the lintel over all door and window frames, but may bring you to use window openings in the building, thus more wood in the RBA itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Properties of Western Larch and Their Relation to Uses of the Wood
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 285 MARCH, 1932 PROPERTIES OF WESTERN LARCH AND THEIR RELATION TO USES OF THE WOOD BY R. P. A. JOHNSON Engineer, Forest Products Laboratory AND M. I. BRADNER In Charge^ Office of Forest Products y Region I Branch of Research, Forest Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 285 MARCH, 1932 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. PROPERTIES OF WESTERN LARCH AND THEIR RELATION TO USES OF THE WOOD By R. P. A. JOHNSON, Engineer, Forest Products Laboratory^^ and M. I. BRADNER, in Charge, Office of Forest Products, Region 1, Branch of Research, Forest Service * CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Mechanical and physical properties—Con. The larch-fir mixture 2 Resistance to decay, weathering, and Character and range of the western larch insects 39 forest __ 4 Reaction to preservative treatment 42 Occurrence 4 Heat and insulating properties 42 Character 4 Permeability by liquids 42 Size of stand 7 Tendency to impart odor or ñavor___:. _. 43 Cut and supply 9 Tendency to leach or exude extractives. _ 43 Merchandising practices 10 Chemical properties 43 distribution lO Fire resistance ., 43 Percentage of cut going into various lum- Characteristic defects of western larch 44 ber items 12 Natural defects 44 Descriptive properties of western larch 13 Seasoning defects 46 General description of the wood 13 Manufacturing defects 47 Heartwood content of lumber 13 Grades and their characteristics 47 Growth rings 14 Grade yield and production 48 Summer-wood content 14 Heartwood content 50 Figure. 14 Width of rings 50 How to distinguish western larch from other Grade descriptions .
    [Show full text]
  • LP Solidstart LVL Technical Guide
    U.S. Technical Guide L P S o l i d S t a r t LV L Technical Guide 2900Fb-2.0E Please verify availability with the LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products distributor in your area prior to specifying these products. Introduction Designed to Outperform Traditional Lumber LP® SolidStart® Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is a vast SOFTWARE FOR EASY, RELIABLE DESIGN improvement over traditional lumber. Problems that naturally occur as Our design/specification software enhances your in-house sawn lumber dries — twisting, splitting, checking, crowning and warping — design capabilities. It ofers accurate designs for a wide variety of are greatly reduced. applications with interfaces for printed output or plotted drawings. Through our distributors, we ofer component design review services THE STRENGTH IS IN THE ENGINEERING for designs using LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products. LP SolidStart LVL is made from ultrasonically and visually graded veneers arranged in a specific pattern to maximize the strength and CODE EVALUATION stifness of the veneers and to disperse the naturally occurring LP SolidStart Laminated Veneer Lumber has been evaluated for characteristics of wood, such as knots, that can weaken a sawn lumber compliance with major US building codes. For the most current code beam. The veneers are then bonded with waterproof adhesives under reports, contact your LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products pressure and heat. LP SolidStart LVL beams are exceptionally strong, distributor, visit LPCorp.com or for: solid and straight, making them excellent for most primary load- • ICC-ES evaluation report ESR-2403 visit www.icc-es.org carrying beam applications. • APA product report PR-L280 visit www.apawood.org LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E: AVAILABLE SIZES b FRIEND TO THE ENVIRONMENT LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E is available in a range of depths and b LP SolidStart LVL is a building material with built-in lengths, and is available in standard thicknesses of 1-3/4" and 3-1/2".
    [Show full text]
  • Inspection Checklist
    Residential Re-Roof INSPECTION CHECKLIST This checklist is intended for use to prepare for an inspection. References are to the 2015 International Residential Code as amended by the City of Amarillo Please verify the following before calling for the re-roof inspection. Inspections Access to interior of structure, attic area and roof. Inspector may perform as many as 2-3 site inspections for re-roofs; it may include decking inspection, nailing or progress inspection and final. (R109.1.5) Deck-inspection After the removal of all existing roofing material and underlayment & prior to re-covering. Prior to installing roof coverings on all roofs having a slope of 2:12 or less. Prior to the installation of an separate roofing system over an existing roofing. Nailing or Progress Inspection Where the existing roofing material is being completely removed and replaced, and the underlying sheathing is being replaced or added over existing 1x material, a nailing inspection may be required prior to any roofing materials being installed. Final Inspection Final inspection when all work is complete; CO alarms installed as required access to attic to verify fuel fired appliance vent is intact. Permits and Plans Permits required for residential re-roofing. (overlays are prohibited R908.3 as amended) Permits and approved plans required for residential re-roof involving structural elements including but not limited to, additions or modifications, roof sheathing, skylights, change of roof pitch, addition or relocation of mechanical units or installation of heavier materials than were previously installed. Job address is posted in a visible location. (R319) Permit and approved plans (when required) are on site and accessible to the inspector.
