Written Moroccan Arabic

Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Written Moroccan Arabic Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA W POZNANIU SERIA ORIENTALISTYKA NR 7 Marcin Michalski Written Moroccan Arabic A study of qualitative variational heterography POZNAŃ 2019 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Recenzent: prof. Ignacio Ferrando Publikacja sfinansowana przez Rektora Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Neofilologii UAM oraz Instytut Językoznawstwa © Marcin Michalski 2019 This edition © Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2019 Wydano na podstawie maszynopisu gwarantowanego Autorzy fotografii na okładce: Joanna Nowak-Michalska i Marcin Michalski Projekt okładki: K. & S. Szurpit Korekta językowa: Christopher Whyatt Redakcja techniczna: Dorota Borowiak Łamanie komputerowe: Marcin Tyma ISBN 978-83-232-3396-1 ISSN 1730-8771 WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA W POZNANIU 61-701 POZNAŃ, UL. FREDRY 10 www.press.amu.edu.pl Sekretariat: tel. 61 829 46 46, faks 61 829 46 47, e-mail: [email protected] Dział Promocji i Sprzedaży: tel. 61 829 46 40, e-mail: [email protected] Wydanie I. Ark. wyd. 13,00. Ark. druk. 13,50 DRUK I OPRAWA: VOLUMINA.PL DANIEL KRZANOWSKI, SZCZECIN, UL. KS. WITOLDA 7-9 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Contents Abbreviations and symbols . 9 Transliteration and transcription . 11 Introduction . 15 The corpus . 21 I. Written Moroccan Arabic and Written Standard Arabic . 23 I.1. Written Standard Arabic . 26 I.2. An outline of Standard Arabic graphy �� 28 I.3. Orthographic principles in Standard Arabic graphy �� 33 II. General characteristics of Moroccan Arabic written in Arabic script . 38 II.1. Previous research on the qualitative features of Moroccan Arabic graphy . 38 II.2. Internal heterogeneity of Moroccan Arabic . 43 II.3. Vocalization in the Moroccan Arabic graphy �� 44 II.4. The context-dependence of Moroccan Arabic graphy . 47 III. Methodology and theoretical considerations . 50 III.1. Graphetic concepts . 51 III.2. Graphemic concepts . 58 III.2.1. Variational heterography . 64 III.2.1.1. Linear variational heterography . 64 III.2.1.2. Quantitative variational heterography . 66 III.2.1.3. Qualitative variational heterography . 68 III.2.1.4. Mixed variational heterography . 74 III.2.2. Grapheme . 76 III.2.2.1. Two main approaches to the concept of grapheme �� 77 III.2.2.2. The grapheme in the context of Arabic script . 78 IV. Moroccan Arabic graphy. Descriptive problems . 83 IV.1. Graphic indeterminacy . 83 IV.2. Functional indeterminacy �� 84 IV.2.1 Phonetic indeterminacy �� 85 IV.3. Idiosyncratic graphies, misprints and rare graphies . 89 5 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone V. Spelling principles in Moroccan Arabic . 91 VI. Qualitative variational heterography and variations between graphs in Written Moroccan Arabic . 98 VI.1. Heterograph pairs and spelling principles . 98 a› . 100› ا GRAPH å› . 124› أ GRAPH ã› . 132› آ GRAPH ḁ› . 133› إ GRAPH b› . 135› ب GRAPH p› . 136› پ GRAPH t› . 136› ت GRAPH ṯ› . 141› ث GRAPH ǧ› . 142› ج GRAPH ḥ› . 144› ح GRAPH x› . 144› خ GRAPH č› . 144› چ GRAPH d› . 144› د GRAPH ḏ› . 148› ذ GRAPH r› . 149› ر GRAPH z› . 149› ز GRAPH s› . 149› س GRAPH š› . 152› ش GRAPH ṣ› . 152› ص GRAPH ḍ› . 152› ض GRAPH ṭ› . 154› ط GRAPH ẓ› . 155› ظ GRAPH ʕ› . 155› ع GRAPH ġ› . 155› غ GRAPH f› ̣ . 157› ڢ GRAPH f› . 158› ﻓ GRAPH q› . 160› ق GRAPH v› . 165› ﭬ GRAPH k› . 167› ك GRAPH ǵ› . 169› گ GRAPH ĝ› . 170› ﯖ GRAPH l› . 171› ل GRAPH m› . 172› م GRAPH n› . 172› ن GRAPH h› . 173› ه GRAPH ħ› . 177› ة GRAPH w› . 179› و GRAPH ẘ› . 180› ؤ GRAPH á› . 181› ى GRAPH y› . 184› ي GRAPH 6 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone ẙ› . 186› ئ GRAPH o› . 187› ء GRAPH VI.2. Discussion . 187 VI.2.1. Qualitative invariants . 188 VI.2.2. Phonetic ambiguity of graphs . 