Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Written Moroccan Arabic Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA W POZNANIU SERIA ORIENTALISTYKA NR 7 Marcin Michalski Written Moroccan Arabic A study of qualitative variational heterography POZNAŃ 2019 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Recenzent: prof. Ignacio Ferrando Publikacja sfinansowana przez Rektora Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Neofilologii UAM oraz Instytut Językoznawstwa © Marcin Michalski 2019 This edition © Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2019 Wydano na podstawie maszynopisu gwarantowanego Autorzy fotografii na okładce: Joanna Nowak-Michalska i Marcin Michalski Projekt okładki: K. & S. Szurpit Korekta językowa: Christopher Whyatt Redakcja techniczna: Dorota Borowiak Łamanie komputerowe: Marcin Tyma ISBN 978-83-232-3396-1 ISSN 1730-8771 WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA W POZNANIU 61-701 POZNAŃ, UL. FREDRY 10 www.press.amu.edu.pl Sekretariat: tel. 61 829 46 46, faks 61 829 46 47, e-mail: [email protected] Dział Promocji i Sprzedaży: tel. 61 829 46 40, e-mail: [email protected] Wydanie I. Ark. wyd. 13,00. Ark. druk. 13,50 DRUK I OPRAWA: VOLUMINA.PL DANIEL KRZANOWSKI, SZCZECIN, UL. KS. WITOLDA 7-9 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Contents Abbreviations and symbols . 9 Transliteration and transcription . 11 Introduction . 15 The corpus . 21 I. Written Moroccan Arabic and Written Standard Arabic . 23 I.1. Written Standard Arabic . 26 I.2. An outline of Standard Arabic graphy ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 28 I.3. Orthographic principles in Standard Arabic graphy ��������������������������������������������������������� 33 II. General characteristics of Moroccan Arabic written in Arabic script . 38 II.1. Previous research on the qualitative features of Moroccan Arabic graphy . 38 II.2. Internal heterogeneity of Moroccan Arabic . 43 II.3. Vocalization in the Moroccan Arabic graphy ������������������������������������������������������������������ 44 II.4. The context-dependence of Moroccan Arabic graphy . 47 III. Methodology and theoretical considerations . 50 III.1. Graphetic concepts . 51 III.2. Graphemic concepts . 58 III.2.1. Variational heterography . 64 III.2.1.1. Linear variational heterography . 64 III.2.1.2. Quantitative variational heterography . 66 III.2.1.3. Qualitative variational heterography . 68 III.2.1.4. Mixed variational heterography . 74 III.2.2. Grapheme . 76 III.2.2.1. Two main approaches to the concept of grapheme ��������������������������� 77 III.2.2.2. The grapheme in the context of Arabic script . 78 IV. Moroccan Arabic graphy. Descriptive problems . 83 IV.1. Graphic indeterminacy . 83 IV.2. Functional indeterminacy ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 84 IV.2.1 Phonetic indeterminacy ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 85 IV.3. Idiosyncratic graphies, misprints and rare graphies . 89 5 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone V. Spelling principles in Moroccan Arabic . 91 VI. Qualitative variational heterography and variations between graphs in Written Moroccan Arabic . 98 VI.1. Heterograph pairs and spelling principles . 98 a› . 100› ا GRAPH å› . 124› أ GRAPH ã› . 132› آ GRAPH ḁ› . 133› إ GRAPH b› . 135› ب GRAPH p› . 136› پ GRAPH t› . 136› ت GRAPH ṯ› . 141› ث GRAPH ǧ› . 142› ج GRAPH ḥ› . 144› ح GRAPH x› . 144› خ GRAPH č› . 144› چ GRAPH d› . 144› د GRAPH ḏ› . 148› ذ GRAPH r› . 149› ر GRAPH z› . 149› ز GRAPH s› . 149› س GRAPH š› . 152› ش GRAPH ṣ› . 152› ص GRAPH ḍ› . 152› ض GRAPH ṭ› . 154› ط GRAPH ẓ› . 155› ظ GRAPH ʕ› . 155› ع GRAPH ġ› . 155› غ GRAPH f› ̣ . 157› ڢ GRAPH f› . 158› ﻓ GRAPH q› . 160› ق GRAPH v› . 165› ﭬ GRAPH k› . 167› ك GRAPH ǵ› . 169› گ GRAPH ĝ› . 170› ﯖ GRAPH l› . 171› ل GRAPH m› . 172› م GRAPH n› . 172› ن GRAPH h› . 173› ه GRAPH ħ› . 177› ة GRAPH w› . 179› و GRAPH ẘ› . 180› ؤ GRAPH á› . 181› ى GRAPH y› . 184› ي GRAPH 6 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone ẙ› . 186› ئ GRAPH o› . 187› ء GRAPH VI.2. Discussion . 