    [Show full text]
  • Western BCI ® and VERSA-LAM ® Specifier Guide
    WESTERN SPECIFIER GUIDE for products manufactured in White City, Oregon WSG 03/14/2013 2 The SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM® Makes Designing Homes Easier Architects, engineers, and designers trust Boise Cascade's engineered wood products to provide a better system for framing floors and roofs. It's the SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM®, conventional framing methods when cross­ventila tion and wiring. featuring beams, joists and rim boards the resulting reduced labor and Ceilings Framed with BCI® Joists materials waste are con sidered. that work together as a system, so you The consistent size of BCI® Joists spend less time cutting and fitting. In There's less sorting and cost associ­ ated with disposing of waste because helps keep gypsum board flat and fact, the SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM® you order only what you need. free of unsightly nail pops and ugly uses fewer pieces and longer lengths Although our longer lengths help your shadows, while keeping finish work than conventional framing, so you'll clients get the job done faster, they to a minimum. complete jobs in less time. cost no more. VERSA­LAM® Beams for Floor You'll Build Better Homes Environmentally Sound and Roof Framing with the These highly­stable beams are ® As an added bonus, floor and roof free of the large­scale defects that SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM ® systems built with BCI Joists require plague dimension beams. The Now it's easier than ever to design about half the number of trees as and build better floor systems. When result is quieter, flatter floors (no those built with dimension lumber.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Fire-Retardant Treatments for Wood Shingles
    EVALUATION OF FIRE-RETARDANT TREATMENTS FOR WOOD SHINGLES U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER FPL 158-1971 U.S. Department of Agriculture • Forest Service • Forest Products Laboratory • Madison, Wis. SUMMARY Wood shingles and shakes are esthetically de­ sirable and durable, but have been restricted for some uses because of their performance under fire conditions. Suitable fire-retardant systems would further improve the utility of shingles and shakes and insure consumer confidence. For this reason, numerous fire-retardant treatment systems were evaluated for their fire performance and durability. The evaluation used western redcedar shingles in two phases of the study. In the first phase, the fire- retardant treatments were evaluated for method of application and general fire performance under three fire test methods. In the second phase of the study, the more promising treatment systems were evaluated for durability by weathering exposure under two con­ ditions, and then fire tested. Four treatment systems promised the most fire- retardant effectiveness following weather and leach­ ing exposures. Three were impregnationtreatments in which the chemical fire retardants were heat cured in the shingles to reduce their water solubility: (1) Tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide, (2) tetrakis (hydroxy­ methyl) phosphonium chloride with urea and a mel­ amine, and (3) dicyandiamide and phosphoric acid. The fourth treatment was an impregnation with for­ mulation AWPA Type D, followed by coating with a sealer solution containing tricresyl phosphate added as a fire-retardant. A coating of an epoxy paint also gave satisfactory performance, except for resistance to severe flaming ignition. All four treatment systems need further work to develop optimum treatment levels which give suffi­ cient fire-retardant effectiveness, durability, and ac­ ceptable treated-wood properties and yet are econom­ ically feasible for the product.
    [Show full text]
  • UFGS 06 10 00 Rough Carpentry
    ************************************************************************** USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-06 10 00 (August 2016) Change 2 - 11/18 ------------------------------------ Preparing Activity: NAVFAC Superseding UFGS-06 10 00 (February 2012) UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS References are in agreement with UMRL dated July 2021 ************************************************************************** SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION 06 - WOOD, PLASTICS, AND COMPOSITES SECTION 06 10 00 ROUGH CARPENTRY 08/16, CHG 2: 11/18 PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 REFERENCES 1.2 SUBMITTALS 1.3 DELIVERY AND STORAGE 1.4 GRADING AND MARKING 1.4.1 Lumber 1.4.2 Structural Glued Laminated Timber 1.4.3 Plywood 1.4.4 Structural-Use and OSB Panels 1.4.5 Preservative-Treated Lumber and Plywood 1.4.6 Fire-Retardant Treated Lumber 1.4.7 Hardboard, Gypsum Board, and Fiberboard 1.4.8 Plastic Lumber 1.5 SIZES AND SURFACING 1.6 MOISTURE CONTENT 1.7 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT 1.7.1 Existing Structures 1.7.2 New Construction 1.8 FIRE-RETARDANT TREATMENT 1.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE 1.9.1 Drawing Requirements 1.9.2 Data Required 1.9.3 Humidity Requirements 1.9.4 Plastic Lumber Performance 1.10 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 1.11 CERTIFICATIONS 1.11.1 Certified Wood Grades 1.11.2 Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood 1.11.3 Indoor Air Quality Certifications 1.11.3.1 Adhesives and Sealants 1.11.3.2 Composite Wood, Wood Structural Panel and Agrifiber Products SECTION 06 10 00 Page 1 PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.1 MATERIALS 2.1.1 Virgin Lumber 2.1.2 Salvaged Lumber 2.1.3 Recovered Lumber
    [Show full text]
  • FLASHING Residential Brick Veneer
    FLASHING residential brick veneer To avoid water-penetration problems, provide adequate drainage details above and below openings and at the base of the wall By Walter Laska he most common masonry wall system in residential con- Tstruction is brick veneer. All brick veneer walls are drainage w a l l s . T h e i r d e s i g n s h o u l d b e based on the premise that water is going to enter into the wall sys- t e m .T h e re f o re ,t oe n s u re t h ew a l l ’s successful performance, the wall design must incorporate a means for water egress. Drainage space The first requirement for a brick veneer wall is a functional drain- age space. A minimum 1 inch of air space, clear of mortar bridg- ing, should be indicated on the drawings. If possible, design the 1 wall system with a 1 ⁄2- to 2-inch air space. A narrow air space can- not be kept clear of mortar extru- sions and mortar droppings. Fur- thermore, it is impossible for a Figure 1. Although brick veneer walls normally require a 1-inch minimum air mason to remove mortar from a space behind the brick, a new insulation and drainage board material used narrow air space with his trowel, in place of the usual sheathing and building wrap allows water to drain without knocking the brick out of without an open space. The vertical leg of the base flashing should be placed behind this material.