189 VI.2.3. Variants and graphemes in Written Moroccan Arabic . 190 Conclusion . 200 References . 204 Streszczenie (Dialekt marokański języka arabskiego w piśmie. Studium heterografii wari- antywnej jakościowej) �� 215 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Abbreviations and symbols Av asymmetrical variation CA Classical Arabic def definite du dual EA Egyptian Arabic f feminine Fv free variation lit. literal translation MA Moroccan Arabic obl oblique case pl plural Pv Pseudo-variation Rv Restricted variation SA (Modern) Standard Arabic ‹› contain transliteration () contain irrelevant distinctive graphic elements [] contain accidentals (graphic elements responsible for irrelevant semantic differences) {} contain expected variants and expected variations (not recorded in the corpus) * marks non-existing (not recorded and not expected) forms < in transcription, indicates the underlying morphological structure Arabic words that have no gloss (morphological description) are masculine singu- lar and – in the case of nouns, adjectives and participles – indefinite. A key to the abbreviations of the titles of the literary works cited as sources is given in References, under Primary sources. 9 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Transliteration and transcription Transliteration consists in converting the graphs of Arabic script into Latin letters, if needed with diacritics, or, in rare cases, into special signs, with a one-to- one correspondence in both directions (biuniqueness). Transliteration, whether of separate graphs or graphic words, is given in angle brackets: ‹›. It is used in this book alongside the Arabic notation to ensure the precision of description on the one hand and to facilitate the reading to those that do not have a good command of Arabic, on the other hand. The transliteration system proposed for the present book uses mostly symbols borrowed from the Romanization systems used in Arabic Studies for SA, modified and expanded with the addition of some other signs1. The transliteration symbols are generally intended to reflect the most typical phonetic value of a given graph in SA or MA or, in less frequent cases, its shape. 42 primary graphs are distinguished. They include the 28 elements of the Arabic alphabet, -o›, and modifi› ء :for which the term ‘letter’ is reserved, the bare hamza sign cations of these letters consisting in adding the hamza or the madda signs and changing the number and/or position of the dots and strokes. The graphs are given in Table 1, with their four forms depending on their graphic environment, i.e. whether they are or are not connected to the preceding and following graph2. 1 A complex system for transliterating Arabic script with special characters is proposed and used in Mumin & Versteegh (2014: 12-21). However, the symbols used there to reflect the writing practices in numerous African languages would lack transparency in a study devoted to MA. 2 Since some graphs (non-connectors) are never connected to the following graph, even in the word-medial position, and because the graph ‹o› is never connected on either side, the factor deter- mining the shape of a graph is the environment, and not its position in a word, as is misleadingly stated in some presentations of Arabic script. Hence, the terms ‘initial’, ‘medial’ and ‘final’ used here refer to the position in a group of letters connected with one another. Coulmas (2003: 123) calls it a ‘writing group’ and remarks that it does not always concide with a graphic word. For instance, the mlo› malʔun ‘(the act of) filling’, but is final› ملء l› is word-medial in the SA graphic word› ل graph in its writing group. 11 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Table 1. The transliteration system Isolated Non-isolated forms Transliteration form Final Medial Initial ‹a› ا ـا ـا ا ‹å› أ ـأ ـأ أ ‹ã› آ ـآ ـآ آ ‹ḁ› إ ـإ.

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