187 VI.2.1. Qualitative invariants . 188 VI.2.2. Phonetic ambiguity of graphs . 189 VI.2.3. Variants and graphemes in Written Moroccan Arabic . 190 Conclusion . 200 References . 204 Streszczenie (Dialekt marokański języka arabskiego w piśmie. Studium heterografii wari- antywnej jakościowej) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 215 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Abbreviations and symbols Av asymmetrical variation CA Classical Arabic def definite du dual EA Egyptian Arabic f feminine Fv free variation lit. literal translation MA Moroccan Arabic obl oblique case pl plural Pv Pseudo-variation Rv Restricted variation SA (Modern) Standard Arabic ‹› contain transliteration () contain irrelevant distinctive graphic elements [] contain accidentals (graphic elements responsible for irrelevant semantic differences) {} contain expected variants and expected variations (not recorded in the corpus) * marks non-existing (not recorded and not expected) forms < in transcription, indicates the underlying morphological structure Arabic words that have no gloss (morphological description) are masculine singu- lar and – in the case of nouns, adjectives and participles – indefinite. A key to the abbreviations of the titles of the literary works cited as sources is given in References, under Primary sources. 9 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Transliteration and transcription Transliteration consists in converting the graphs of Arabic script into Latin let- ters, if needed with diacritics, or, in rare cases, into special signs, with a one-to- one correspondence in both directions (biuniqueness). Transliteration, whether of separate graphs or graphic words, is given in angle brackets: ‹›. It is used in this book alongside the Arabic notation to ensure the precision of description on the one hand and to facilitate the reading to those that do not have a good command of Arabic, on the other hand. The transliteration system proposed for the present book uses mostly sym- bols borrowed from the Romanization systems used in Arabic Studies for SA, modified and expanded with the addition of some other signs1. The translitera- tion symbols are generally intended to reflect the most typical phonetic value of a given graph in SA or MA or, in less frequent cases, its shape. 42 primary graphs are distinguished. They include the 28 elements of the Arabic alphabet, -o›, and modifi› ء :for which the term ‘letter’ is reserved, the bare hamza sign cations of these letters consisting in adding the hamza or the madda signs and changing the number and/or position of the dots and strokes. The graphs are given in Table 1, with their four forms depending on their graphic environ- ment, i.e. whether they are or are not connected to the preceding and following graph2. 1 A complex system for transliterating Arabic script with special characters is proposed and used in Mumin & Versteegh (2014: 12-21). However, the symbols used there to reflect the writing practices in numerous African languages would lack transparency in a study devoted to MA. 2 Since some graphs (non-connectors) are never connected to the following graph, even in the word-medial position, and because the graph ‹o› is never connected on either side, the factor deter- mining the shape of a graph is the environment, and not its position in a word, as is misleadingly stated in some presentations of Arabic script. Hence, the terms ‘initial’, ‘medial’ and ‘final’ used here refer to the position in a group of letters connected with one another. Coulmas (2003: 123) calls it a ‘writing group’ and remarks that it does not always concide with a graphic word. For instance, the mlo› malʔun ‘(the act of) filling’, but is final› ملء l› is word-medial in the SA graphic word› ل graph in its writing group. 11 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM – wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Table 1. The transliteration system Isolated Non-isolated forms Transliteration form Final Medial Initial ‹a› ا ـا ـا ا ‹å› أ ـأ ـأ أ ‹ã› آ ـآ ـآ آ ‹ḁ› إ ـإ.