    [Show full text]
  • D12 – Collar Beam Roof
    D12 – Collar Beam Roof FRILO Software GmbH www.frilo.com [email protected] As of 21/04/2016 D12 D12 – Collar Beam Roof Note: This document describes the Eurocode-specific application. Documents containing old standards are available in our documentation archive at www.frilo.de >> Dokumentation >>Manuals>Archive. Contents Application options 4 Basis of calculation 5 Definition of the structural system 6 Definition via coordinates 6 Projection-related definition 8 Spanwise definition 9 Supports/purlins 10 Collar beam support 11 Cross section 12 Loads 13 Output 14 Output profile 14 Options - settings 16 Further information and descriptions are available in the relevant documentations: FDC – Basic Operating Instructions General instructions for the manipulation of the user interface FDC – Menu items General description of the typical menu items of Frilo software applications FDC – Output and printing Output and printing FDC - Import and export Interfaces to other applications (ASCII, RTF, DXF …) FCC Frilo.Control.Center - the easy-to-use administration module for projects and items FDD Frilo.Document.Designer - document management based on PDF Frilo.System.Next Installation, configuration, network, database FRILO Software GmbH Page 3 Collar Beam Roof Application options The D12 application allows the calculation of conventional collar beam roofs with sway/non-sway collar beams as well as rafter roofs. Available standards . EN 1995-1-1:2004/2008/2014 . DIN EN 1995-1-1:2010/2013 . ÖNORM EN 1995-1-1:2009/2010/2015 . BS EN 1995-1-1:2012 . UNI EN 1995-1/NTC still optionally available: . DIN 1052:2004/2008 In addition to typical roof loads such as uniformly distributed, weight, snow and wind loads, additional loads can be defined as uniform linear loads, concentrated or trapezoidal loads and assigned to groups of action.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Mount QMSE
    E-Mount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ag pull-out (withdrawal) capacities (lbs) in typical lumber: Lag Bolt Specifications Specific Gravity 5/16" shaft per 3" thread depth 5/16" shaft per 1" thread depth Douglas Fir, Larch .50 798 266 Douglas Fir, South .46 705 235 Engelmann Spruce, Lodgepole Pine (MSR 1650 f & higher) .46 705 235 Hem, Fir .43 636 212 Hem, Fir (North) .46 705 235 Southern Pine .55 921 307 Spruce, Pine, Fir .42 615 205 Spruce, Pine, Fir (E of 2 million psi and higher grades of MSR and MEL) .50 798 266 Sources: American Wood Council, NDS 2005, Table 11.2 A, 11.3.2 A Notes: 1) Thread must be embedded in a rafter or other structural roof member.
    [Show full text]
  • Douglasfirdouglasfirfacts About
    DouglasFirDouglasFirfacts about Douglas Fir, a distinctive North American tree growing in all states from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, is probably used for more Beams and Stringers as well as Posts and Timber grades include lumber and lumber product purposes than any other individual species Select Structural, Construction, Standard and Utility. Light Framing grown on the American Continent. lumber is divided into Select Structural, Construction, Standard, The total Douglas Fir sawtimber stand in the Western Woods Region is Utility, Economy, 1500f Industrial, and 1200f Industrial grades, estimated at 609 billion board feet. Douglas Fir lumber is used for all giving the user a broad selection from which to choose. purposes to which lumber is normally put - for residential building, light Factory lumber is graded according to the rules for all species, and and heavy construction, woodwork, boxes and crates, industrial usage, separated into Factory Select, No. 1 Shop, No. 2 Shop and No. 3 poles, ties and in the manufacture of specialty products. It is one of the Shop in 5/4 and thicker and into Inch Factory Select and No. 1 and volume woods of the Western Woods Region. No. 2 Shop in 4/4. Distribution Botanical Classification In the Western Douglas Fir is manufactured by a large number of Western Woods Douglas Fir was discovered and classified by botanist David Douglas in Woods Region, Region sawmills and is widely distributed throughout the United 1826. Botanically, it is not a true fir but a species distinct in itself known Douglas Fir trees States and foreign countries. Obtainable in straight car lots, it can as Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
    [Show full text]